Antebellum America (Manifest Destiny, Sectionalism & Slavery) NOTE PACKET PDF

1 Antebellum America (Manifest Destiny 1803-1850’s, Sectionalism and Slavery 1820-1861)  2 1840’s Immigr...

1 Antebellum America (Manifest Destiny 1803-1850’s, Sectionalism and Slavery 1820-1861)  2 1840’s Immigration *Irish & German Reaction to Immigrants Manifest Destiny *James Polk *Texas Annexation Mexican-American War 1846-1848 *Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1844- *Oregon Dispute 1877 *Know-Nothing Party *Wilmot Proviso *Nativists *54’40” of Fight *Mexican Cession *Anti-Catholic *Gadsden Purchase *1849Gold Rush (California) Sectional Conflict (1850’s) 1850-1853 Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) 1855-1860 Compromise of 1850 Popular Sovereignty above 36’30” line *Election of 1856 *California FREE State Consequences *1857: Dred Scott *D.C. Slave Trade Ends *Migration to Kansas Decision *Fugitive Slave Act *Dissolve Compromise of 1820 *1858: Lincoln- Compromise Response *Bleeding Kansas (Kansas Civil War) Douglass Debates *Uncle Tom’s Cabin *Bleeding Sumner (Brooks-Sumner) *1859: John Brown’s *Personal Liberty Laws *Creation of Republican Party Raid @ Harper’s Ferry *Increased UGRR *Lack of North/South Compromise *1860: Lincoln Elected Causes Civil War (1861-1865) 1865 *Slavery *North Wins *Sectional Goals Turning Points (1862-1863) *13th Amendment economies North Goals: Anaconda Plan *Battle of Antietam *2nd Inaugural 1861: Preserve Union *Emancipation Proclamation Address *Sectional Politics 1863: End Slavery *Lincoln *State’s Rights *Gettysburg Address Assassinated *Lincoln Election South Goals: Preserve State’s Rights *Battle of Gettysburg & Vicksburg Reconstruction (1865-1877) Reconstruction Plans Successes Reconstruction Ends *13th Amendment *15th Amendment Presidential Congressional Election Compromise of 1877 *14th Amendment *Enforcement Act (1865-1867) (1867-1877) of 1876 *Hayes President *10% Plan *Military Districts *1st Black Members of Congress *Federal Troops *Loyalty Oaths *13th Amendment Removed From South *Freedmen’s Bureau (somewhat) *North help Southern *13th Amendment *14th Amendment *Lincoln and *Black Male voting Economy Johnson *Radical *More forgiving Republicans Southern Reactions Failures of Reconstruction towards South *Punishing *Black Codes *Poll taxes *Emergence of New South towards South *Sharecropping *Literacy Tests *Convict Leasing *Grandfather *Jim Crow Laws *KKK clauses *Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)  3 Key Concepts Topic 5.2 Manifest Destiny Learning Objective B: Explain the causes and effect of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877. KC 5.1.I.A. The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West KC 5.1.I.B: Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean. KC 5.1.I.D: Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting western transportation and economic development. KC 5.1.I.E: U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia. Topic 5.3 The Mexican-American War Learning Objective C: Explain the causes and effects of the Mexican-American War. KC 5.1.I.C: The United States added large territories in the West through victory in the Mexican– American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in the newly acquired lands. KC 5.1.II.C: U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians increased in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups’ economic self-sufficiency and cultures. Topic 5.4 The Compromise of 1850 Learning Objective D: Explain the similarities and differences in how regional attitudes affected federal policy in the period in the period after the Mexican-American War. KC 5.2.II.A: The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories. KC 5.2.II.B.i: The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850. Topic 5.5 Sectional Conflict: Regional Differences Learning Objective E: Explain the effects of immigration form various parts of the world on American culture from 1844 to 1877. KC 5.1.II.A: Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs. KC 5.1.II.B: A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants’ political power and cultural influence. Learning Objective F: Explain how regional differences related to slavery caused tension in the years leading up to the Civil War. KC 5.2.I.A: The North’s expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy’s dependence on slave labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor. KC 5.2.I.B: African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting slaves’ escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals. KC 5.2.I.C: Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states’ rights were protected by the Constitution Topic 5.6 Failure of Compromise Learning Objective G: Explain the political causes of the Civil War. KC 5.2.II.B.ii: The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict. KC 5.1.II.C: The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North. Topic 5.7 Election of 1860  4 Learning Objective H: Describe the effects of Lincoln’s election. KC 5.2.II.D: Abraham Lincoln’s victory on the Republicans’ free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War. Topic 5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War Learning Objective I: Explain the various factors that contributed to the Union victory in the Civil War. KC 5.3.I.A: Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition. KC 5.3.I.D: Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South’s infrastructure. Topic 5.9 Government Policies During the Civil War Learning Objective J: Explain how Lincoln’s leadership during the Civil War impacted American ideals over the course of the war. KC 5.3.I.B: Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy KC 5.3.I.C: Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America’s founding democratic ideals. Key Vocabulary Manifest Destiny 54’40” or Fight Oregon dispute Mexican American War Stephen Austin Santa Anna Sam Houston Liberia Gadsden Purchase Louisiana Territory Adams-Onis Treaty Wilmot Proviso John C. Fremont Popular sovereignty Mexican Cession King Cotton Mountain whites Poor whites Gabriel Prosser Denmark Vesey American Treaty of Emancipation Crittenden Colonization Society Guadalupe Hidalgo Proclamation Compromise Sojourner Truth Frederick Douglass Harriet Tubman Liberty Party Gag resolution Elijah Lovejoy Free Soil Party Underground Railroad Henry Clay “fire eaters” Compromise of 1850 Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin Kansas Nebraska Act John Brown Bleeding Kansas James Buchanan Republican Party Charles Sumner Brooks-Sumner Affair Dred Scott Decision Fugitive Slave Law Lincoln-Douglass Debates Freeport Doctrine John Brown’s Raid Harper’s Ferry Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln Secession Nat Turner Fort Sumter Antietam Anaconda plan Ulysses S. Grant The Liberator Border States New York Draft Riots Clara Barton Gettysburg Address William Lloyd Garrison Election of 1864 Andrew Johnson Union Party John Wilkes Booth Appomattox Courthouse Review Videos from Jocz Productions Jocz Production Review Videos Video Notes Chapter 17: https://tinyurl.com/y4k4g47q Lesson 1: Manifest Destiny Part 1 Chapter 18: https://tinyurl.com/y3dmsqur Lesson 2: Manifest Destiny Part 2 Chapter 19: https://tinyurl.com/y2wdjsym Lesson 3: Sectionalism & Compromise of 1850 Chapter 20 and 21: https://tinyurl.com/yyhaukdq Lesson 4: 1850’s to Election of 1860 Lesson 5: Civil War  5 Manifest Destiny: “______________________” right to expand across the American continent was justifiable and inevitable Image Questions  Moving West 1.How does this Image demonstrate Manifest Destiny and American Progress? 2.What symbolism do you observe? 3.Why do American want to move out west? Source: John Gast, American Progress, 1872 Territorial Expansion Review Policies/Inventions That Aided Territorial Expansion For each date, please identify the land acquired and Andrew Jackson Policy Henry Clay Policy how the U.S. got the land. Dates Land Acquired How Acquire? 1783 1st Industrial Revolution Inventions 1803 1819  6 Texas Annexation? (1836) 1821: Mexico gains independence from ________________ Consequently, Mexico is in ____________!!! Make money by selling land to… Give three rules to American settlers 1. Context 1829: Mexico abolished slavery 2. 1833: Britain abolished slavery 3. 4.Also were not paying taxes ______ ______ to Mexican government. Led Mexican Army to Gremlins Three rules: 1980’s Movie defeat Texan rebels at the _____(1836) This led to this Context: Texas guy… askes U.S. for help…U.S. helps! Texas victory leads to TWO dilemmas 1.Should the U.S. annex Texas? 2.What is the boundary of Texas? Sam __________ defeats Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto ***Texas becomes independent republic***  7 1840’s Manifest Destiny- Polk, Mexican American War and Oregon Boundary Dispute Election of 1844 POLK won the election primarily with THREE promises: “Polk the Purposeful” Democrat: Promises Accomplished __________________ 1.Reduce protective tariffs Defeated 2.Annex Texas 3.Acquire California, WHIG: New Mexico and as ________________  much land in the Video: West Mexican 4.Settle Oregon American War Boundary Dispute with Britain 1845: U.S. Annexes _______________ Polk now offers to purchase _______________________, After Texas Annexation _______________________ and the disputed Texas territory for $30 million from Mexico!!! Mexico’s response Polk’s response What problem does this create with Mexico? Send General ________________________ to the disputed Texas territory and crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico Polk said 54’40” of Fight! Why settle at 49 Parallel in 1846? Mexico’s response Cross Rio Grande and kill ELEVEN U.S. soldiers. Leads to War U.S. wins (1845-1848)  8 Effects of the Mexican American War…The Best Treaty in the World! Source: John O’Sullivan, Annexation, 1845 H Texas is now ours… Her star and her stripe may already be said to have taken their place in the glorious blazon of our common nationality; and the sweep of our eagle’s wing already includes within its circuit the wide extent of her fair and fertile land…She comes within the dear and sacred designation of Our Country… other nations have undertaken to intrude themselves … in a spirit of hostile interference I against us, for the avowed object of thwarting our policy and hampering our power, limiting our greatness and checking the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions…California will, probably, next fall away from the loose adhesion which, in such a country as Mexico, holds a remote province in a slight equivocal kind of dependence on the metropolis. Imbecile and distracted, Mexico never can exert any real governmental authority over such a country…The Anglo- P Saxon foot is already on its borders. Already the advance guard of the irresistible army of Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the plough and the rifle, and marking its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meeting-houses…Their right to independence will be the natural right of self-government belonging to any community strong enough to P maintain it… Its necessity for this very purpose of binding and holding together in its iron clasp our fast-settling Pacific region with that of the Mississippi valley–the natural facility of the route–the ease with which any amount of labor for the construction can be drawn in from the overcrowded populations of Europe, to be paid in die lands made valuable by the progress of the work itself–and its immense utility to O the commerce of the world with the whole eastern Asia. What reasons for Manifest Destiny can you infer from the reading? Treaty of _____________________________ Paid $15 million for all of the land gained _______________________ (Ends M-A War) 1848 Effect 1 from Mexico in the treaty….called the Video: https://tinyurl.com/jrd7pyy _________________ __________________ Slavery Dispute erupts again when David Wilmot proposes that the treaty prevent Effect 2 slavery in all territory gained from Mexico ___________________ ________________ ***Was not included in Treaty*** Massive population growth in California due Effect 3 to what event in 1849? _________________ _______________________ Purchase (1853): In 1850, California wants to become a state. Effect 4 Will it be a slave state or free state? Paid $10 for this land? Why?  9 Review: Manifest Destiny 5th Acquisition 2nd Acquisition 1st Acquisition Acquisition Name: Acquisition Name: Date Acquired: _______________ ____________________________ ____________________________ How Acquired: _______________ Date Acquired: _______________ Date Acquired: _______________ Acquired From: _______________ How Acquired: _______________ How Acquired: _______________ Acquired From: _______________ Acquired From: _______________ 6th Acquisition 7th Acquisition 4th Acquisition 3rd Acquisition Acquisition Name: Acquisition Name: Acquisition Name: Acquisition Name: _____________________ ___________________ _____________________ _____________________ Date Acquired: ________ Date Acquired: ______ Date Acquired: ________ Date Acquired: _________ How Acquired: ________ How Acquired: ______ How Acquired: ________ How Acquired: _________ Acquired From: ________ Acquired From: ______ Acquired From: ________ Acquired From: ________  10 Slavery/Sectionalism Review Compromise of 1850 Compromise Part 1: Compromise Part 2: 1619- 1st slaves arrive at California Statehood D.C. Slave Trade ______________________, Virginia 1676- __________________________ Failed Rebellion of Virginia farmers led to an increase in slavery 1787- __________________________ Forbid slavery in Who benefits? ______ Who benefits? ______ the Northwest Territory 1789- _____________________________________ Two Constitutional compromises 1770’s-1780’s Post Revolution: Many Compromise of 1850 northern states ___________________ Major People Involved in Compromise 1820- __________________________ Maine a free state and Missouri a slave state 1822- __________________________ Failed slave revolt in Charleston, S.C. ____ (Whig) Douglas (Dem) Webster (Whig) Calhoun (Dem) 1822- __________________________ Idea to send slaves back to Africa to liber in Liberia (Capital city: Monrovia) Compromise Part 3: Compromise Part 4: 1831- Three Events Texas Border Slavery in Mexican ______________________________- Cession Territory sectional crisis over S.C. upset about tariff of abominations ______________________________- violent slave uprising in Virginia ______________________________- Who benefits? ______ Who benefits? ______ Newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison Compromise Part 5: Fugitive Slave Law 1836- Two Events _______________________________- Who benefits? ______ forbid Congress to discuss slavery issues ______________________________- Effect of Effect of should slavery extend to newly annexed southern territory FS Act FS Act 1830’s-1860’s- 2nd great awakening creates _______________ reformers OD: The Confounding Truth of Frederick Douglass: https://tinyurl.com/y5nkmqds 1846- __________________________ Propose to prevent slavery in land _____________________- acquired from Mexican American War Written by… increased UGRR activity  11 Cause and Effect: Kansas Nebraska Act (1854) Political Parties Missouri Compromise Migration to Kansas Start of _______________Party How does this act affect the ________ Emigrant Aid Society: Belief: No Extension of slavery Missouri Compromise? free-soilers who traveled to KS End of ________________Party ________________________- proslavery supporters from Why a problem for the country? Why a problem for the country? Missouri Effect of Effect of Effect of KN Act KN Act KN Act Context: Stephen ___________________ wanted the Nebraska Territory to be organized to become a state. In doing so, a transcontinental railroad would be built ending at Chicago. His home state. However, the South did not want to see another FREE state added so Douglas came up with ____________________ Act that created the Nebraska Territory and the Kansas Territory. Kansas Nebraska Act on the Slavery Question _________________________________________- citizens of each territory will vote on whether they would create a territory with or without slavery Kansas Nebraska Act (Video) Effect of Effect of KN Act KN Act Kansas Civil War (1856) Congressional Violence (1856) Lecompton a.k.a. “ ____________________________” Constitution ___________ ______________ Affair st 1 : Free-soilers killed in Lawrence, KS A Corrupt Slave 2nd: Constitution for ____________________ Kansas in 1857 with family butchers proslavery supporters in Pottowatamie, KS Why a problem for the country?  12 Cause of Brookes Sumner Affair: Charles Sumner (Massachusetts Senator) gave a speech called “The Crimes Against Kansas” where he criticized the Kansas Nebraska Act and insulted Andrew Butler. Cast of Characters for Historical Reenactment (Brooks Sumner Affair) Insulted Three Butler Men Avenged Insult Towards Butler Charles Sumner Andrew Butler- Preston Brooks Republican (MA Laurence Keitt Henry A. Edmundson Democrat (SC Senator) (SC Representative) Senator) (SC Representative) (VA Senator) Democrat Co-Authored KS-NB Act 2nd Cousin of Butler Friend of Brooks Friend of Brooks A recent stroke victim, Butler occasionally wore a small spittoon around his neck to catch the Stephen Douglas said, labial juices he could no The Narrator longer control. “that damn fool (Sumner) is going to get himself shot by some other damned fool!” Brooks-Sumner Affair…a.k.a…Bleeding Sumner….The “Beat Down.” 1856 Narrator sets the scene: Charles Sumner is sitting at his Senate Desk. Preston Brooks walks in to Senate chambers with a cane accompanied by Laurence Keitt (carrying a cane and a pistol) and Henry Edmundson. The three men walk up to Charles Sumner seated at his Senate Desk. Preston Mr. Sumner, I have read your Speech with care and as much impartiality as was possible and I feel it my duty to tell Brooks you that you have libeled my State and slandered a relative who is aged and absent and I am come to punish you for it. After concluding the above statement, Preston Brooks struck Sumner with his cane. Edmundson and Keitt brandish their weapons to prevent interference from other senators. For about the first five of six licks he offered to make fight but I plied him so rapidly that he did not touch me. Stunned by the assault, Sumner was unable to slide out of his chair and was pinned under his desk, which was hinged to the floor. Blood running into his eyes, disoriented under the blows, Sumner appears to have forgotten that his legs were pinned between the chair and desk, which was bolted to the floor. Instead of sliding his chair backward, Sumner, a large man, made a great effort to stand and ripped the desk from its mooring. Sumner received close to ten stripes to the head at this point. The blows tore open his scalp Narrator and blood poured into his eyes, rendering him temporarily blind. Coupled with the confusion resulting from (The concussions to the grey matter within his skull, this blindness left him just as defenseless as he was while trapped Attack) beneath his desk. Yet, Brooks was unyielding, and continued to strike at Sumner even after his cane had snapped in two. Sumner began to flail his arms about randomly, convulsing uncontrollably as moaning guttural noises emanated from his mouth, likely symptomatic of a seizure caused by the beating. Brooks continued to strike. Lapsing into total unconsciousness, Sumner began to fall, and knocked over another anchored desk. Before he could hit the ground, however, Brooks caught him by the lapel of his jacket and held him up as he continued with his beating. By this time, however, Sumner was beginning to lose consciousness. The cane first breaking, then shattering into pieces. In less than one minute, Brooks had struck Sumner some thirty blows and his cane shattered. Sumner falls down unconscious, covered with blood. In his frenzy, Brooks had received a minor cut in his head from the backlash of his cane. Towards the last of the strikes, Sumner bellowed like a calf. I wore my cane out completely but saved the Head which is gold and continued to hit Sumner. He continued to hit Sumner until a northern representative physically restrained him. Preston Brooks and associates escape Senate without being detained. The fragments of the stick are begged for as sacred relicts. Every Southern man is delighted and the Abolitionists are like a hive of disturbed bees. I expected to be attacked this morning but no one came near me. They are making all Preston sorts of threats. It would not take much to have the throats of every Abolitionist cut. I have been arrested of course and Brooks there is now a resolution before the House the object of which is to result in my expulsion. This they can’t do, It requiring two thirds to do it and they can’t get a half. Every Southern man sustains me. The debate is now very animated on the subject. Don’t be alarmed it will all work right. The only danger that I am in is from assassination, but this you must not intimate to Mother. Narrator As replacement canes were shipped to Preston Brooks from all over the South, the North was incensed.  13 Review: Political Cartoons H I P P O H I P P O H I P P O  14 Final Events that Led to Civil War Election of 1856 Gee…guess what the main issue was in the election? vs. John C. Fremont (R) James Buchanan (D) No extension of slavery Pro-slavery and Pop. Sov South used scare tactics to get votes! Guess the tactic? 1.Who won? Historical Context in 1856? 2.Why did PA go Democratic in 1856? 3.Anything unusual with state results? 1858: Lincoln Douglas Debates 1857: _____________________ Goal: Win Illinois Senator Election Supreme Court Case on the rights of slaves in free states ____________________Question... Dred Scott lived in 1.Support popular sovereignty MissouriIllinoisWisconsinback to Missouri. 2.Support Dred Scott decision D. Scott sued for freedom because he lived in a free state and LOST!!! Roger Taney (from MD) ____________________ Doctrine: Significance: Significance: Video: https://tinyurl.com/y8qbrfn9 1860: __________________________ 1859: __________________________ Heeeeeeeeee’s Back…. Goal: Actions: Significance: Who wins? OD: John Brown: Domestic Terrorist or Significance? National Hero https://tinyurl.com/yyeur72o  15 Election of 1860 Effects Lincoln’s view on slavery: NO __________________ of slavery This is the way the North received it. This is the way the South received it. Crittenden Compromise (1861) Secession (1860-1861) Parts of Crittenden Compromise Proposed Constitutional Amendments 1. Slavery would be prohibited in any territory of the United States "now held, or hereafter acquired," north of latitude 36 degrees, 30 minutes line. In territories south of this line, slavery of the African race was "hereby recognized" and could not be interfered with by Congress. Furthermore, property in African slaves was to be "protected by all the departments of the territorial government during its continuance." States would be admitted to the Union from any territory with or without slavery as their constitutions provided. (Missouri Compromise Returns) 2.Congress was forbidden to abolish slavery in places under its jurisdiction within a slave state such as a military post. 3.Congress could not abolish slavery in the District of Columbia so long as it existed in the adjoining states of Virginia and Maryland and without the consent of the District's inhabitants. Compensation would be given to owners who refused consent to abolition. 4.Congress could not prohibit or interfere with the interstate slave trade. 5.Congress would provide full compensation to owners of rescued fugitive slaves. Congress was empowered to sue the county in which obstruction to the fugitive slave laws took place to recover payment; the county, in turn, could sue "the wrong doers or rescuers" who prevented the return of the fugitive. 6. No future amendment of the Constitution could change these amendments or authorize or empower Congress to interfere with slavery within any slave state. Who does this benefit more? North or South? Why does this compromise not prevent a Civil War? Seven States Left the United States before Lincoln was inaugurated as POTUS.  16 The Civil War Begins (1861) Map Questions 1.Why is the Union (North) concerned about the location of Washington, D.C.? 2.What is the significance of the federal Fort Sumter? 3.Why are the “border states” crucial for both sides? Do You Agree With Lincoln’s War Aim? I would save the Union. I would save it the shortest way under the Constitution…My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that…What I do about slavery and the colored race I do because I believe it helps to save this Union. Review: Events Leading to Disunion!!! Sectional/Slave Issues Before 1850 Abolitionists Events in the 1850’s Laws/Court Cases/Compromises  17 Initial Strategies Employ total War and grind the Confederacy into submission by never letting up pressure from all sides. Step 4: Capture the Confederate Capital of Step 2: Control the _____ ________ Step 3: Sherman’s March to the ___ and cut the an cut the Confederacy in ½ again! Confederacy in half. Step 1: ___________ all southern coastal cities If you were Great Britain, who would you side with? North Category South 22 million (250,000 free blacks) People 9 million (3.5 million slaves) 81 % of American Factories 19 75 % of American Wealth 25 66 % Railroad Mileage 34 67 % of farms (crops) 33 Strong federal government Gov’t A Confederation of States Constant immigration, stable gov’t and Other Advantages Better Quality Generals, the “will to a navy fight,” protect home turf, King Cotton Lack of quality generals, Need to defeat Zero Replacement capacity, Manpower (invade) the Confederacy, will people Weaknesses policies 20 slave draft exemption fight to free the slaves? policy, lack of foodstuffs Anaconda Policy (see next page) Strategy Seek an alliance with Britain and play a defensive war  18 Civil War (1861-1863) Union General Confederate General Date Battle Locations July 1861 Manassas George Robert E. Lee Won 1st Battle McDowell “Stonewall” Jackson Sullivan Ballou James Longstreet March-June Peninsular George Robert E. Lee Saved 1862 Campaign McClellan “Stonewall” Jackson Richmond, VA James Longstreet August 2nd Battle of John Pope Robert E. Lee Confederates Manassas “Stonewall” Jackson 1862 James Longstreet close to D.C. Sept. 1862 Antietam George Robert E. Lee TURNING McClellan “Stonewall” Jackson POINT James Longstreet Dec. 1862 Fredericksburg Ambrose Robert E. Lee Union can’t find Burnside “Stonewall” Jackson quality general James Longstreet Union General Confederate General Date Battle Locations Chancellorsville Joseph “Stonewall” Jackson July 1863 Robert E. Lee accidentally killed Hooker “Stonewall” Jackson July 1-3, Gettysburg George Robert E. Lee Pushed back 1863 Meade James Longstreet Lee’s Invasion Ended July Vicksburg Ulysses Grant Joseph Union control 4, 1863 Pemberton Miss. River ___________________________________________ ____________________________ Freed all slaves in the _______________________________ “that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— Runaways ___________ & Allows What is Now a Freedmen and that government of the people, by the War Aim in flee to __________ no 1863? Union longer support to join the people, for the people, shall not perish from the The CSA ________ Forces earth.” Source: Lincoln (1863) Let’s Get HIPP!!! Civil War Military Draft Act of 1863 Confederate Conscription Act of 1862 Draft Exemptions Draft Dodgers were hunted Resistance to the Draft to Draft Exemptions down by the… 1.Physical disability Find a War to End Slavery 2.Pay a substitute Resulted in the 1.Physical disability 3.____ slave rule _________ 2.Pay a substitute 4.Confederate and state 3.$____ men (paid to gov’t) officials Draft Riots  19 Civil War (1864-1865) What Makes Lincoln FINALLY Him Different? finds his General April 9, 1865 Lincoln Wins Election of 1864 with a War Democrat (Andrew Johnson- TN) as V.P. “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the HIPP Document right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who Modern Day Debate shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do Should the United States Pay all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among Reparations (financial payment ourselves and with all nations.” Source: Lincoln, 2nd Inaugural as an apology for slavery) to Address delivered on March 4, 1865 African-Americans __________________________ Proposed H.R. 40: To address the Assassinated Lincoln at Ford’s fundamental injustice, cruelty, Theater in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865 brutality, and inhumanity of slavery in the United States and the 13 American colonies between 1619 and 1865 and to establish a commission to study and consider a national apology and proposal for reparations for the institution of slavery, its subsequent de jure and de facto racial and economic discrimination against African- Americans, and the impact of these forces on living African- Americans, to make recommendations to the Congress on appropriate Who is the New President? ____________________ remedies (reparations included), and for other purposes.  20 Apologists, Lives of the Enslaved, Resistance and Reflection An Apologist’s Perspective on the Institution of Slavery List of Names Apologists: Christian Southerners who provided arguments in support of the institution of slavery. In our society, it is hard to fathom that some individuals supported the institution of slavery as a “positive good” or a “necessary evil.” While we inherently know many reasons for the evils of the peculiar institution, very few have read the words of apologists. I ask that you SIGN UP to read an apologists perspective in their own words and be ready to explain how their argument fits into either a moral, legal, economic and/or religious argument with regards to the institution of slavery. As a collective group, each person will collectively add to the chart. Moral/Social Legal/Political Economic Religious An Abolitionist’s Perspective on the Institution of Slavery List of Names I ask that you SIGN UP to read an abolitionists perspective in their own words and be ready to explain how their argument fits into either a moral, legal, economic and/or religious argument with regards to the institution of slavery. As a collective group, each person will collectively add to the chart. Moral/Social Legal/Political Economic Religious  21 Another Slave Narrative and Acts of Resistance Context: Another Slave Narrative Videos Context: From 1936-1938, the Federal Writer’s Project gathered oral histories of ex-slaves to share memories of their time in bondage. A group of filmmakers and multi-racial actors bring the ex-slaves words to life. The following videos and words are shocking and powerful testimonies of those who experienced slavery. At times, words are mentioned that are inappropriate in today’s society. However, these stories of slavery will set the serious tone about this session and help emotionally make sense of American slavery. Video Links: https://vimeo.com/196212698 or https://tinyurl.com/tolbl4g Directions: Choose to view/listen to ONE of the individual stories below and complete the reflection questions for that story. DISCLAIMER: The actors are reading the “real testimony” given by formerly enslaved individual. As a result, there is some strong racial language used. These is no cursing in the videos. SIGN UP HERE Lewis Jenkins William Moore Mary Reynolds Lucinda Patterson View- 13:39-18:22 View- 18:22-24:21 View- 24:21-30:08 View- 30:08-35:26 Personal Reflections Personal Reflections Personal Reflections Personal Reflections Story to Share: Story to Share: Story to Share: Story to Share: Provide ONE word to Provide ONE word to Provide ONE word to Provide ONE word to describe what you describe what you describe what you heard describe what you heard and EXPLAIN. heard and EXPLAIN. and EXPLAIN. heard and EXPLAIN. Fleeing for Freedom: Stories of Resistance Please SIGN UP to read/view one of the stories below and summarize that story to your group. Harriet Tubman Henry Brown Margaret Garner William and Ellen Craft Robert Smalls Reflections on the Stories You Heard Harriet Jacobs Frederick Douglass Henry Bibb  22 Slavery Today: Questions and Actions An Excerpt from, What to a Slave is the 4th of July? Reflection Questions By Frederick Douglass VIDEO (start at 4:04) 1. What words do you associated …This Fourth of July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must with the 4th of July? mourn. To drag a man in fetters into the grand illuminated temple of liberty, and call upon him to join you in joyous anthems, were inhuman mockery and sacrilegious irony. Do you mean, citizens, to mock me, by asking me to speak today? 2. What are your thoughts on the What, to the American slave, is your Fourth of July? I answer: a day that reveals to him, more than all other days of the year, the gross speech excerpt? injustice and cruelty to which he is a constant victim. To him, your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty, unholy license; your national greatness, swelling vanity; your sounds of rejoicing are empty and heartless; your denunciation of tyrants, brass fronted impudence; your shouts of liberty and equality, hollow mockery; your 3. How should the 4th of July be prayers and hymns, your sermons and thanksgivings, with all your viewed by descendants of the religious parade and solemnity, are, to Him, mere bombast, fraud, enslaved today? deception, impiety, and hypocrisy – a thin veil to cover up the crimes that would disgrace a nation of savages. There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody than are the people of the United States this very hour. Slavery Footprint Survey What Forms of Slavery Exist Today? Please take this survey and list the number of how many modern day slaves were probably involved in the making of your consumer habits. Six Forms of Modern Day Slavery # slaves ________ Modern Day What can you do to help end/limit modern day slavery? Slavery More Slave Today than Anytime in History Organizations Fighting to End Slavery 1. The MeKong Club: https://themekongclub.org/ 2. The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center: https://freedomcenter.org/voices 3. End Slavery Now: http://www.endslaverynow.org/connect Modern Day Slave 4. Rights4Girls:http://rights4girls.org 5. Operation Underground Railroad: http://ourrescue.org/ Narratives 6. How to Live a More Slave Free Lifestyle: http://www.endslaverynow.org/blog?topic=4063 7. The New Abolitionists: http://www.thenewabolitionists.com/ A full Anti-Slavery Directory on End Slavery Now Website: http://www.endslaverynow.org/connect  23 MANIFEST DESTINY DEBATE Debate Questions: Issue 1: Should the United States support a policy of manifest destiny as it relates to the annexation of Texas and American expansionism in general? Issue 2: Should the U.S. go to war against Mexico to obtain western lands (California and New Mexico)? Issue 3: Should the U.S. acquire the Oregon Territory? To what latitude? How should it be acquired (or not)? Time Frame: February 25, 1845. At the time of the debate Congress is deciding whether to prepare a joint resolution supporting the annexation of Texas. Place: Washington D.C. Background information: It is obvious that Mexico resents the rhetoric about manifest destiny and believes that the U.S. is planning to annex Texas. Should annexation occur, Texans and Mexicans disagree sharply over the location of their mutual border. The Mexicans claim the Nueces River as the boundary; the Americans claim the Rio Grande father to the south. Mexico really does not want to engage in full scale hostilities with the U.S. over Texas. It is trying to save face and salvage the remnants of its ailing empire. On a number of occasions Mexico has warned the U.S. that annexation will amount “to a declaration of war.” Since his election, President-elect Polk has been organizing his cabinet and hinting that he would like to obtain California and New Mexico. He plans to bring his presidency by trying to purchase these territories. He is prepared to go as high as $40 million. But in case Mexico will not sell, Polk has another idea. He will order General Zachary Taylor into Texas. If Mexico should being hostilities or cross the Rio Grande by force, Zachary Taylor will be ordered to attack and drive the invaders back. In addition Polk is mindful of the nationwide sentiment for acquiring Oregon that put him into office in 1844. In his inaugural message which he plans to deliver in March, 1845, he will reiterate the American claim to the whole of Oregon and purpose giving the required year’s notice to terminate the join-occupancy agreement with Britain. He plans to renew the standing American offer to Great Britain to compromise the boundary at the 49th parallel simply by extending the existing Canadian-American border. Should Great Britain turn down this idea, Polk has decided that he will reinstate his original demand of a 54 40’ boundary. Before Congress can annex Texas, declare war, or settle the boundary dispute with Oregon, members have decided that a national debate about manifest destiny must occur, involving not only members of Congress, but also individuals on both sides of the issue. Student Assignment: Students will be assigned/choose a historical character. 1. Identify their historical character as pro or anti manifest destiny 2. Identify the character’s political party (if applicable and available) 3. Identify the nationality of their character or his state of residence 4. Identify the character’s position on one or more of the issues surrounding manifest destiny 5. Become totally familiar with their character’s arguments and position regarding manifest destiny, the annexation of Texas, a declaration of war against Mexico, and/or the acquisition of the Oregon Territory 6. Identify pamphlets and other works their character has written on this issue Procedure: Student must speak during the debate as if they were the actual person whom they are portraying. Before each student speaks, he/she should stand and introduce himself/herself, and give a little background information about the character he/she is portraying.  24 Cast of Characters Topic 1: Should the United States support a Issue 2: Should the U.S. go to Issue 3: Should the U.S. acquire policy of manifest destiny as it relates to the annexation of Texas and American war against Mexico to obtain the Oregon Territory (and how)? expansionism in general? western lands? Annex Don’t Annex Go to War Don’t Go to War Annex Don’t Annex Senator John C. Rep. Joshua Giddings Andrew Jackson Senator John C. Senator John C. Sen. Henry Clay Calhoun (Dem-S.C.) (Whig - Ohio) Calhoun (Dem-S.C.) Calhoun (Dem-S.C.) (W-KY) Andrew Jackson Frederick Douglass Robert J. Walker Rep. Joshua Giddings James Polk (Dem-TN) Senator George (Tennessee) (Whig - Ohio) McDuffie (Dem-S.C.) Robert J. Walker Henry David Thoreau James Polk (Dem-TN) Rep. Robert Clarke John O’Sullivan Senator John C. Winthrop (W-MA) Calhoun (S.C.) James Polk (Dem-TN) Sen. Charles Sumner Thomas Oliver Larkin Frederick Douglass Rep. Robert Clarke Rep. Daniel Webster (W-MA) Winthrop (W-MA) (Whig- Mass) John O’Sullivan Sen. Henry Clay Senator George Albert Gallatin Albert Gallatin Lord Aberdeen McDuffie (Dem-S.C.) (English) (W-KY) Rep. Robert Clarke Ramon Alcaraz (Mex.) Senator Edward A. Henry David Thoreau Senator Edward A. Winthrop (W-MA) Hannegan (Dem-Ind.) Hannegan (Dem-Ind.) Senator George Albert Gallatin William Gilpin Sen. Charles Sumner William Gilpin McDuffie (Dem-S.C.) (W-MA) Senator Edward A. Carlos Maria de Sen. Thomas Hart Sen. Henry Clay Sen. Thomas Hart Hannegan (Dem-Ind.) Bustamante (Mexico) Benton (Dem- Benton (Dem- Missouri) (W-KY) Missouri) William Gilpin Rep. Daniel Webster Thomas Oliver Larkin Ramon Alcaraz (Mex.) Albert Gallatin (Whig- Mass) Sen. Thomas Hart John Quincy Adams President John Tyler John O’Sullivan Andrew Kennedy Benton (Dem- (Whig- Mass) (Dem-Indiana) Missouri) Thomas Oliver Larkin Lord Aberdeen Stephen Douglas Carlos Maria de President John tyler (English) (Dem. Illinois) Bustamante (Mexico) President John Tyler Thomas Hart Benton Sam Houston Waddy Thompson Stephen Douglas (Dem-Missouri) (Governor of Texas) (Dem. Illinois) Waddy Thompson Robert Charles Thomas Oliver Larkin Rep. Daniel Webster John Quincy Adams Winthrop (Whig-Mass) (Whig- Mass) (Whig- Mass) Stephen Douglas Jacob Welsh Miller William Gilpin John Quincy Adams Sam Houston (Dem. Illinois) (Whig- N.J.) (Whig- Mass) (Dem-Texas) Sam Houston Edward Hannegan Lord Aberdeen Thomas Oliver Larkin (Governor of Texas) (Dem- Indiana) (English) Thomas Oliver Larkin Thomas Hart Benton Thomas Hart Benton (Dem-Missouri) (Dem-Missouri) William Gilpin Robert Charles Willian Gilpin Winthrop (Whig-Mass) Edward Hannegan Jacob Welsh Miller Robert Charles (Dem- Indiana) (Whig- N.J.) Winthrop (Whig-Mass) Edward Hannegan (Dem- Indiana) Jacob Welsh Miller (Whig- N.J.)  25 Debate Note Sheet: Please take notes throughout the debate. Topic 1: Should the United States support a policy of manifest destiny as it relates to the annexation of Texas and American expansionism in general? Annex Don’t Annex Issue 2: Should the U.S. go to war against Mexico to obtain western lands? Go to War Don’t Go to War Issue 3: Should the U.S. acquire the Oregon Territory (and how)? Annex Don’t Annex  26 Question 1: a.) Briefly explain why ONE of the following acquisitions of territory had the greatest impact on sectional issues.  Annexation of Florida  Mexican Session  Oregon Territory  California Statehood  Kansas and Nebraska Statehood b.) Briefly explain ONE specific consequence of a different land acquisition c.) Briefly compare a land acquisition above with another time the U.S. gained land from another country. Question 2: a.) Briefly explain why ONE of the following best supports the view that a belief in a manifest destiny played a decisive role in U.S. politics and policies during the 1840’s  Annexation of Texas  “Fifty-four Forty of Fight”  Mexican Cession b.) Contrast your choice against ONE of the other options, demonstrating why that option is not as good as your choice. c.) Briefly explain ONE criticism of this belief in manifest destiny during the 1840’s.  27 Writing an Introductory Paragraph (With Context, Evidence and Thesis) Prompt: Although Americans perceived Manifest Destiny as a benevolent movement, it was in fact an aggressive imperialism pursued at the expense of others. Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to American expansionism in the 1840’s. Contextualization: The response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, during, or continue after the time frame of the question. This point is not awarded for merely a phrase or reference. Evidence: The response must identify specific historical examples of evidence relevant to the topic of the prompt. Thesis: Responds to all parts of the prompt with a historically defensible thesis/claim that establishes a line of reasoning that is not too general (no social, economic or political ONLY reasons). Writing an Introductory Paragraph (With Context, Evidence and Thesis) Prompt: Evaluate the extent to which the Mexican American War (1846-1848) marked a turning point in the debate over slavery in the United States, analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the war to the period after it. Contextualization: The response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, during, or continue after the time frame of the question. This point is not awarded for merely a phrase or reference. Evidence: The response must identify specific historical examples of evidence relevant to the topic of the prompt. Thesis: Responds to all parts of the prompt with a historically defensible thesis/claim that establishes a line of reasoning that is not too general (no social, economic or political ONLY reasons).  28 Compromise of 1850 Historical Context: The United States acquired a vast expanse of territory in the West at the end of the Mexican American War in 1848. Due to its constitutional powers over territories of the United States, Congress was almost immediately faced with potentially divisive questions on how or whether to determine if the territory would be slave or free. There were five main issues that Congress wrestled with as it attempted to resolve questions related to slavery and westward expansion. Coming to a resolution of these issues proved difficult, as members of Congress represented different geographic and ideological constituencies. Issues related to slavery in the existing states were also brought into the discussion, which made bargaining for a resolution even more complex. Role Play: You will be representing ONE of the following individuals who had a significant opinion/role in fleshing out the details of a resolution. In groups of five, you will voice your opinion and create a compromise on the five main issues Henry Clay Stephen Douglas William Seward Daniel Webster John C. Calhoun Picture You’re a 40-year political You may be kinda short, You’re a long-time You’re one of the There’s no sugarcoating veteran, having served in but you’re hugely advocate of prison Senate’s big guns: the it: you’re one of the both houses of Congress influential in Illinois reform and better care greatest constitutional Senate’s strongest and as Secretary of State. politics, and a major for the insane; you’ve scholar of your supporters of slavery, Brief Background As a slaveholder who I player here in the actually drawn some generation, able to win and not afraid to let on individual’s still uncomfortable with Senate: a skilled debater controversy for anyone over with your people know it. You’re historical context slavery itself, you’re and tactician. You’ve defending a mentally ill powerful speeches. pushing seventy and surrounding the famous as an advocate for put your reputation on black man in court. You’re known to be battling tuberculosis, issue. compromise. This bill is the line for this bill, and You’re a committed antislavery, but the but you’re going to your idea. you’re going to make abolitionist, most important outcome weigh in on this bill if it sure it’s fantastic. though…you can’t let it is to prevent the Union KILLS you (Spoiler: it get to you! from dissolving. does). Whig: As a Whig, you Democrat: As a Whig: You want to Whig: You want to Democrat: As a want to invest in Democrat, you feel that invest in America’s invest in America’s Democrat, you feel that America’s future: the you represent the future: the gov’t needs future: the gov’t needs you represent the government needs to fund common people of the to fund improvements to fund improvements common people of the Political Party improvements in United States: small in manufacturing and in manufacturing and United States: small manufacturing and farmers, laborers, and transportation, so that transportation, so that farmers, laborers, and As you negotiate, transportation, so that the settlers moving west. the U.S.A. can become the U.S.A. can become settlers moving west. keep the following U.S.A. can become and You think that wealthy and economic and economic You think that wealthy in mind. economic powerhouse. landowners and powerhouse. powerhouse. landowners and Businessmen and educated businessmen shouldn’t Businessmen and Businessmen and businessmen shouldn’t experts will lead the way; have as much influence educated experts will educated experts will have as much influence they deserve your support. over politics. lead the way; they lead the way; they over politics. deserve your support. deserve your support. Kentucky: You represent Illinois: Illinois is full New York: Your state Massachusetts: South Carolina: a western state, but a of small, independent is where America does Massachusetts’ textile Things are tense in your modern one, too: You’ve farmers, so you respect its business. New York mills drive its economy: state: people are recently been building out the common people’s City is full of bankers, if the South stops leaving, the cotton crop your railroad links to desire to run their states merchants, and sending cotton your has been low, and you State Represented Northern cities. Being however they see fit. entrepreneurs. There is way, that business will have the sinking feeling next to the free states is a That said, your state’s a steady flow of dry up. Your that your “property” As you negotiate, double-edged sword, cities are growing, too, immigrants that want to constituents won’t be outnumbers you. Thank keep the following though. It’s that much so you know that it’s work for them. Many happy. Still, Boston is heavens you and your in mind. easier to escape across the important to bring of those people are a major international planter friends control border. Can you blame America into the modern invested in the cotton port…if you support the state government. your constituents for world. In fact, you’ve trade, too: it may be laws that Britain or It’s the only way to wanting fugitive recently been seeking grown in the South, continental Europe make sure the North “property” laws to be funding for a new buts it’s shipped out of frowns upon, you might doesn’t make things better enforced? railroad: Chicago needs the country from your lose trading partners to worse. it! docks. sell those textiles to. Support Aristocrats, Federal Expansion, Farming, Expansion, Farming, Aristocrats, Federal Expansion, Farming, Funding, Industry, Law Railroads, States’ Rights Banking, Merchants funding for projects, Aristocrats, States’ Enforcement, Railroads, and Cotton/textiles industry, cotton/textiles Rights and Slavery Slavery and foreign opinion Does Not Support: Dis-unionists Aristocrats and Slavery Aristocrats and Slavery Slavery Abolitionists  29 1850 Key Issues and your historical person’s thoughts. Five Key Issues of 1850 What are your person’s thoughts on each of the issues? California Statehood: Shortly after the U.S. acquired California from Mexico, the gold rush in 1849 swelled the population of the area. Some, especially most of the northern states, wanted to bypass the territorial phase and let California be immediately admitted to the Union as a state. However, since California was sure to be admitted as a free state (because slavery was not suited for the arid climate of Northern California), pro-slavery forces did not want to admit a free state to the Union without the opportunity to admit a slave state, too. The balance of free and slave states in the Senate was at stake. 2.Texas Borders: Texas’s northern and western borders were undefined when Texas joined the Union in 1845 as a slave state. Since Mexico had abolished slavery in 1829, all the new territory acquired by the U.S. from Mexico was free. Congress need to define the borders of Texas, but where the line was drawn was part of the slavery question because if Texas’s borders were drawn to include territory from New Mexico (note the location of Sante Fe on the Polk map) it would mean introducing slavery into formerly free territory. 3.Extending the 36’30” Missouri Compromise line of latitude (slavery in western territories): The Missouri Compromise line of 1820 made all the territory south of the line open to slavery and all territory north of the line (except Missouri) free, but it applied only to territory then part of the United States (territory included in the Louisiana Purchase). Extending the line created in the Missouri Compromise all the way to the Pacific Ocean would introduce slavery into the formerly free territories of New Mexico and California. 4.Fugitive Slave Law: Congress enacted a Fugitive Slave Act in 1793, but many southerners felt that it was too weak. Agreeing to enact a new, stronger law in 1850 would commit free states to returning escaped slaves to their masters. 5.Abolishing the DC Slave Trade: In 1850, members of Congress could look out the windows of the Capitol building, where the laws were made in the land of the free, and see slaves being bought and sold. Some found this to be distressing. The District of Columbia is not a state, and is constitutionally under the control of Congress. Therefore, Congress has the right to make laws about slavery there, even though Congress could not make similar laws in any state. Some northerners thought that since Congress had the ability to make laws relating to slavery in the District, it should exercise that right by abolishing slavery and/or the slave trade in the District. Southerners rejected any attempt by Congress to make laws about slavery anywhere. D.C. had the larger slave market in North America. Items to Consider: What is your most important issue? Unwilling to Compromise. Explain. Where are you willing to compromise? Explain. Why should your political party support you? Explain. Why should the other political party support you? Explain.