Medical Terminology Notes PDF

Notes: Medical Terminology Pt.2 Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body -Anatomical means referring to anatomy Physiology is the study of the functions of the structures of the body The Anatomical position: -Describes the boy standing in the standard position -Standing up straight s...

Notes: Medical Terminology Pt.2 Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body -Anatomical means referring to anatomy Physiology is the study of the functions of the structures of the body The Anatomical position: -Describes the boy standing in the standard position -Standing up straight so that the body is erect and facing forward -Holding the arms at the sides with the hands turned so that the palms face toward the front THE BODY PLANES- Imaginary vertical and horizontal lines -Used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes -Aligned to a body standing in the anatomical position Vertical planes -Sagital: vertical plane; divides the body into unequal left and right portions -Midsagittal (midline): sagittal plane; divides the body into equal left and right halves. -Frontal (coronal): vertical plane; that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. -Transverse plane: divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. BODY DIRECTION TERMS: -Relative location of sections of the body or of an organ -Described through the use of pairs of contrasting body direction terms Body Directions: -Ventral (opposite of dorsal) refers to the front, or belly side -Dorsal (opposite of ventral) refers to the back of the organ or body -Cephalic (opposite of caudal) means toward the head -Caudal (opposite of cephalic) means toward the lower part of the body -Anterior (opposite of posterior) means situated in the front Posterior (opposite of anterior) means situated in the back BODY DIRECTION TERMS CONTINUED... -Superior (opposite of inferior) means uppermost, above, or toward the head -Inferior (opposite of superior) means lowermost, below, or toward the feet -Proximal (opposite of distal) means situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure -Distal (opposite of proximal) means situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure -Medial (opposite of lateral) means the direction toward, or nearer, the midline -Lateral (opposite of medial) means the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline MAJOR BODY CAVITIES: Two major body cavities -The dorsal (back) and the ventral (front) cavities -Spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs Dorsal Cavity -Located along the back of the body and head -Contains organs of the nervous system -Coordinates body functions Divided into two portions -Cranial cavity: located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain -Spinal cavity: located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord. MAJOR BODY CAVITIES: Ventral Cavity -Located along the front of the body -Contains the organs that sustain homeostasis Divided into portions -Thoracic cavity: also known as the chest cavity or thorax -Diaphragm: a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities -Abdominal cavity: contains the major organs of digestion -Pelvic cavity: space formed by the hip bones; contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems. -Abdominopelvic cavity: refers to the abdominal and pelvic cavities as a single unit Major Body Cavities Regions of the thorax and abdomen divide the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into nine parts -Right and left hypochondriac regions: covered by the lower ribs -Epigastric region: located above the stomach -Right and left lumbar regions: located near the inward curve of the spine -Umbilical region: surrounds the umbilicus, commonly known as the belly button or navel -Right and left iliac regions: located near the hip bones -Hypogastric region: located below the stomach Quadrants of the abdomen -Describing where an abdominal organ or pain is located is made easier by dividing the abdomen into four imaginary quadrants\ The term quadrant means divided into four -Right upper quadrant (RUQ) -Left upper quadrant (LUQ) -Right lower quadrant (RLQ) -Left lower quadrant (LLQ) The boy is made up of increasingly larger and more complex structural units -From smallest to largest, these are cells, tissues, organs, and body systems Stem Cells: -Embryonic stem cells -Undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cells Genetic Disorders: A genetic disorder is a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene, also known as a hereditary disease. EXAMPLES: -Cystic Fibrosis (CF)\ -Down Syndrome (DS) -Fragile X syndrome and etc. Disease Transmission -Pathogen: disease-producing microorganism such as a virus -Communicable disease: any condition transmitted from one person to another Types of Disease Transmission -Direct transmission: human-to-human contact or exchange or bodily fluids -Bloodborne transmission: infected blood or other bodily fluids -Infected fluids must enter the bloodstream to cause infection -Examples: HIV, hepatitis B, and most sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) -Droplet transmission: infected respiratory droplets -Coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person; use of a face mask limits transmission -Examples: measles, cold, COVID-19, and the flu More Types: -Indirect contact transmission: contact with a contaminated surface -Airborne transmission: contact with pathogens floating in the air Outbreaks of Diseases: -Epidemiologist: specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group -Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): national health protection agency; tracks outbreaks of disease across the country and works to help prevent their spread -Endemic: ongoing presence if a disease within a population, group, or area -Epidemic: sudden widespread outbreaks of disease within a specific population group or area. -Pandemic More Types: -Idiopathic Disease -Infectious Disease -Nosocomial Infection: -also known as hospital-acquired infection (HAI) -Disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting -Examples: multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections