Medical Terminology for Health Professionals PDF

Ann Ehrlich Carol L. Schroeder Laura Ehrlich Katrina A. Schroeder Australia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States  Medical Terminology for Health Professions, © 2017, 2013 Cengage Learning Eigth Edition WCN: 01...

Ann Ehrlich Carol L. Schroeder Laura Ehrlich Katrina A. Schroeder Australia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States  Medical Terminology for Health Professions, © 2017, 2013 Cengage Learning Eigth Edition WCN: 01-100-101 Ann Ehrlich, Carol L. Schroeder, Laura Ehrlich, and Katrina A. Schroeder ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by SVP, GM Skills & Global Product Management: any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to Dawn Gerrain photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, Product Director: Matthew Seeley information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Senior Director, Development: Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 02 Print Year: 2017 CONTENTS Preface xii To the Learner / xii Changes to the Eighth Edition / xiv Acknowledgments / xv How to Use This Book / xvi Chapter 1: Introduction to Medical Terminology 1 Primary Medical Terms / 3 Word Parts Are the Key / 3 Word Roots / 4 Suffixes / 5 Prefixes / 8 Determining Meanings on the Basis of Word Parts / 9 Medical Dictionary Use / 10 Pronunciation / 11 Spelling Is Always Important / 12 Singular and Plural Endings / 12 Basic Medical Terms to Describe Diseases / 12 Look-Alike, Sound-Alike Terms and Word Parts / 12 Using Abbreviations / 16 Learning Exercises / 18 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 27 Chapter 2: The Human Body in Health and Disease 28 Anatomic Reference Systems / 30 Structures of the Body / 35 Cells / 35 Genetics / 36 Tissues / 38 Glands / 39 Body Systems and Related Organs / 40 Pathology / 40 v vi CONTENTS Aging and Death / 43 Health Care Professionals / 43 Abbreviations Related to the Human Body in Health and Disease / 45 Learning Exercises / 46 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 55 Word Part Review WPR1 Word Part Practice Session / WPR1 Word Part Post-Test / WPR5 Chapter 3: The Skeletal System 56 Structures and Functions of the Skeletal System / 58 The Structure of Bones / 58 Joints / 59 The Skeleton / 61 Medical Specialties Related to the Skeletal System / 70 Pathology of the Skeletal System / 70 Diagnostic Procedures of the Skeletal System / 77 Treatment Procedures of the Skeletal System / 77 Abbreviations Related to the Skeletal System / 81 Learning Exercises / 82 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 91 Chapter 4: The Muscular System 92 Functions of the Muscular System / 94 Structures of the Muscular System / 94 Types of Muscle Tissue / 95 Muscle Contraction and Relaxation / 96 Contrasting Muscle Motion / 96 How Muscles Are Named / 98 Select Muscles and Their Functions / 101 Medical Specialties Related to the Muscular System / 102 Pathology of the Muscular System / 102 Diagnostic Procedures of the Muscular System / 108 Treatment Procedures of the Muscular System / 109 Abbreviations Related to the Muscular System / 110 Learning Exercises / 112 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 121  CONTENTS vii Chapter 5: The Cardiovascular System 122 Functions of the Cardiovascular System / 124 Structures of the Cardiovascular System / 124 The Blood Vessels / 130 Blood / 132 Medical Specialties Related to the Cardiovascular System / 135 Pathology of the Cardiovascular System / 135 Diagnostic Procedures of the Cardiovascular System / 145 Treatment Procedures of the Cardiovascular System / 147 Abbreviations Related to the Cardiovascular System / 151 Learning Exercises / 153 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 162 Chapter 6: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems 163 Functions of the Lymphatic System / 165 Structures of the Lymphatic System / 165 Additional Structures of the Lymphatic System / 168 Functions and Structures of the Immune System / 170 Medical Specialties Related to the Lymphatic and Immune Systems / 172 Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures of the Lymphatic System / 172 Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures of the Immune System / 173 Treatment of the Immune System / 177 Pathogenic Organisms / 177 Oncology / 181 Cancer Treatments / 186 Abbreviations Related to the Lymphatic and Immune Systems / 187 Learning Exercises / 188 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 197 Chapter 7: The Respiratory System 198 Functions of the Respiratory System / 200 Structures of the Respiratory System / 200 Respiration / 205 Medical Specialties Related to the Respiratory System / 206 Pathology of the Respiratory System / 206 Upper Respiratory Diseases / 208 Diagnostic Procedures of the Respiratory System / 215 Treatment Procedures of the Respiratory System / 216 viii CONTENTS Abbreviations Related to the Respiratory System / 219 Learning Exercises / 221 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 230 Chapter 8: The Digestive System 231 Structures of the Digestive System / 233 Digestion / 241 Medical Specialties Related to the Digestive System / 242 Pathology of the Digestive System / 242 Diagnostic Procedures of the Digestive System / 251 Treatment Procedures of the Digestive System / 253 Abbreviations Related to the Digestive System / 256 Learning Exercises / 258 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 267 Chapter 9: The Urinary System 268 Functions of the Urinary System / 270 Structures of the Urinary System / 270 The Excretion of Urine / 273 Medical Specialties Related to the Urinary System / 273 Pathology of the Urinary System / 274 Diagnostic Procedures of the Urinary System / 279 Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System / 281 Abbreviations Related to the Urinary System / 287 Learning Exercises / 288 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 297 Chapter 10: The Nervous System and Mental Health 298 Functions of the Nervous System / 300 Structures of the Nervous System / 300 The Central Nervous System / 303 The Peripheral Nervous System / 308 The Autonomic Nervous System / 309 Medical Specialties Related to the Nervous System and Mental Health / 310 Pathology of the Nervous System / 310 Diagnostic Procedures of the Nervous System / 317 Treatment Procedures of the Nervous System / 318 Mental Health / 319  CONTENTS ix Abbreviations Related to the Nervous System / 324 Learning Exercises / 326 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 335 Chapter 11: Special Senses: The Eyes and Ears 336 Functions of the Eyes / 338 Structures of the Eyes / 338 Medical Specialties Related to the Eyes and Vision / 342 Pathology of the Eyes and Vision / 343 Diagnostic Procedures for Vision and the Eyes / 347 Treatment Procedures of the Eyes and Vision / 348 Functions of the Ears / 349 Structures of the Ears / 350 Medical Specialties Related to the Ears and Hearing / 352 Pathology of the Ears and Hearing / 352 Diagnostic Procedures of the Ears and Hearing / 354 Treatment Procedures of the Ears and Hearing / 355 Abbreviations Related to the Special Senses / 356 Learning Exercises / 358 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 367 Chapter 12: Skin: The Integumentary System 368 Functions of the Integumentary System / 370 The Structures of the Skin and Its Related Structures / 370 Medical Specialties Related to the Integumentary System / 373 Pathology of the Integumentary System / 374 Diagnostic Procedures of the Integumentary System / 384 Treatment Procedures of the Integumentary System / 385 Abbreviations Related to the Integumentary System / 388 Learning Exercises / 389 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 398 Chapter 13: The Endocrine System 399 Functions of the Endocrine System / 401 Structures of the Endocrine System / 401 The Pituitary Gland / 401 The Pineal Gland / 403 The Thyroid Gland / 403 x CONTENTS The Parathyroid Glands / 404 The Thymus / 404 The Pancreas (Pancreatic Islets) / 404 The Adrenal Glands / 405 The Gonads / 406 Medical Specialties Related to the Endocrine System / 407 Pathology of the Endocrine System / 407 Diagnostic Procedures Related to the Endocrine System / 413 Treatment Procedures Related to the Endocrine System / 414 Abbreviations Related to the Endocrine System / 415 Learning Exercises / 416 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 425 Chapter 14: The Reproductive Systems 426 Terms Related to the Reproductive Systems of Both Sexes / 428 Functions of the Male Reproductive System / 428 Structures of the Male Reproductive System / 428 Medical Specialties Related to the Male Reproductive System / 430 Pathology of the Male Reproductive System / 430 Diagnostic Procedures of the Male Reproductive System / 432 Treatment Procedures of the Male Reproductive System / 432 Sexually Transmitted Diseases / 433 Functions of the Female Reproductive System / 434 Structures of the Female Reproductive System / 434 Terms Related to Pregnancy and Childbirth / 437 Medical Specialties Related to the Female Reproductive System and Childbirth / 442 Pathology of the Female Reproductive System / 442 Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth / 445 Diagnostic Procedures of the Female Reproductive System / 446 Treatment Procedures of the Female Reproductive System / 447 Abbreviations Related to the Reproductive Systems / 450 Learning Exercises / 451 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 461 Chapter 15: Diagnostic Procedures, Nuclear Medicine, and Pharmacology 462 Diagnostic Procedures / 464 Recumbent Examination Positions / 468 Laboratory Tests / 468 Endoscopy / 471  CONTENTS xi Centesis / 472 Imaging Techniques / 473 Barium / 473 Nuclear Medicine / 477 Pharmacology / 480 Complementary and Alternative Medicine / 483 Abbreviations Related to Diagnostic Procedures, Nuclear Medicine, and Pharmacology / 485 Learning Exercises / 487 The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 498 Comprehensive Medical Terminology Review 499 Study Tips / 500 Review Session Answer Sheet / 501 Simulated Medical Terminology Final Test Answer Sheet / 502 Review Session / 503 Review Session Answer Key / 512 Simulated Final Test / 513 Simulated Medical Terminology Final Test Answer Key / 522 Appendix A: Prefixes, Combining Forms, and Suffixes / 523 Appendix B: Abbreviations and Their Meanings / 535 Appendix C: Glossary of Pathology and Procedures / 555 Index / 597 Flash Cards / 646 PREFACE TO THE LEARNER Welcome to the world of medical terminology! Learning this special language is an important step in preparing for your career as a health care professional. Here’s good news: learning med- ical terms is much easier than learning a foreign language because you are already familiar with quite a few of the words, such as appendicitis and tonsillectomy. Understanding new words becomes easier with the discovery that many of these terms are made up of interchangeable word parts that are used in different combinations. Once you understand this, you’ll be well on your way to translating even the most difficult medical terms, including words you have never seen before. You’ll be amazed to see how quickly your vocabulary will grow! This book and the accompanying learning materials are designed to make the process as simple as possible. Review the “How to Use This Book” section so you can find your way around easily. Once you become comfortable with the format, you’ll discover you are learning faster than you ever imagined possible. CHAPTER ORGANIZATION The text is designed to help you master medical terminology. It is organized into 15 chapters, the Word Part Review, the Comprehensive Medical Terminology Review, three appendices, an index, and removable flashcards. To gain the most benefit from your use of this text, take advantage of the many features, including the “Learning Exercises” plus the “Human Touch” stories and discussion questions that are included at the end of each chapter. Primary terms are the most important terms in a chapter. When first introduced, the term appears in boldface and, if appropriate, is followed by the “sounds-like” pronunciation. Only primary terms are used as correct answers in the exercises and tests. Secondary terms appear in cyan italics. These terms, which are included to clarify the meaning of a primary term, are sometimes used as distracters, but not as correct answers, in exercises or tests. Each chapter begins with a vocabulary list consisting of 15 word parts and 60 medical terms selected from among the primary terms in the chapter. Note: If your instructor is using the Simplified Syllabus version of this course, these are the terms that you will be expected to learn for all quizzes, tests, and exams. xii  PREFACE xiii Introductory Chapters and Word Part Review Chapters 1 and 2 create the foundation that enables you to master the rest of the book. Chapter 1 introduces key word parts—the building blocks of most medical terms. Chapter 2 introduces more word parts and provides an overview of basic terms used throughout the medical field, as well as some of the many career options open to you in health care. After studying these chapters, complete the Word Part Review that follows Chapter 2. These practice activities and the accompanying test will help you determine whether you’ve mastered the concept of these all-important building Laura Ehrlich blocks. If you are having trouble here, it is important to put Katrina A. Schroeder more effort into learning these basics. 2 CHA PTER 1 Voca bula ry Re Body System Chapters lated to TH E INTR ODU CTIO on th NO e stud ent St F ME udyW D ICAL Chapters 3 through 14 are organized by body system. and th bold face e othe r impo throug ARE™ rtant prim CD-R OM an d Au dio □ □ (F TERM INO LOG which appe hout the ch ary te □ gastra IS-tyou-la lgia (g Y prim ar in rms ar h) Because each body system stands alone, you can study these Word ary te rms. oran ap ge ita ter. Second e shown lics, cl arify the m ar y term s, in □ □ ga ge ga stritis strosi rontol s (gas as-T (gas-T RAL-jee- RY-ti -TRO s) ah) eaning □ H-sis) Part of hem ogist □ s (jer- chapters in any sequence. Each chapter begins with an over- □ □ -algia dys- pain, painfu l cond □ □ □ hepa hype orrh age al rtensi y (hep-a on-T tomeg (HEM-or- L-oh-jist) O idj) -ectom ition hypo on (h h-toh- □ y su □ tensio igh-pe MEG -ah-le view of the structures and functions of that system so you can □ □ hype hypo -itis - r- ex rgical cessiv removal, e, incr eased cutti ng ou t □ □ ile infect um (I ilium LL-ee-um (ILL-e n e- (h igh-po ) r-TE h-TE N-shu N-shu n) n) e) □ □ ion (in um) -osis -FEC □ relate these to the medical specialists, pathology, diagnostics, □ -ostom open in abno y rmal cond ition , dise ase □ □ □ inters tit intram ial (in-te (in K-shu M n) r-STIS AY-shun) -otom g to the bo melan uscu lar (in H-al) □ y cu dy su □ os -trah tting mycos is (mel-a and treatment procedures that follow. □ -plast -rrhag discha y su e rgical , surg ical rface repair incision □ □ myelo (my-KO myo is path y (m h- NOH H-sis) -sis) -MU S-kyou -lar) □ □ path y-eh-L -rrhap rge myo y (m y-OP- OP-ah-th □ Chapter 15 introduces basic diagnostic procedures, □ □ -rrhea -rrhex hy su is ru rgical suturin g □ □ □ neon neur rrhe atolog xis (m y itis (n (nee-oh- y-oh ah -R -thee ECK ) -sis) ee) -scler pture neur ew-R nay-TO osis □ opla YE-ti L-oh abno sty (N s) examination positions, imaging techniques, laboratory tests, □ Med ical T erms rmal hard ening □ otolar GOL- yn otorhi gology (o oh-plas- nola ryng EW-r h-toh- lar-in tee) -jee) abdo □ oh-je ology -GOL- minoc palp e) (oh-toh- oh ente rye-no -jee) nuclear medicine, and pharmacology. It also includes a □ □ angi TEE- acro nym sis) (ACK -r sis (a b-do m-ih -noh -sen- □ □ □ perina ation ta postna l (pehr-ih tal (p (p al-PAY -N -shun) h-lar- in- □ ogra phy (a oh-nim) prog ohst-N AY-tal) appe n-jee- □ nosis AY-ta □ ndec section on alternative and complementary medicines. This □ □ appe arteri ndic on tomy itis (a (ap-en h-pe OG-ra -DEC n-dih- K-toh-m h-fee) □ □ pros pr ostrat pyeliti e (PROS- ) (p tate (P rog-NOH RO S-tayt -s is) l) arteri ecrosis (a ee) □ trayt □ os r-tee- SIGH-tis) s (pye ) arthra clerosis (a ree-oh pyod -eh-LY chapter can be studied at any point in the course. □ □ diagno lg omy (k oh-L r- colost ia (ar-TH tee-ree-oh eh-KROH RAL- je e-ah -n -skleh -ROH -sis) □ □ □ subc su pi erma ostal natio (pye (sub-K -oh-D ) O E-tis ER-m ah) □ sis (d AHS- ) -sis) su n (soo S-tal) edem ye-ag- to h-mee □ pp uratio -pih □ a (eh- D NOH -sis) ) supr n (sup -NAY-shu enda □ acos □ rteria EE-mah) sympt tal (s -you -RAY n) □ endo scop l (end -ar-TE □ om (S ue-prah- -shun) y (en- E-ree- synd IMP- KOS- Comprehensive Medical Terminology Review epon DOS- □ rome tum) ta l) □ ym (E koh- al) tonsill (SIN P-oh pee) □ ec -drohm (FISH -nim) tonsill tomy (ton ) -ur) □ iti -s traum s (ton-sih ih-LECK □ a -L -toh- triage (TRAW-m YE-tis) mee) □ (tree ah viral -AHZH ) □ (VYE ) This section, which follows Chapter 15, is designed to help virile (VIR -ral) -ill) you prepare for your final examination. It includes study tips, CHAPTER 1 practice exercises, and a simulated final test; however, be aware LEARNING EXERCISES that none of these questions are from the actual final test. MATCHING WORD PARTS 1 Appendices Write the correct answer in the middle column. Correct Answer Possible Answers ________________________________________ -algia Appendix A: Prefixes, Combining Forms, and Suffixes is a 1.2. 1.3. excessive, increased liver ________________________________________ ________________________________________ dys- -ectomy convenient alphabetic reference for the medical word parts. ________________________________________ hepat/o 1.5. surgical removal ________________________________________ hyper- When you don’t recognize a word part, you can look it up here. MATCHING WORD PARTS 2 Appendix B: Abbreviations and Their Meanings is an Write the correct answer in the middle column. Correct Answer Possible Answers extensive list of commonly used abbreviations and their 1.6. abnormal condition ________________________________________ hypo- meanings. Abbreviations are important in medicine, and 1.7. abnormal softening ________________________________________ -itis ________________________________________ -malacia using them accurately is essential! ________________________________________ -necrosis 1.10. tissue death ________________________________________ -osis Appendix C: Glossary of Pathology and Procedures gives the MATCHING WORD PARTS 3 definitions of all the primary terms in the text relating to Write the correct answer in the middle column. diagnosis, pathology, and medical procedures. 1.11. bleeding, bursting forth Correct Answer ________________________________________ Possible Answers -ostomy 1.12. surgical creation of an opening ________________________________________ -otomy 8 xiv PREFACE Student Resources The following resources are included with your textbook to provide even more help as you study. n Flashcards. Improve your knowledge and test your mastery by using the flashcards provided in the last section of the book. Remove these perfo- rated pages carefully and then separate the cards. Flashcards are an effec- tive study aid for use even when you have only a small amount of time. n Online Resources. A student companion website is available to accompany a new textbook that includes slide presentations created ® in PowerPoint and animations. To access the online resources: 1. Go To: http://www.CengageBrain.com. 2. Register as a new user or log in as an existing user if you already have an account with Cengage Learning or CengageBrain.com CHANGES TO THE EIGHTH EDITION A detailed conversion guide that helps you make the change from the seventh to the eighth edition is included in the Instructor Resource Center at http://www.cengage.com. A brief summary of some of the changes follows: n Added eleven new, full-color photos n Chapter 1: Further clarified combining forms n Chapter 1: Updated use of medical dictionary to include online resources n Chapter 1: Updated “Do Not Use” abbreviations n Chapter 2: Expanded section on health care professions n Chapter 5: Added nutritional changes under treatments n Chapter 6: Updated definitions of lymphomas n Chapter 6: Expanded material on breast cancer n Chapter 8: Expanded dental section and virtual colonoscopy n Chapter 9: Added nutrition to treatment procedures n Chapter 10: Expanded coverage of mental health n Chapter 15: Updated section on nuclear medicine ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is a pleasure to introduce Katrina A. Schroeder, RD, and Laura Ehrlich, RN, as our new co- authors of Medical Terminology for Health Professions. They bring a fresh and professional per- spective to this textbook as it enters its third decade. As always, we are very grateful for the input of the many reviewers, and instructors who volunteer feedback, who are an invaluable resource in guiding this book as it evolves. Their insights, comments, suggestions, and attention to detail are very important in making the text, and its many resources, up-to-date and accurate. Thanks also to the editorial and production staff of Cengage Learning for their very profes- sional and extremely helpful assistance in making this revision possible, especially our editors, Deb Myette-Flis and Laura Stewart. Deb Myette-Flis deserves special recognition for her stead- fast support for this project throughout the past five editions. Please note that a portion of the royalties for this textbook provide scholarships for lymph- edema therapists, helping to address a nation-wide shortage in this field. Ann Ehrlich and Carol L. Schroeder REVIEWERS Diane R. Benson, CMA (AAMA), BSHCA, MSA, David Pintado, MD, CCMA, CDE, ASE, CFP, MRS, CPC, CBCS, AHA BCLS/ Health Care Program Practicum Coordinator First Aid-Instructor Karan A. Serowik, M.Ed, RMA, CCMA, Professor Nationally Certified Phlebotomist, Carol J. Kirkner Ed.D., MT, ASCP, Program Director, Healthcare Dean—Division of Health Sciences David Stump-Foughty, M.Ed., CPC, MIBC Program Director xv HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Medical Terminology for Health Professions, Eighth Edition, is designed to help you learn and remember medical terms with sur- prising ease. The key lies in the following features. BODY SYSTEM OVERVIEW The first page of each body system chapter is a chart giving an overview of the structures, related combining forms, and functions most important to that system. VOCABULARY LIST The second page of each chapter is a 75-item vocabulary list. This list includes 15 key word parts with their meanings and 60 important terms for the chapter with their pronun- ciations. This immediately alerts you to the key terms in the chapter and acts as a review guide. Next to each term is a box so you can check off each term when you’ve learned it. LEARNING OBJECTIVES The beginning of each chapter lists learning objectives to help you understand what is expected of you as you read the text and complete the exercises. These objectives are set off with a colored bar for easy identification. ART PROGRAM Our art program includes hundreds of photos and full-color illus- trations that help clarify the text and contain important additional information. Review each illustration and read its caption carefully for easy and effective learning. xvi  HOW TO USE THIS BOOK xvii “SOUNDS-LIKE” PRONUNCIATION SYSTEM The sounds-like pronunciation system makes pronunciation easy by respelling the word with syllables you can understand—and say—at a glance. Simply pronounce the term just as it appears in parentheses, accenting the syllables as follows: n Primary (strongest) accent: capital letters and bold type n Secondary accent: lowercase letters and bold type WORD PARTS Because word parts are so important to learning medical terminology, whenever a term made up of word parts is introduced, the definition is followed (in parentheses) by the word parts highlighted in magenta and defined. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TERMS n Primary terms are the most important medical words in a chapter. When first introduced, the term appears in boldface and, if appropriate, is followed by the sounds-like pronunciation. These are the words students need to concentrate on learning. Only primary terms are used as correct answers in the exercises and tests. n Secondary terms appear in cyan italics. These terms are included to clarify the meaning of a primary term. Although used as distracters in exercises, the secondary terms are not used as correct answers in exercises or tests. LEARNING EXERCISES Each chapter includes 100 Learning Exercises in a variety of formats that require a one- or two-word written answer. Writing terms, rather than just circling a multiple-choice option, reinforces learning and provides practice in writing and spelling the terms. xviii HOW TO USE THIS BOOK THE HUMAN TOUCH: CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE A real-life short story that involves patients and pathology, along with related critical thinking questions, at the end of each chapter helps you apply what you are learning to the real world. There are no right or wrong answers, just questions to get you started thinking about and using the new terms you have learned. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Overview of INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Primary Medical Terms Primary terms enable you to give priority to the most important words in your study of medical terminology. These terms are shown in black boldface. Word Parts Are the Key An introduction to word parts and how they are used to create complex medical terms. Word Roots The word parts that usually, but not always, indicate the part of the body involved. Combining Form A word root that has a vowel, usually the letter “o,” put on the end before the addition of another word root or a suffix. Suffixes The word part attached at the end of a word that usually, but not always, indicates the procedure, condition, disorder, or disease. Prefixes The word part attached at the beginning of a word that usually, but not always, indicates location, time, number, or status. Determining Meanings on Knowledge of word parts helps decipher medical terms. the Basis of Word Parts Medical Dictionary Use Guidelines to make looking up a term easier. Pronunciation Learn how to pronounce words correctly using the “sounds-like” pronunciation system and audio files. Spelling Is Always Important A single spelling error can change the entire meaning of a term. Singular and Plural Endings Unusual singular and plural endings used in medical terms. Basic Medical Terms Terms used to describe disease conditions. Look-Alike, Sound-Alike Clarification of confusing terms and word parts that look or Terms and Word Parts sound similar. Using Abbreviations Caution is always important when using abbreviations. 1 2 CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary Related to THE INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY This list contains essential word parts and medical & erythrocyte (eh-RITH-roh-sight) terms for this chapter. These and the other & fissure (FISH-ur) important primary terms are shown in boldface & fistula (FIS-chuh-lah) & gastralgia (gas-TRAL-jee-ah) throughout the chapter. Secondary terms, which & gastritis (gas-TRY-tis) appear in cyan italics, clarify the meaning of primary & gastroenteritis (gas-troh-en-ter-EYE-tis) terms. & gastrosis (gas-TROH-sis) & hemorrhage (HEM-or-idj) Word Parts & hepatomegaly (hep-ah-toh-MEG-ah-lee) & hypertension (high-per-TEN-shun) & -algia pain, suffering & hypotension (high-poh-TEN-shun) & dys- bad, difficult, or painful & infection (in-FECK-shun) & -ectomy surgical removal, cutting out & inflammation (in-flah-MAY-shun) & hyper- excessive, increased & interstitial (in-ter-STISH-al) & hypo- deficient, decreased & intramuscular (in-trah-MUS-kyou-lar) & -itis inflammation & laceration (lass-er-AY-shun) & -osis abnormal condition, disease & lesion (LEE-zhun) & -ostomy the surgical creation of an artificial & malaise (mah-LAYZ) opening to the body surface & mycosis (my-KOH-sis) & -otomy cutting, surgical incision & myelopathy (my-eh-LOP-ah-thee) & -plasty surgical repair & myopathy (my-OP-ah-thee) & -rrhage bleeding, abnormal excessive fluid & myorrhexis (my-oh-RECK-sis) discharge & natal (NAY-tal) & -rrhaphy surgical suturing & neonatology (nee-oh-nay-TOL-oh-jee) & -rrhea flow or discharge & neurorrhaphy (new-ROR-ah-fee) & -rrhexis rupture & otorhinolaryngology (oh-toh-rye-noh-lar-in- & -sclerosis abnormal hardening GOL-oh-jee) & palpation (pal-PAY-shun)