NCM 113 (Finals) Community Development PDF

NCM 113 (FINALS) COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Prepared by: Romana C. Latowed V. WORKING WITH GROUPS TOWARDS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT  COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT  Community development is a process where communities come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems. A....

NCM 113 (FINALS) COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Prepared by: Romana C. Latowed V. WORKING WITH GROUPS TOWARDS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT  COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT  Community development is a process where communities come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems. A. Stages of group development  This process of learning to work together effectively is known as team or group development.  Research has shown that teams go through definitive stages during development.  The most famous and a well-known model of group development was proposed by BRUCE TUCKMAN  Bruce Tuckman, an educational psychologist, identified a five-stage development process that most teams follow to become high performing A. Stages of group development 1.Forming stage  This stage involves a period of orientation and getting acquainted.  Uncertainty is high during this stage; people are looking for leadership and authority.  A. Stages of group development 2. Storming stage  This stage is the most difficult and critical stage to pass through. It is a period marked by conflict and competition as individual personalities emerge.  Team performance may actually decrease in this stage because energy is put into unproductive activities. A. Stages of group development 3.Norming stage  If teams get through the storming stage, conflict is resolved, and some degree of unity emerges consensus develops around.  who the leader or leaders are, and individual member’s roles. A. Stages of group development 4. Performing stage  In this stage, consensus and cooperation have been well-established and the team is mature, organized, and well-functioning.  There is a clear and stable structure, and members are committed to the team’s mission. A. Stages of group development 5.Adjourning stage:  In the adjourning stage, most of the team’s goals were accomplished.  The emphasis is on wrapping up final tasks and documenting the effort and results.  INTERVENTIONS TO FACILITATE GROUP GROWTH 1. TEAMWORK - Forms the building blocks of any group and plays a huge role in its success or failure. – When members with common interest, goals, ambitions and attitudes come together, a TEAM is formed. This team then strives to put in the best effort to solve problems. – Individual goals are SECONDARY when a team is involve. “Teamwork is the ability to work together towards a common vision. The ability to direct individual accomplishments towards organizational objectives. It is the fuel that allows common people to attain uncommon results”-Andrew Carneige – TEAMS need to be constantly MOTIVATED. – Develop emotional bond understand each other’s strengths and weaknesses help each other in times of need collaborate and communicate with each other effectively  2. TEAM TRAINING  Formalized, structured learning experience with preset objectives and curriculum that target specific team competencies. – Team competencies Affective Cognitive Performance- based outcomes  3. TEAM BUILDING  Group of activities, strategies, tactics used to enhance social relations between team members and motivate them to perform better.  An intervention designed to foster improvement within a team, providing individuals closely involved with the task, strategies and information needed to solve their own problems.  BENEFITS OF TEAM BUILDING  Increase in member’s morale. –  Improves team communication (open & clear communication)  Builds trust among members  Helps teammates to get to know each other better.( making friends & acquaintances)  Enhance/ Increase collaboration( heart of teamwork)  Resolves conflict  Increases creativity( new perspective & outlook) 4. TEAM DEBRIEFING  One of the most promising methods for accelerating learning from experience. (Eddy,2013,p.976).  Designed to improve teamwork processes by engaging team members in active learning throughout the learning cycle(Kolb,1984)  Team members reflect on a performance episode or experience. They discuss the following:  what happened during the event  uncover problems and improvement areas  Confirm successes  Develop a plan for future performance periods  5. TEAM CLIMATE  Determines the success of a debrief because it involves surfacing constructive criticism of the team and individual members.  The team should have a psychologically safe team climate to reduce interpersonal conflict, enable team members to contribute constructively to team discussion.  Effective debriefs includes a discussion of positive and negative behaviors as this fosters learning, furthers the development of accurate shared mental models and provides targets for action plans to improve performance.  LEADERSHIP TRAINING  Improving leader capabilities.  Interventions are systematically designed to enhance leader knowledge, skills, abilities and other components.  Ensures that every participant are able to act effectively in formally appointed leadership roles and engage in successful leadership behavior which supports TEAM PROCESSING.  REMEMBER: Training goals should be set at the team level and outcomes should be evaluated at the team level.  LEADERSHIP TRAINING represents the method by which leader capabilities are improved  TEAM TRAINING targets team competencies  TEAM BUILDING enhances interpersonal competencies  TEAM DEBRIEFING enhances team processes.  B. Interventions to facilitate group 1. To provide necessary Orientation. Structure, Direction Orientation is someone knowing where they are, the direction or the way someone tends to go.  The goal of nursing orientation is to ensure that everyone receives information about policies, procedures, standards to support the practice and familiarize them with the organizational structure.  Actions are taken to ensure a new nurse is familiarized with the working environment, to its demands and expectations, to prepare newly qualified nurses to be confident in providing safe client care Conducting the orientation to clients 1. Give a tour of the building/workplace. 2. Introduce them to key colleagues as supervisors and staffs 3. Get them set up with the necessary equipment. 4. Review their schedule. 5. Review initial projects and expectations. 6. Conduct a team-building exercise Making nursing orientation successful 1. Arrive Early 5. Be Respectful. 2. Come prepared. 6. Ask Questions. 3. Bring Food 7. Stay Honest 4. Take Notes. 8. Anticipate What’s Next B. Interventions to facilitate group 2. To provide necessary Orientation, Structure, Direction  Structure means “fitting together, building”. A structure is something of many parts that is put together  Community structure means the internal structure of an employment area, town, city, neighborhood or another urban area. It includes the population and housing, jobs and production etc.  Community structure can be measured in three ways: Structure, function, and the combination of structure and function B. Interventions to facilitate group 3. To provide necessary Orientation, Structure, Direction  Direction is defined as the path that something takes, the path that must be taken to reach a specific place, the way in which  something is starting to develop or the way you are facing or when you go right instead of left  B. Interventions to facilitate group 2. Process, Negotiate and Resolved conflicts to everyone’s satisfaction  A process is a series of actions which are carried out in order to achieve a particular result.  In community development, process are led by community members at every stage from deciding on issues to selecting and implementing actions, and evaluation.  Processes are important because they describe how things are done B. Interventions to facilitate group Process of community development 1. Organize 5. Plan 2. Communicate 6. Implement 3. Collect and analyze information 7. Evaluate 4. Identify community stakeholders 8. Sustain  B. Interventions to facilitate group 2. Process, Negotiate and Resolved conflicts to everyone’s satisfaction  Negotiation is a common way for people to resolve problems and deal with conflict.  Sometimes negotiation is very informal, and it happens within everyday situations. It can also be a formal method of conflict resolution used to resolve interpersonal, intergroup and interstate conflicts.  B. Interventions to facilitate group 2. Process, Negotiate and Resolved conflicts to everyone’s satisfaction  Conflict resolution is a way for two or more parties to find a peaceful solution to a disagreement among them. It may be personal, financial, political, or emotional.  Conflicts can be resolved in a variety of ways including negotiation, mediation  When conflict is resolved effectively, it leads to many benefits, such as accomplishing goals and strengthening relationships.  CONFLICT MANAGEMENT  Conflict may be defined as a disagreement of struggle between people with opposing needs, ideas, beliefs, values, or goals.  A struggle or an opposition; an antagonistic state or action.  A clash of interest. Can arise from opposing ideas.  Basis of conflict maybe racial, class, caste, political, international 4. TYPES OF CONFLICT?  Conflict with self  Conflict with others  Conflict with the environment  Conflict with the supernatural  CAUSES OF CONFLICTS  Task interdependencies  Status inconsistencies  Jurisdictional ambiguities  Communication problems  Dependence on common resource pools  Lack of common performance standards  Individual differences  CONFLICT RESOLUTION  Identify the issues. Be clear on what the problem is.  Understand everyone’s interest.  List the possible solutions/options  Evaluate the options  Select an option/options  Document the agreement  Agree on competencies, monitoring and evaluation  STANDING YOUR GROUND  While standing your ground requires courage, it can also be inconsiderate. By standing your ground, you are essentially competing with the other party. You’ll do anything to ensure that you win the battle  COMPROMISING  Courage and consideration are used. You agree to negotiate larger points. This style expedites the resolution process.  COLLABORATING  Requires great courage and much consideration.  Involves listening to their side, discussing areas of agreement and goals and ensuring that all parties understand each other.  Thinking creatively to resolve the problem without concessions. AVOIDING  One or both parties seek to suppress the conflict ACCOMODATING  One party yields the win to the other party B. Interventions to facilitate group 3. Be aware of the effects of own behavior  Behavioral awareness means making people conscious about a problem or issue.  Making a certain topic or issue more visible within a community.  Awareness raising is very powerful, because it educates people about topics which are new to them and encourages them to participate in bringing change.  B. Interventions to facilitate group 4. Application of new learning on another situation  Application of new learning refers to an educational approach whereby an individual learn by engaging in direct application of skills, theories and models  It is a practical approach that is supported by research to increase motivation, foster-centered instruction, and provide real world application.  It is also an opportunity for high impact learning to explore content and directly apply new knowledge C. Collaboration and partnership  It allows two or more organizations to work together and share risks, responsibilities, and rewards. The difference of collaboration and partnership:  A collaboration involves cooperation in which parties are not necessarily bound contractually while Partnership is a legal contractual relationship involving close cooperation between two or more parties having specified and joint rights and responsibilities. VI. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH Information Technology and community health Information Technologies (IT)  Refers to both the hardware and software that are used to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and securely retrieve information Information and communication technology (ICT’s)  is defined as diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information.  A. What is e-health E-Health is an emerging field in the intersection of medical informatics, public health services, enhanced and delivered via internet and related technologies  Health information delivers safer, more efficient, and better-quality healthcare.  Health care providers and patients are not directly in contact, and their interaction is mediated by electronic means. It provides quick access to patient records and information for efficient health care.  The Health services that are provided include consultation, diagnosis and pathology, vital signs monitoring, prescribing and intervention.  Advantages of e-health?  It benefits patient care by providing new ways of managing health information and the delivery of healthcare online, making it more accessible regardless of where the patients live.  reduces staff stress. And makes an efficient and accessible patient record.  Time saving and reducing indirect work, that leads to more direct care delivery. a. Storage  Storage in Healthcare means Efficient Electronic Medical Record-Keeping.  It retains data even when the power is off.  Electronic health records are stored in the processes and updated by physicians, nurses and other healthcare providers. b. Retrieval  In data retrieval is the process of identifying and extracting data from a database, based on a query provided by the user or application.  Records retrieval is a complex set of processes to request, retrieve, organize, and deliver medical records and other documentation necessary to process claims.  c. Transmittal  Transmittal - the act of sending a message.  In the delivery of health care using modern electronic information and communication technologies when health care providers and patients are not directly in contact, and their interaction is mediated by electronic means.  In the transmission of health interventions services and information, patients may have the ability to look after themselves and improve care provided by healthcare services. B. Power of data information  Harnessing the power of data is to improve health and social care services  Using data well can be a powerful tool in health and social care.  It can be used to develop new services, influence strategies, inform budget decisions and optimize processes and policy C. E-Health Situation in the Philippines  By 2020, eHealth will enable widespread access to health care services. The application of eHealth in the Philippines has continuously advanced and yielded considerable benefits to an individual and public health.  Information and communication technology has been used to improve the timeliness and accuracy of health reporting to facilitate monitoring and surveillance of diseases and injuries, among other health problems  For remote and underserved areas and vulnerable populations, DOH has implemented telemedicine through the National Telehealth Center, developed and implemented mobile technology solutions in reporting cases through the Health Emergency Management  Among this is the Text TB for reporting and inventory of tuberculosis drugs, Maternal and neonatal death reporting D. USING E-HEALTH IN THE COMMUNITY  The use of e-health can give people in rural and remote areas access to quality care, empower patients and communities to engage at all levels of the health system, and provide timely information for the prevention, diagnosis and management of illness. E. Roles of the community health nurse in E- health  The primary role of community health nurses is to provide treatment to patients. Additionally, community health nurses offer education to community members about maintaining their health so that they can decrease the occurrence of diseases and deaths  Major roles of an eHealth nurse in the Philippine community setting: 1. Data and records manager  Nurses maintain the quality of data inputs in the EMRs, making sure that information is accurate, complete, consistent, correct and current 2. Change agent  Nurses act as change agent by working closely with the community and implementing eHealth with them and not for them Major roles of an eHealth nurse in the Philippine community setting: 3. Educator  Nurses provide health education to individuals and families through ICT tools 4. Telepresenter  In the event that the patient needs to be referred to a remote medical specialist through telemedicine Major roles of an eHealth nurse in the Philippine community setting: 5. Client advocate  As client advocate, community health nurses must safeguard patients' records, ensuring that security, confidentiality and privacy of all patient information are being upheld 6. Researcher  Using eHealth tools patients' records can easily be retrieved Positive attitude and values of Community Health Nurse  A. Personal attributes of community health nurse  These are the traits that naturally make you unique and can determine your effectiveness in a certain job role. Someone with the same education, experience and skills may not excel as easily if they're shy or withdrawn as part of their personality. Our top great attributes of a nurse are.  1. Communication Skills are a basic foundation for any career.  communication skills are the abilities you use when giving and receiving different kinds of information that involve listening, speaking, observing and empathizing.  Those who are strong communicators speak in a clear, direct manner, using easily understood language.  Great communicators listen more than they speak. They frequently ask questions to give people an opportunity to share their knowledge and express their opinions. They know how to balance speaking and listening effectively without biases and prejudice.  Good communication skills are essential to allow others and yourself to understand information more accurately and quickly.  In contrast, if poor communication skills it will lead to frequent misunderstanding and frustration  2. Interpersonal Skills  are the behaviors and tactics a  They are considered to be one person uses to interact with of the most sought-after soft others effectively. Those with skills. good interpersonal skills are  In fact, qualities as body strong verbal and non-verbal language and attitude toward communicators and are often others greatly affect our considered to be “good with chances of excelling at work. people”.  Interpersonal competencies  Interpersonal skills are the help us/you interact, qualities and behaviors we communicate, and collaborate exhibit while interacting with with others effectively. other people. 3. Flexibility  Is someone that is flexible can change easily and adapt to different conditions and circumstances as they occur.  An adaptable person has flexible personality  4. Emotional Stability  Emotional stability is a desirable trait. It means you can withstand difficult situations, handle adversity, and remain productive and capable throughout.  Emotional stability enables the person to develop a balanced way of perceiving the problems of life. Nursing is a stressful job where traumatic situations are common.  Some people get to a certain point in their lives when they realize that they are not as emotionally stable as they would  5. Attention to Detail  It is the ability to accomplish/complete a task while demonstrating a concern for all the areas involved, no matter how small. This means monitoring and checking work or information in the level of care that you apply to the task.  For example, a nurse who intensely concentrates when attending patient should have a strong attention to his/her task despite of workload. Thus, to decrease error as well as it will increase effectiveness and productivity. Being detail-oriented is essential in delivering a high-quality work 6. Problem Solving Skills.  Problem solving is the act of defining a problem; determining the cause of the problem; identifying, prioritizing, and selecting alternatives for a solution; and implementing a solution.  Solving problems means making choices. Typically, effective problem-solving skills result in “happier, more confident, and more independent”  7. Physical Endurance.  The ability to withstand hardship or adversity especially the ability to sustain a prolonged stressful effort for the duration activity, the act of enduring or suffering from many hardships. the ability of your body systems to work efficiently and to allow you to be healthy and perform activities of daily living.  Exercise may be the last thing on your mind when you're feeling low on energy, but consistent exercise will help build your stamina.  Yoga and meditation can greatly increase your stamina and gives us ability to handle stressful work  8. Hardworking  One of the qualities of good nurses is willingness to put in the hard work it takes to meet their goals. Hard work would mean spending long hours to complete work without any shortcuts. Hardworking means going above and beyond to achieve a goal. This might mean working extra hours, staying focused on tasks, or helping others on the team.“  Hard work is the only key to achieving it; it teaches us discipline, dedication and determination.  9. Knowledgeable  is someone with intelligence and shows a clear understanding of many different facts about a particular subject. Some psychologists consider acquired knowledge as an important component of intelligence, particularly in adult life.  This trait most consistently correlated with general knowledge is openness to experience, which had positive correlations in all aspect of life.  10. Compassionate  is a positive response and desire to help with an inner motivation to lessen or prevent suffering of others.  Compassion is about putting aside judgment and refusing to turn away from challenging situations.  Compassion means to suffer with another, and it includes a spontaneous desire to alleviate that suffering.  Compassion is important because it promotes meaningful connections, facilitates problem-solving, and improves health and wellbeing.  11. Empathy  emphatic is something that is said or done with strong emotion or action.  strongly expressive using emphasis in speech or action. very impressive or significant; the emphatic beauty of sunset.  12. Optimistic.  It means being positive attitude, cheerful and confident about the future and who believes and expect things with favorable results.  Optimistic is having or showing hope for the future.  Optimistic means that you hope and expect favorable results..  Expecting good things to happen about the future.  Find any improvement to the current situation.  Focus on solutions, not on problems. Minimize obstacles to success  B. Professional competencies in nursing  Professional competency in nurses is defined as a combination of skills, knowledge, attitudes, values and abilities that bring about effective or high performance in occupational and professional positions  1. patient-centered care  focuses on the patient and the individual's particular health care needs. Patient-centered care is associated with a higher rate of patient satisfaction, adherence to suggested lifestyle changes and prescribed treatment, better outcomes and more cost- effective care.  Patient-centered care is about treating a person receiving healthcare with dignity and respect and involving them in all decisions about their health. 2. teamwork and collaboration  Both teamwork and collaboration involve a group of people working together to complete a shared goal.  Those collaborating work together as equals, usually without a leader, to come up with ideas or make decisions together to complete a goal.  3. evidence-based practice  is a conscientious, problem-solving approach to clinical practice that incorporates the best evidence from well-designed studies, patient values and preferences, and a clinician's expertise in making decisions about a patient's care.  examples of evidence-based practices  Infection Control. The last thing a patient dont wants when going to a hospital for treatment is a hospital-acquired infection.  Oxygen Use in Patients with COPD  4. quality improvement.  refers to the combined and unceasing efforts of everybody in an institution to make every process, better, elimination or reduction of rework, waste, and losses in the care process.  Quality improvement aims to create efficiencies and address the needs of clients.  In healthcare, the main purpose of quality improvement is to improve outcomes.