Medical Terminology: The Human Body in Health and Disease PDF

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY THE HUMAN BODY IN H E A LT H AND DISEASE A N AT O M I C R E F E R E N C E SYSTEMS T H E B O DY P L A N E S The Vertical Planes A vertical plane is an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon. The midsagitt...

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY THE HUMAN BODY IN H E A LT H AND DISEASE A N AT O M I C R E F E R E N C E SYSTEMS T H E B O DY P L A N E S The Vertical Planes A vertical plane is an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon. The midsagittal plane also known as the midline, is the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves A frontal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. Also known as the coronal plane, it is located at right angles to the sagittal plane The Horizontal Plane A transverse plane is a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. BODY DIRECTION TERMS Ventral refers to the front, or belly side. Body Ventral is the opposite of dorsal. Anterior means situated in the front. It also means on the front or forward part of an organ Posterior means situated in the back. It also means on the back part of an organ Superior means uppermost, above, or toward the head. Inferior means lower most, below, or toward the feet.  BODY DIRECTION TERMS Cephalic means toward the head Caudal means toward the lower part of the body Proximal means situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure Distal means situated farthest from the midline. Medial means the direction toward, or nearer, the midline. Lateral means the direction away from the midline. STRUCTURES OF THE BODY 1- CELLS 1- CELLS Cells are the basic structural and functional units of the body. Cells are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs. STRUCTURES OF THE BODY CELLS The Structure of Cells The cell membrane is the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment Cytoplasm is the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus (cyt/o means cell, and - plasm means formative material of cells). The nucleus which is surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell. It has two important functions: it controls the activities of the cell, and it helps the cell divide. A genome is the complete set of genetic information of an organism. 2- TISSUES A tissue is a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions. Histology is the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues (hist means tissue, and -ology means a study of). A histologist is a specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels (hist means tissue, and -ologist means specialist). The four main types of tissue are: Epithelial tissues Connective tissues Muscle tissue Nerve tissue EPITHELIAL TISSU ES Epithelial tissues form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body.  Epithelium is the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes  Endothelium is the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs. CONNECTIVE TISSU ES Definition: Connective tissues support and connect organs and other body tissues. The four kinds of connective tissue are: Dense connective tissues, such as bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body. Adipose tissue, also known as fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support CONNECTIVE TISSU ES Loose connective tissue surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels. Liquid connective tissues, which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body. Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax. Nerve Tissue Nerve tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses. PAT H O L O G Y O F T I S S U E F O R M AT I O N I N C O M P L E T E T I SS U E F O R M AT I O N  Aplasia: is the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue (a- means without, and -plasia means formation). Hypoplasia: is the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells (hypo- means deficient, and -plasia means formation).  ABNORMAL TISSUE F O R M AT I O N Anaplasia: is a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other (ana- means backward, and -plasia means formation). This abnormal cell development is characteristic of tumor formation in cancers. Dysplasia: is the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs (dys- means bad, and -plasia means formation).  ABNORMAL TISSUE F O R M AT I O N Hyperplasia: is the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues (hyper- means excessive, and -plasia means formation).  Hypertrophy: is a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues (hyper- means excessive, and -trophy means development). This enlargement is not due to tumor formation.  GLANDS A gland is a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions. The two major types of glands are Exocrine glands secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands (exo- means out of, and -crine means to secrete) Endocrine glands which produce hormones, do not have ducts (endo- means within, and -crine means to secrete). These hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, and are then transported to organs and structures throughout the body  PAT H O L O G Y O F G L A N D S Adenitis: is the inflammation of a gland (aden means gland, and -itis means inflammation). An adenocarcinoma: is a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue (aden/o means gland, carcin means cancerous, and -oma means tumor). Malignant means harmful, capable of spreading, and potentially life threatening.  PAT H O L O G Y O F G L A N D S An adenoma: is a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue (aden means gland, and -oma means tumor). Benign means not life threatening. Adenomalacia: is the abnormal softening of a gland (aden/o means gland, and -malacia means abnormal softening). Adenomalacia is the opposite of adenosclerosis.  Adenosis: is any disease or condition of a gland (aden means gland, and -osis means an abnormal condition or disease). Adenosclerosis: is the abnormal hardening of a gland (aden/o means gland, and -sclerosis means abnormal hardening). Adeno- sclerosis is the opposite of adenomalacia. An adenectomy: is the surgical removal of a gland (aden means gland, and -ectomy means surgical removal). Adip/o Anter/o Aden/o Ologist Ology THANK YOU