Introduction to Information, Information Science, and Information Systems PDF

## INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION, INFORMATION SCIENCE, AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS - Information Science - One of the building blocks of informatics - Information System - **Knowledge Workers** - Health care professionals are known as Knowledge workers because they deal with and process information on a...

## INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION, INFORMATION SCIENCE, AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS - Information Science - One of the building blocks of informatics - Information System - **Knowledge Workers** - Health care professionals are known as Knowledge workers because they deal with and process information on a daily basis to make it meaningful. ### Complexity of Healthcare Information - Also abounds with issues and concerns: - Ownership → Patient's rights - Access → Should be accessible - Disclosure → Clear Disclosure - Exchange → Learn how to Exchange - Security → Patient's Security - Privacy → Privacy Act - Disposal → Appropriate Disposal - Dissemination → Proper Dissemination ## Healthcare Information Solution (EHR's) - Promoted collaboration among public and private sector stakeholders. - Health Level Seven International (HLT) - Consolidated Health Informatics (CHI) - National Health Information Infrastructure (NHII) - Nationwide Health Information Network (NHIN) - Next Generation Internet (NGI) - There are also health information exchange (HIE) systems: - NHS Connecting for Health) - Federal Health Information Exchange (FHIE) - Indiana Health Information Exchange (IHIE) - Massachusetts Health Data Consortium (MHSD) - Health New England - Rapid Syndromic Validation Project (RSVD) - eHealth Initiative (Tennessee Volunteer) - ePrescribing Initiative (Southeast Michigan) ## DATA INTEGRITY and QUALITY - Whole - Complete - Correct - Consistent ## THREATS - **Human Error** - Spelling Error - Incorrect Data Entry - **Malware** - Viruses - Worms - Spam - Ransomware - **Transmission Error** - Connectivity Issues - Data Corruption - Lost Data - **Machine Error** - Hardware Failure - Software Crashes - Information Technology helps to decrease these errors through - Backing up files - Error Detection for Transmission - User Interface - Data are dirty when a database contains errors such as - Duplicate - Outdated - Incomplete ## VALUABLE INFORMATION - Accessibility - Right users must be able to obtain the right information at the right time and right format to meet their needs. - Security - Unauthorized users must be blocked, while authorized users must have easy access - Timeliness - Information is available when it is needed for the right purpose and at the right time. - Accuracy- There are no errors in the data and information - Relevancy - Information must be relevant or applicable to the user's needs. - Completeness - Contains all of the necessary essential data. - Flexibility - Information can be used for a variety of purposes. - Reliability - Comes from clean data that are gathered from authoritative and credible sources. - Objectivity - Close to the truth as one can get; it is not subjective nor biased but rather is factual and impartial. - Utility - Ability to provide the right information at the right time to the right person for the right purpose. - Transparency - Allows users to apply their intellect to accomplish their tasks while the tools housing the information disappear into the background. - Verifiability - One can check to prove that the information is correct. - Reproducibility - Ability to produce the same information again ## Information Science - Input → Processing → Output → Feedback - Interdisciplinary science integrating features from cognitive science, community science, computer science, library science, and social science. - Science of information studying the application and usage of information and knowledge in organizations and the interface or interaction between people, organizations, and ISs. - Facilitate Input → Process → Output ## TARGET: Information Science - Note: Information science links people, information and technology. - Through tech integration - Deals with Big Picture ## Determinism Theory - States that technology develops by its own laws and realizes its own potential. - Inevitable - The more you use it, the more it evolves ## Information Science Enables the Information Processing - Information science enables the processing of information, which links people and technology. - Information and computational tools are extremely important in enabling the processing of data, information, and knowledge. ## Five Rights: - Right information - Right people - Right settings - Right way - Right time ## Information Science and the Foundation of Knowledge: - Information science is multidisciplinary in that it encompasses aspects of computer science, cognitive science, social science, communication science, and library science to deal with obtaining, gathering, organizing, manipulating, managing, storing, retrieving, re-capturing, disposing of, distributing, and broadcasting information. Information science - Health organizations are affected by and rely on the evolution of information science to enhance the recording and processing of routine and intimate information while facilitating human-to-human and human-to-system communication, delivery of healthcare products, dissemination of information, and enhancement of the organization's business transactions. ## Introduction to IS's - Computer-based information systems - Combinations of computer hardware, software, telecommunications, networks, users, and procedures. | Information System | How It Is Used | |---|---| | Clinical information system (CIS) | Comprehensive and integrative system that manages the administrative, financial, and clinical aspects of a clinical facility; a CIS should help to link financial and clinical outcomes. An example is the EHR. | | Decision support system (DSS) | Organizes and analyzes information to help decision-makers formulate decisions when they are unsure of their decisions' possible outcomes. After gathering relevant and useful information, the DSS develops "what if" models to analyze the options. | | Executive information system (EIS) or executive support system | Collects, organizes, analyzes, and summarizes vital information to help executives with strategic decision-making. Provides a quick view of all strategic business activities to help executives analyze the milieu in which the organization operates to identify patterns and long-term trends to plan appropriate strategies and courses of action. | | Geographic information system (GIS) | Collects, manipulates, analyzes, and generates information related to geographic locations or the surface of the Earth; provides output in the form of virtual models, maps, or lists | | Management information system (MIS) | Provides summaries of internal sources of information, such as information from the transaction processing system, and develops a series of routine reports for decision-making. | | Knowledge work system (KWS) | Promotes the creation of knowledge by providing an interface that is user friendly and houses the necessary tools internally as well as including access to external tools, such as databases. It is designed to simplify the acquisition of information and therefore to facilitate the integration of knowledge and technical skills into the organization. Examples of a KWS would be an external virtual reality (VR) system or internal financial workspace. | | Office system | Facilitates communication and enhances the productivity of users who need to process data and information. | | Transaction processing system (TPS) | Processes and records routine business transactions, such as a billing system to create and send invoices to customers or a payroll system to generate employees' pay stubs and wage checks and calculate tax payments. | | Hospital information system (HIS) | Manages the administrative, financial, and clinical aspects of a hospital enterprise. It should help to link financial and clinical outcomes. | | Internet | Largest computer network in the world | - " A collection of interconnected elements that gather, process, store, and distributes data and information while providing a feedback structure to meet an objective" - ISs acquire data, or inputs **process data** through the retrieval, analysis, or synthesis of those data; disseminate, or output, information in the form of reports, documents, summaries, alerts, prompts, or outcomes; and provide for responses, or feedback. - Input, or **data acquisition**, is the activity of collecting and acquiring raw data. Input devices include combinations of **hardware, software, and telecommunications**, including keyboards, light pens, touch screens, mice or other pointing devices, automatic scanners, and machines that can read magnetic ink characters or lettering. To watch a pay-per-view movie, for example, the viewer must first input the chosen movie, verify the purchase, and pay with a method approved by the vendor. The IS must acquire this information before the viewer can receive the movie. - **Processing** - Alteration and transformation of data into useful information and outputs. - **Storing it for future use** - **Make calculations** - **Processing device** consists of a combination of: - hardware - software - telecommunications - processing chips (CPU) - **Output**, or **dissemination**, produces helpful information, which can be in the form of reports, documents, summaries, alerts, or outcomes. A **report** is designed to inform and is generally tailored to the context of a given situation or user or user group. Reports may include charts, figures, tables, graphics, pictures, hyperlinks, references, or other documentation necessary to meet the needs of the user. A **document** represents information that can be printed, saved, or emailed or otherwise shared or displayed. A **summary** is a condensed version of the original information that is designed to highlight the major points. An **alert** comprises warnings, feedback, or additional information necessary to assist the user in interacting with the system. An **outcome** is the expected result of input and processing. **Output devices** are combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications and include sound and speech synthesis outputs, printers, and monitors. - **Feedback or Response** - A reaction to the inputting, processing, and outputting, in IS's, feedback refers to the information in the system that is used in modification in the input, processing actions, or output. - It Used to verify and correct the input