NCERT Class 12 History Part 3 PDF

CONTENTS ❋✏✑✚✩✏✑✥ ✐✐✐ ✞✚✕✒✓✒✓✔ ❚✘✚ ❋✏✖❛✛ ✏✕ ✆❚❛✥★ ✈ ✠✏✩ ❚✏ ☛✛✚ ✟✘✒✛ ❘✏✏❍ ①✐ PART III THEME TEN 257 ❈ ✁ ✂✄☎✁✄✆✝ ☎✂✞ ✟✠✡ ❈ ☛✂✟☞✌✆✄✞✡ ✡❊✍✎✏✑✒✓✔ ✕✕✒✖✒✗✎ ☎✑✖✘✒✙✚✛ THEME ELEVEN...

CONTENTS ❋✏✑✚✩✏✑✥ ✐✐✐ ✞✚✕✒✓✒✓✔ ❚✘✚ ❋✏✖❛✛ ✏✕ ✆❚❛✥★ ✈ ✠✏✩ ❚✏ ☛✛✚ ✟✘✒✛ ❘✏✏❍ ①✐ PART III THEME TEN 257 ❈ ✁ ✂✄☎✁✄✆✝ ☎✂✞ ✟✠✡ ❈ ☛✂✟☞✌✆✄✞✡ ✡❊✍✎✏✑✒✓✔ ✕✕✒✖✒✗✎ ☎✑✖✘✒✙✚✛ THEME ELEVEN 288 ☞✡❘✡✁✆ ☎✂✞ ✟✠✡ ☞☎✜ ✟✘✚ ☞✚✙✏✎❚ ✏✕✶✢✣✤ ✗✓✥ ✄❚✛ ☞✚✍✑✚✛✚✓❚✗❚✒✏✓✛ THEME TWELVE 316 ❈ ✁ ✂✄☎✁ ❈✄✟✄✡✆ ☛✑❯✗✓✒✛✗❚✒✏✓✦ ✧✎✗✓✓✒✓✔ ✗✓✥ ☎✑✖✘✒❚✚✖❚❛✑✚ THEME THIRTEEN 346 ✝☎✠☎✟✝☎ ▼☎✂✞✠✄ ☎✂✞ ✟✠✡ ✂☎✟✄ ✂☎✁✄✆✟ ✝ ◆✡✝✡✂✟ ❈✒✙✒✎ ✞✒✛✏❯✚✥✒✚✓✖✚ ✗✓✥ ❘✚★✏✓✥ THEME FOURTEEN 376 ☛✂✞✡☞✆✟☎✂✞✄✂▼ ✧☎☞✟✄✟✄ ✂ ✧✏✎✒❚✒✖✛✦ ✝✚P✏✑✒✚✛✦ ✡❊✍✚✑✒✚✓✖✚✛ THEME FIFTEEN 405 ❋☞☎✝✄✂▼ ✟✠✡ ❈ ✂✆✟✄✟☛✟✄ ✂ ✟✘✚ ❘✚✔✒✓✓✒✓✔ ✏✕ ✗ ✂✚✩ ✡✑✗ THEME Colonialism and the TEN Countryside x l r iing Explori Explor g Of f f icial Off i a Ar r c hiv Arc i es hives ✁✂✄☎ ✆✂✝✞✁✟✠ ✡☛☞ ✌✄✍✍ ☎✟✟ ✌✂✝✁ ✆☛✍☛ ✄✝✍ ✠☞✍✟ ❝✟✝ ✁ ✁☛ ✁✂☛☎✟ ✌✂☛ ✍✄✎✟✏ ✄ ✁✂✟ ✆☛☞ ✁✠✡☎✄✏✟✐ ✑☛☞ ✌✄✍✍ ❝✟✟✁ ✁✂✟ ③✝❝✄ ✏✝✠☎ ☛✒ ✓✟ ✔✝✍✕ ✁✠✝✎✟✍ ✁☛ ✁✂✟ ❘✝✖❝✝✂✝✍ ✂✄✍✍☎ ✌✂✟✠✟ ✁✂✟ ✗✝✂✝✠✄✝☎ ✝ ✏ ✁✂✟ ❛✝ ✁✂✝✍☎ ✍✄✎✟✏✕ ✝ ✏ ✁✂✟ ❝☛✎✟ ✌✟☎✁ ✁☛ ✁✂✟ ✇✟✆✆✝ ✐ ✑☛☞ ✌✄✍✍ ✍☛☛♦ ✝✁ ✁✂✟ ✌✝✡ ✁✂✟ t ✔✍✄☎✂ t✝☎✁ ✏✄✝ ❈☛❝✞✝ ✡ ✘t✐✐❈✐✙ ✟☎✁✝✚✍✄☎✂✟✏ ✄✁☎ ✠✝✖ ✄ ✁✂✟ ✆☛☞ ✁✠✡☎✄✏✟✕ ✄❝✞✍✟❝✟ ✁✟✏ ✄✁☎ ✠✟✎✟ ☞✟ ✞☛✍✄✆✄✟☎✕ ✌✂✝✁ ✁✂✟☎✟ ✞☛✍✄✆✄✟☎ ❝✟✝ ✁ ✁☛ ✏✄✒✒✟✠✟ ✁ ☎✟✆✁✄☛ ☎ ☛✒ ✞✟☛✞✍✟✕ ✝ ✏ ✂☛✌ ✁✂✟✡ ✆✂✝ ✔✟✏ ✟✎✟✠✡✏✝✡ ✍✄✎✟☎✐ ▲✝✌☎ ✄ ✁✠☛✏☞✆✟✏ ✚✡ ✁✂✟ ☎✁✝✁✟ ✂✝✎✟ ✆☛ ☎✟❤☞✟ ✆✟☎ ✒☛✠ ✞✟☛✞✍✟✛ ✁✂✟✡ ✏✟✁✟✠❝✄ ✟ ✁☛ ✝ ✟❞✁✟ ✁ ✌✂☛ ✔✠☛✌☎ ✠✄✆✂✟✠ ✝ ✏ ✌✂☛ ✞☛☛✠✟✠✕ ✌✂☛ ✝✆❤☞✄✠✟☎ ✟✌ ✍✝ ✏ ✝ ✏ ✌✂☛ ✍☛☎✟☎ ✁✂✟ ✍✝ ✏ ✁✂✟✡ ✂✝✎✟ ✍✄✎✟✏ ☛ ✕ ✌✂✟✠✟ ✞✟✝☎✝ ✁☎ ✔☛ ✌✂✟ ✁✂✟✡ ✟✟✏ ❝☛ ✟✡✐ ✜☎ ✡☛☞ ✌✄✍✍ ☎✟✟✕ ✂☛✌✟✎✟✠✕ ✞✟☛✞✍✟ ✌✟✠✟ ☛✁ ☛ ✍✡ ☎☞✚✖✟✆✁ ✁☛ ✁✂✟ ✌☛✠♦✄ ✔ ☛✒ ✍✝✌☎✕ ✁✂✟✡ ✝✍☎☛ ✠✟☎✄☎✁✟✏ ✁✂✟ ✍✝✌ ✚✡ ✝✆✁✄ ✔ ✝✆✆☛✠✏✄ ✔ ✁☛ ✌✂✝✁ ✁✂✟✡ ✚✟✍✄✟✎✟✏ ✁☛ ✚✟ ✖☞☎✁✐ ✏☛✄ ✔ ☎☛ ✞✟☛✞✍✟ ✏✟✒✄ ✟✏ ✁✂✟ ✌✝✡ ✄ ✌✂✄✆✂ ✍✝✌☎ ☛✞✟✠✝✁✟✏✕ ✁✂✟✠✟✚✡ ❝☛✏✄✒✡✄ ✔ ✁✂✟✄✠ ✆☛ ☎✟❤☞✟ ✆✟☎✐ ✑☛☞ ✌✄✍✍ ✝✍☎☛ ✆☛❝✟ ✁☛ ♦ ☛✌ ✝✚☛☞✁ ✁✂✟ ☎☛☞✠✆✟☎ ✁✂✝✁ ✁✟✍✍ ☞☎ ✝✚☛☞✁ ✁✂✟☎✟ ✂✄☎✁☛✠✄✟☎✕ ✝ ✏ ✁✂✟ ✞✠☛✚✍✟❝☎ ✂✄☎✁☛✠✄✝ ☎ ✒✝✆✟ ✄ ✄ ✁✟✠✞✠✟✁✄ ✔ ✁✂✟❝✐ ✑☛☞ ✌✄✍✍ ✠✟✝✏ ✝✚☛☞✁ ✠✟✎✟ ☞✟ ✠✟✆☛✠✏☎ ✝ ✏ ☎☞✠✎✟✡☎✕ ✖☛☞✠ ✝✍☎ ✝ ✏ ✝✆✆☛☞ ✁☎ ✍✟✒✁ ✚✡ ☎☞✠✎✟✡☛✠☎ ❋✢✣✤ ✥✦✤✥ ✝ ✏ ✁✠✝✎✟✍✍✟✠☎✕ ✝ ✏ ✠✟✞☛✠✁☎ ✞✠☛✏☞✆✟✏ ✧★✩✩★✪ ✫✬✢✪✣ ✭✮✯✯✢✬✰ ✱✯★✲ ✩✳✬ ✴✢✵✵✮✣✬ ✩★ ✩✳✬ ♠✶✷✸✹✺ ✚✡ ✟ ❤☞✄✠✡ ✆☛❝❝✄☎☎✄☛ ☎✐ ✻✼✼✽✾✿❀✶✿❁✸ ❂❃✷✸❃✷ ❄❁❅✾✺ ❆✦ ❇❉✯✢✵ ✥❊✥ 258 THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III 1. Bengal and the Zamindars ❆ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✂✝✞ ✟✂✠✂✆✡☛✠ ☞✄✠✌ ✝☛ ✍✡☞ ✎ ✌ ✎☛✏✠✡ ✑✌✒ ✡✆ ❇✌✆✓☛✠✔ ✕✎ ✡ ✑✌☞✌ ✎✑☛✎ ✎✑✌ ✌☛☞✠✡✌ ✎ ☛✎✎✌✖✗✎ ✝✌☞✌ ✖☛✒✌ ✎✂ ☞✌✂☞✒✌☞ ☞✄☞☛✠ ✂✟✡✌✎✁ ☛✆✒ ✌ ✎☛✏✠✡ ✑ ☛ ✆✌✝ ☞✌✓✡✖✌ ✂✍ ✠☛✆✒ ☞✡✓✑✎ ☛✆✒ ☛ ✆✌✝ ☞✌r✌✆✄✌ ✁ ✎✌✖✔ ✘✌✎ ✄ ✌✌ ✝✑☛✎ ✑☛✗✗✌✆✌✒ ✡✆ ❇✌✆✓☛✠ ✡✆ ✎✑✌ ✌☛☞✠✁ ✁✌☛☞ ✂✍ ♦✂✖✗☛✆✁ ✙✚✔✕✔♦✔✛ ☞✄✠✌✔ ✶✜✶ ✢✣ ✤✥✦✧★✩✣ ★✣ ✪✥✫✬✭✤✣ ✕✆ ✮✯✮ ✎✑✌☞✌ ✝☛ ☛✆ ☛✄✟✎✡✂✆ ✡✆ ❇✄☞✒✝☛✆ ✙✗☞✌ ✌✆✎✰ ✒☛✁ ❇☛☞✒✑☛✖☛✆✛✔ ✕✎ ✝☛ ☛ ✏✡✓ ✗✄✏✠✡✟ ✌r✌✆✎✔ ❆ ✆✄✖✏✌☞ ✂✍ ♠✱✲✱✳✴ ✙✌ ✎☛✎✌ ✛ ✑✌✠✒ ✏✁ ✎✑✌ ✵☛✷☛ ✂✍ ❇✄☞✒✝☛✆ ✝✌☞✌ ✏✌✡✆✓ ✂✠✒✔ ✇✑✌ ✸✌☞✖☛✆✌✆✎ ✹✌✎✎✠✌✖✌✆✎ ✑☛✒ ✟✂✖ ✌ ✡✆ ✎✂ ✂✗✌☞☛✎✡✂✆ ✡✆ ✮✯❝✔ ✇✑✌ ✚ ☛ ✎ ✕✆ ✒✡☛ ❘❋❋ ❍❧❏❑▲❖❋❧❧P ◗❏❙❣❚ ❯❋❱ ❋ ❑▲❖❳ ♦✂✖✗☛✆✁ ✑☛✒ ✍✡❈✌✒ ✎✑✌ ☞✌r✌✆✄✌ ✎✑☛✎ ✌☛✟✑ t☛✖✡✆✒☛☞ ❑❨❋❑ ❯❋❱ ❩❬❑▲❙ ❭❱▲❪ ❑❩ ❪▲❱❏❣❙❋❑▲ ✑☛✒ ✎✂ ✗☛✁✔ ✇✑✌ ✌ ✎☛✎✌ ✂✍ ✎✑✂ ✌ ✝✑✂ ✍☛✡✠✌✒ ✎✂ ✗☛✁ ♣❩❯▲❖❬❭❧ ❫❋❳❏❙❪❋❖❱❴ ✝✌☞✌ ✎✂ ✏✌ ☛✄✟✎✡✂✆✌✒ ✎✂ ☞✌✟✂r✌☞ ✎✑✌ ☞✌r✌✆✄✌✔ ✹✡✆✟✌ ✎✑✌ ☞☛✷☛ ✑☛✒ ☛✟✟✄✖✄✠☛✎✌✒ ✑✄✓✌ ☛☞☞✌☛☞ ✞ ✑✡ ✌ ✎☛✎✌ ✑☛✒ ✏✌✌✆ ✗✄✎ ✄✗ ✍✂☞ ☛✄✟✎✡✂✆✔ ◆✄✖✌☞✂✄ ✗✄☞✟✑☛ ✌☞ ✟☛✖✌ ✎✂ ✎✑✌ ☛✄✟✎✡✂✆ ☛✆✒ ✎✑✌ ✌ ✎☛✎✌ ✝✌☞✌ ✂✠✒ ✎✂ ✎✑✌ ✑✡✓✑✌ ✎ ✏✡✒✒✌☞✔ ❇✄✎ ✎✑✌ ♦✂✠✠✌✟✎✂☞ ✂✂✆ ✒✡ ✟✂r✌☞✌✒ ☛ ✎☞☛✆✓✌ ✎✝✡ ✎ ✎✂ ✎✑✌ ✎☛✠✌✔ ▼☛✆✁ ✂✍ ✎✑✌ ✗✄☞✟✑☛ ✌☞ ✎✄☞✆✌✒ ✂✄✎ ✎✂ ✏✌ ✌☞r☛✆✎ ❵❛❞❡ ❢❤❡✐ ☛✆✒ ☛✓✌✆✎ ✂✍ ✎✑✌ ☞☛✷☛ ✝✑✂ ✑☛✒ ✏✂✄✓✑✎ ✎✑✌ ✠☛✆✒ ❥❦♥q✉✈① ♥✈②✈③④ ⑤❛⑥⑦ ⑧✈⑨✈⑩❶ ❷① ✂✆ ✏✌✑☛✠✍ ✂✍ ✎✑✌✡☞ ✖☛ ✎✌☞✔ ✺r✌☞ ✯✻ ✗✌☞ ✟✌✆✎ ✂✍ ✎✑✌ ❸❛✈❹❷①q ❺✈♥❻❷❦♥ ❼❷✈q❽ ⑤✈⑨⑩❦⑥⑥✈ ☛✠✌ ☛✎ ✎✑✌ ☛✄✟✎✡✂✆ ✝☛ ✍✡✟✎✡✎✡✂✄ ✔ ✇✑✌ ☞☛✷☛s ✌ ✎☛✎✌ ❾❿ ➀➁➂ ➃➄➀➂ ➅➆➅➂➀➂➂➅➀➁ ➇➂➅➀➈➉❿ ✑☛✒ ✏✌✌✆ ✗✄✏✠✡✟✠✁ ✂✠✒✞ ✏✄✎ ✑✌ ☞✌✖☛✡✆✌✒ ✡✆ ✟✂✆✎☞✂✠ ➊➄➅❿ ➉➆➇➁ ➋➄➊➆➅➌➄➉➍ ➎➏ ❾➂➅➐➄➃ ✂✍ ✑✡ t☛✖✡✆✒☛☞✡✔ ➁➄➌ ➇➆➀❿ ➑➄➃➄➇➂➍ ➒➆➀➁ ➓➄➃➃➉➎➎➊➍➔ ❲✑✁ ✑☛✒ ✎✑✌ ☞☛✷☛ ✍☛✡✠✌✒ ✎✂ ✗☛✁ ✎✑✌ ☞✌r✌✆✄✌✼ ❲✑✂ ➃➄➉➐➂ ➐➉➎➈➅➌➍➔ ➂➅➀➉➄➅➇➂ ➑➎➉➇➁➂➍ ➍➈➑➑➎➉➀➂➌ ➓❿ →➎➉➆➅➀➁➆➄➅ ➇➎➃➈➊➅➍ ✝✌☞✌ ✎✑✌ ✗✄☞✟✑☛ ✌☞ ☛✎ ✎✑✌ ☛✄✟✎✡✂✆✼ ❲✑☛✎ ✒✂✌ ✎✑✌ ➃➆➣➂ ➀➁➂➍➂↔ ✎✂☞✁ ✎✌✠✠ ✄ ☛✏✂✄✎ ✝✑☛✎ ✝☛ ✑☛✗✗✌✆✡✆✓ ✡✆ ✎✑✌ ☞✄☞☛✠ ☛☞✌☛ ✂✍ ✌☛ ✎✌☞✆ ✕✆✒✡☛ ☛✎ ✎✑☛✎ ✎✡✖✌✼ ✶✜✽ ✾✿❀ ❁✫✩❂❃❀❄ ✩❅ ✥✣❁✤★✬ ✫❀❉❀✣✥❀ ✇✑✌ ✌ ✎☛✎✌ ✂✍ ✎✑✌ ❇✄☞✒✝☛✆ ☞☛✷ ✝✌☞✌ ✆✂✎ ✎✑✌ ✂✆✠✁ ✂✆✌ ✂✠✒ ✒✄☞✡✆✓ ✎✑✌ ✟✠✂ ✡✆✓ ✁✌☛☞ ✂✍ ✎✑✌ ✌✡✓✑✎✌✌✆✎✑ ✟✌✆✎✄☞✁✔ ✺r✌☞ ✮✻ ✗✌☞ ✟✌✆✎ ✂✍ ✎✑✌ t☛✖✡✆✒☛☞✡ ✟✑☛✆✓✌✒ ✑☛✆✒ ☛✍✎✌☞ ✎✑✌ ✸✌☞✖☛✆✌✆✎ ✹✌✎✎✠✌✖✌✆✎✔ ✕✆ ✡✆✎☞✂✒✄✟✡✆✓ ✎✑✌ ✸✌☞✖☛✆✌✆✎ ✹✌✎✎✠✌✖✌✆✎✞ ❇☞✡✎✡ ✑ ✂✍✍✡✟✡☛✠ ✑✂✗✌✒ ✎✂ ☞✌ ✂✠r✌ ✎✑✌ ✗☞✂✏✠✌✖ ✎✑✌✁ ✑☛✒ ✏✌✌✆ ✍☛✟✡✆ ✓ ✡✆ ✟✌ ✎✑✌ ✟✂✆❜✄ ✌ ✎ ✂✍ ❇✌✆ ✓☛✠✔ ❇✁ ✎✑✌ ✮✮❊ ✞ ✎✑✌ ☞✄☞☛✠ ✌✟✂✆✂✖✁ ✡✆ ❇✌✆✓☛✠ ✝☛ ✡✆ ✟ ☞✡ ✡ ✞ ✝ ✡✎ ✑ ☞✌ ✟✄ ☞☞✌✆ ✎ ✍☛✖ ✡✆ ✌ ☛✆ ✒ ✒ ✌ ✟✠✡✆ ✡✆ ✓ ☛✓☞✡✟✄✠✎✄☞☛✠ ✂✄✎✗✄✎✔ ✺✍✍✡✟✡☛✠ ✍✌✠✎ ✎✑☛✎ ☛✓☞✡✟✄✠✎✄☞✌✞ ✎☞☛✒✌ ☛✆✒ ✎✑✌ ☞✌r✌✆✄✌ ☞✌ ✂✄☞✟✌ ✂✍ ✎✑✌ ✎☛✎✌ ✟✂✄✠✒ ☛✠✠ ✏✌ ✒✌r✌✠✂✗✌✒ ✏✁ ✌✆✟✂✄☞☛✓✡✆✓ ✡✆r✌ ✎✖✌✆✎ ✡✆ ☛✓☞✡✟✄✠✎✄☞✌✔ ✇✑✡ ✟✂✄✠✒ ✏✌ ✒✂✆✌ ✏✁ ✌✟✄☞✡✆✓ ☞✡✓✑✎ ✂✍ ✗☞✂✗✌☞✎✁ ☛✆✒ ✗✌☞✖☛✆✌✆✎✠✁ ✍✡❈✡✆✓ ✎✑✌ ☞☛✎✌ ✂✍ COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE 259 r ✁ ✂✄ ☎ ✆✝✂☎✞ ✟✠ ✡☛ r ✁ ✂✄ ☎ ✆✝✂☎ ☞✠ ✡☛ ✌✡✝✡ ✇✝✌ ✍ r✆✝✂ ✂✡✎✏ ✠✑✒ ☎✓ ✡☛ ✂ ✡☛ ✔☞✆✍✝✂✏ ✕☞✄✎☎ ✎☞☞❧ ✠☞r✇✝r☎ ✡☞ ✝ r ✖✄✎✝r ✠✎☞✇ ☞✠ r ✁ ✂✄ ✓ ✇☛✑✎ ✂✡r ✍r ✂ ✄r✌ ✕☞✄✎☎ ✠ ✎ ✌✄r ☞✠ ✝r✂✑✂✖ ✝ ✍r☞✠✑✡ ✠r☞✆ ✡☛ ✑r ✑✂✁ ✌✡✆ ✂✡✓ ✌✑✂✕ ✡☛ ✌✡✝✡ ✇☞✄✎☎ ✂☞✡ ✌✑✍☛☞✂ ✑✡ ☞✠✠ s✏ ✑✂✕r ✝✌✑✂✖ ✑✡✌ ✕✎✝✑✆✞ ❚☛ ✍r☞✕ ✌✌✓ ☞✠✠✑✕✑✝✎✌ ☛☞✍ ☎✓ ✇☞✄✎☎ ✎ ✝☎ ✡☞ ✡☛ ✆ r✖ ✂✕ ☞✠ ✝ ✕✎✝✌✌ ☞✠ ✏ ☞✆ ✂ ✠✝r✆ r✌ ✝✂☎ r✑✕☛ ✎✝✂☎☞✇✂ r✌ ✇☛☞ ✇☞✄✎☎ ☛✝✁ ✡☛ ✕✝✍✑✡✝✎ ✝✂☎ ✂✡ r✍r✑✌ ✡☞ ✑✆✍r☞✁ ✝✖r✑✕✄✎✡✄r ✞ ❛✄r✡✄r ☎ s✏ ✡☛ ✗r✑✡✑✌☛✓ ✡☛✑✌ ✕✎✝✌✌ ✇☞✄✎☎ ✝✎✌☞ s ✎☞✏✝✎ ✡☞ ✡☛ ✔☞✆✍✝✂✏✞ ❚☛ ✍r☞s✎ ✆✓ ☛☞ ✇ ✁ r✓ ✎✝ ✏ ✑✂ ✑☎ ✂✡✑ ✠✏✑✂✖ ✑✂☎✑✁✑☎✄✝✎✌ ✇☛☞ ✕☞✄✎☎ s☞✡☛ ✑✆✍r☞✁ ✝✖r✑✕✄✎✡✄r ✝✂☎ ✕☞✂✡r✝✕✡ ✡☞ ✍✝✏ ✡☛ ✠✑✒ ☎ r ✁ ✂✄ ✡☞ ✡☛ ✌✡✝✡ ✞ ❝✠✡ r ✝ ✍r☞✎☞✂✖ ☎ ☎ s✝✡ ✝✆☞✂✖✌✡ ✔☞✆✍✝✂✏ ☞✠✠✑✕✑✝✎✌✓ ✡☛ P r✆✝✂ ✂✡ ✘ ✡✡✎ ✆ ✂✡ ✇✝✌ ✆✝☎ ✇✑✡☛ ✡☛ r✝✙✝✌ ✝✂☎ t✚✛✜✢✣✚✤✥ ☞✠ ✗ ✂✖✝✎✞ ❚☛ ✏ ✇ r ✂☞✇ ✕✎✝✌✌✑✠✑ ☎ ✝✌ ✦✝✆✑✂☎✝r✌✓ ✝✂☎ ✡☛ ✏ ☛✝☎ ✡☞ ✍✝✏ ✡☛ r ✁ ✂✄ ❭❪❫❴ ❵❜❴❞ ❡❢❣❤✐❥❦ ❡♠❤♥♦❣✐✐❪❦ ♣❵q❞✉✈❵✉❜①②③ ☎ ✆✝✂☎ ✡☛✝✡ ✇✝✌ ✠✑✒ ☎ ✑✂ ✍ r✍ ✡✄✑✡✏✞ ✟✂ ✡ r✆✌ ☞✠ ④❣❪♥⑤❥⑥ ⑦⑧ ⑨❢♠⑩❣❦ ❶❣❪♥❦⑦♠❤♠❷❫❢③ ✡☛✑✌ ☎ ✠✑✂✑✡✑☞✂✓ ✡☛ ✦✝✆✑✂☎✝r ✇✝✌ ✂☞✡ ✝ ✎✝✂☎☞✇✂ r ❵q✉① ✑✂ ✡☛ ✁✑✎✎✝✖ ✓ s✄✡ ✝ r ✁ ✂✄ ✔☞✎✎ ✕✡☞r ☞✠ ✡☛ ✌✡✝✡ ✞ ❸❹ ❺❻❼ ❽❾❹ ❿➀➁➁❻➂➃❹➄ ➀➅ ❽❾❹ ❩✝✆✑✂☎✝r✌ ☛✝☎ ✌ ✁ r✝✎ ✧✌☞✆ ✡✑✆ ✌ ✝✌ ✆✝✂✏ ✝✌ ★✩✩✪ ➆➄➇❽➇❼❾ ➅➀➄❿❹❼ ➃➉➄➇➂➊ ❽❾❹ ➋➁❹➄➇❿❻➂ ✁✑✎✎✝✖ ✌ ✄✂☎ r ✡☛ ✆✞ ✟✂ ✔☞✆✍✝✂✏ ✕✝✎✕✄✎✝✡✑☞✂✌ ✡☛ ➌❻➄ ➀➅ ➍➂➃❹➎❹➂➃❹➂❿❹ ❻➂➃ ❽❾❹ ✁✑✎✎✝✖ ✌ ✇✑✡☛✑✂ ☞✂ ✦✝✆✑✂☎✝r✑ ✠☞r✆ ☎ ☞✂ r ✁ ✂✄ ➏➀➐❹➄➂➀➄ ➏❹➂❹➄❻➑ ➀➅ ➆❹➂➊❻➑ ❺❾❹➂ ❽❾❹ ➒❹➄➁❻➂❹➂❽ ➓❹❽❽➑❹➁❹➂❽ ❺❻❼ ✌✡✝✡ ✞ ❚☛ ✔☞✆✍✝✂✏ ✠✑✒ ☎ ✡☛ ✡☞✡✝✎ ☎ ✆✝✂☎ ☞✁ r ✡☛ ➇➂❽➄➀➃➉❿❹➃ ❽❾❹➄❹ ➇➂ ➔→➣↔↕ ✂✡✑r ✌✡✝✡ ✇☛☞✌ r ✁ ✂✄ ✡☛ ✦✝✆✑✂☎✝r ✕☞✂✡r✝✕✡ ☎ ✡☞ ✍✝✏✞ ❚☛ ✦✝✆✑✂☎✝r ✕☞✎✎ ✕✡ ☎ r ✂✡ ✠r☞✆ ✡☛ ☎✑✠✠ r ✂✡ ✁✑✎✎✝✖ ✌✓ ✍✝✑☎ ✡☛ r ✁ ✂✄ ✡☞ ✡☛ ✔☞✆✍✝✂✏✓ ✝✂☎ r ✡✝✑✂ ☎ ✡☛ ☎✑✠✠ r ✂✕ ✝✌ ☛✑✌ ✑✂✕☞✆ ✞ ✫ ✇✝✌ ✒✍ ✕✡ ☎ ✡☞ ✍✝✏ ✡☛ ✔☞✆✍✝✂✏ r ✖✄✎✝r✎✏✓ ✠✝✑✎✑✂✖ ✇☛✑✕☛ ☛✑✌ ✌✡✝✡ ✕☞✄✎☎ s ✝✄✕✡✑☞✂ ☎✞ ✶✬✭ ✮✯✰ ✱✲✳✴✵✷✲✸✹ ✷✺✻✲✼✽✾✺✷ ✿✵ ❀✲✰✳✺✵✾✹ ❃❄❅❆❇❈❄❉ ❊❋❍❏❊❊❑ ▲❍❏▼◆ ❖◗▼❍ ✔☞✆✍✝✂✏ ☞✠✠✑✕✑✝✎✌ ✠ ✎✡ ✡☛✝✡ ✝ ✠✑✒ ☎ r ✁ ✂✄ ☎ ✆✝✂☎ ❘❙◗ ❙◗❊❯◆ ❏ ❱❄❅❆❇➈ ◗ ❏ ✇☞✄✎☎ ✖✑✁ ✦✝✆✑✂☎✝r✌ ✝ ✌ ✂✌ ☞✠ ✌ ✕✄r✑✡✏ ✝✂☎✓ ❲◗▼▼❍❲❋◗▼❳ ❃❄❅❆❇ ❲❏▲❍ ◗ ❍❨❍ ✝✌✌✄r ☎ ☞✠ r ✡✄r✂✌ ☞✂ ✡☛ ✑r ✑✂✁ ✌✡✆ ✂✡✓ ✂✕☞✄r✝✖ ◗ ❏ ❍❋◗❋❏❊ ❬▼❋❳ ✡☛ ✆ ✡☞ ✑✆✍r☞✁ ✡☛ ✑r ✌✡✝✡ ✌✞ ✟✂ ✡☛ ✝r✎✏ ☎ ✕✝☎ ✌ ✝✠✡ r ✡☛ P r✆✝✂ ✂✡ ✘ ✡✡✎ ✆ ✂✡✓ ☛☞✇ ✁ r✓ ✦✝✆✑✂☎✝r✌ r ✖✄✎✝r✎✏ ✠✝✑✎ ☎ ✡☞ ✍✝✏ ✡☛ r ✁ ✂✄ ☎ ✆✝✂☎ ✝✂☎ ✄✂✍✝✑☎ s✝✎✝✂✕ ✌ ✝✕✕✄✆✄✎✝✡ ☎✞ ❚☛ r ✝✌☞✂✌ ✠☞r ✡☛✑✌ ✠✝✑✎✄r ✇ r ✁✝r✑☞✄✌✞ ❁✑r✌✡❂ ✡☛ ✑✂✑✡✑✝✎ ☎ ✆✝✂☎✌ ✇ r ✁ r✏ ☛✑✖☛✞ ❚☛✑✌ ✇✝✌ s ✕✝✄✌ ✑✡ ✇✝✌ ✠ ✎✡ ✡☛✝✡ ✑✠ ✡☛ ☎ ✆✝✂☎ ✇✝✌ ✠✑✒ ☎ ✠☞r ✝✎✎ ✡✑✆ ✡☞ ✕☞✆ ✓ ✡☛ ✔☞✆✍✝✂✏ ✇☞✄✎☎ ✂ ✁ r s ✝s✎ ✡☞ ✕✎✝✑✆ ✝ ✌☛✝r ☞✠ ✑✂✕r ✝✌ ☎ ✑✂✕☞✆ ✠r☞✆ ✎✝✂☎ ✇☛ ✂ ✍r✑✕ ✌ r☞✌ ✝✂☎ ✕✄✎✡✑✁✝✡✑☞✂ ✒✍✝✂☎ ☎✞ ❚☞ ✆✑✂✑✆✑✌ ✡☛✑✌ ✝✂✡✑✕✑✍✝✡ ☎ ✎☞✌✌✓ ✡☛ ✔☞✆✍✝✂✏ ✍ ✖✖ ☎ ✡☛ r ✁ ✂✄ 260 THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III ❞ ✁✂✄❞ ☎✆✝☎✞ ✂✟✝✠✆✄✝ ✡☎✂✡ ✡☎ ☛✠✟❞ ✄ ☞✄ ✌✂✁✆✄❞✂✟✍ ✇☞✠✎❞ ✝✟✂❞✠✂✎✎✏ ❞ ✑✎✆✄ ✂✍ ✂✝✟✆✑✠✎✡✠✟✂✎ ✒✟☞❞✠✑✡✆☞✄ ❡✒✂✄❞ ❞ ✂✄❞ ✒✟✆✑ ✍ ✟☞✍ ✓ ❙ ✑☞✄❞✔ ✡☎✆✍ ☎✆✝☎ ❞ ✁✂✄❞ ✇✂✍ ✆✁✒☞✍ ❞ ✆✄ ✡☎ ✶✕✖✗✍✞ ✂ ✡✆✁ ✇☎ ✄ ✡☎ ✒✟✆✑ ✍ ☞✘ ✂✝✟✆✑✠✎✡✠✟✂✎ ✒✟☞❞✠✑ ❘✺✻✼ ✐✽ ✾✿❀ ❁❂❃ ✾✿❀ ✾❀❄❅ ❇❈❉✺❈✼❊ ✇ ✟ ❞ ✒✟ ✍✍ ❞✞ ✁✂✙✆✄✝ ✆✡ ❞✆✘✘✆✑✠✎✡ ✘☞✟ ✡☎ r✚✛✜✢ ✡☞ ✉✽❀❋ ✾ ❋❀✽✐❍❂✾❀ ❏❀❂✽❂✾✽ ✒✂✏ ✡☎ ✆✟ ❞✠ ✍ ✡☞ ✡☎ ✌✂✁✆✄❞✂✟✓ ✳✘ ✡☎ ✌✂✁✆✄❞✂✟ ✑☞✠✎❞ ❑▲✿❂❏✾❀❄ ▼◆❊ ❁❂✽ ✽❏❀❖✾ ✐ P❄✐✾✐✽✿ ✄☞✡ ✑☞✎✎ ✑✡ ✡☎ ✟ ✄✡✞ ☎☞✇ ✑☞✠✎❞ ☎ ✒✂✏ ✡☎ ❤☞✁✒✂✄✏✣ ❄❀◗❄❋✽❯ ❘✺✻✼❱ ✐ P❀❍❂❖ ❋✐❋ ❚☎✆✟❞✔ ✡☎ ✟ ✤ ✄✠ ✇✂✍ ✆✄✤✂✟✆✂☛✎ ✞ ✟ ✝✂✟❞✎ ✍✍ ☞✘ ✡☎ ✾ ❂❖❁❂❃✽ ◗✉❖✾✐♥❂✾❀ ✾✿❀ ❖❂❋ ☎✂✟✤ ✍✡✞ ✂✄❞ ☎✂❞ ✡☞ ☛ ✒✂✆❞ ✒✠✄✑✡✠✂✎✎✏✓ ✳✄ ✘✂✑✡✞ ❋✐❄❀◗✾❖❃❊ ❲✉✾ ❖❀❂✽❀❋ ✐✾ ✉✾ ✾ ✂✑✑☞✟❞✆✄✝ ✡☞ ✡☎ ❙✠✄✍ ✡ ❛✂✇✞ ✆✘ ✒✂✏✁ ✄✡ ❞✆❞ ✄☞✡ ✑☞✁ ✉❋❀❄❳❇✺✻✼❱❯ ✆✄ ☛✏ ✍✠✄✍ ✡ ☞✘ ✡☎ ✍✒ ✑✆✘✆ ❞ ❞✂✡ ✞ ✡☎ ✌✂✁✆✄❞✂✟✆ ✇✂✍ ✎✆✂☛✎ ✡☞ ☛ ✂✠✑✡✆☞✄ ❞✓ ❧☞✠ ✟✡ ☎✔ ✡ ☎ ✥ ✟✁✂✄ ✄✡ ❙ ✡✡✎ ✁ ✄✡ ✆✄✆✡✆✂✎✎✏ ✎✆✁✆✡ ❞ ✡☎ ✒☞✇ ✟ ☞✘ ✡☎ ✌✂✁✆✄❞✂✟ ✡☞ ✑☞✎✎ ✑✡ ✟ ✄✡ ✘✟☞✁ ✡☎ r✚✛✜ ✂✄❞ ✁✂✄✂✝ ☎✆✍ ✌✂✁✆✄❞✂✟✆✓ ❚☎ ❤☞✁✒✂✄✏ ☎✂❞ ✟ ✑☞✝✄✆✍ ❞ ✡☎ ✌✂✁✆✄❞✂✟✍ ✂✍ ✆✁✒☞✟✡✂✄✡✞ ☛✠✡ ✆✡ ✇✂✄✡ ❞ ✡☞ ✑☞✄✡✟☞✎ ✂✄❞ ✟ ✝✠✎✂✡ ✡☎ ✁✞ ✍✠☛❞✠ ✡☎ ✆✟ ✂✠✡☎☞✟✆✡✏ ✂✄❞ ✟ ✍✡✟✆✑✡ ✡☎ ✆✟ ✂✠✡☞✄☞✁✏✓ ❚☎ ✌✂✁✆✄❞✂✟✍✦ ✡✟☞☞✒✍ ✇ ✟ ❞✆✍☛✂✄❞ ❞✞ ✑✠✍✡☞✁✍ ❞✠✡✆ ✍ ✂☛☞✎✆✍☎ ❞✞ ✂✄❞ ✡☎ ✆✟ ✧❝★✜❝✩✪r✫✪✢➈ ✬✑☞✠✟✡✍✭ ☛✟☞✠✝☎✡ ✠✄❞ ✟ ✡☎ ✍✠✒ ✟✤✆✍✆☞✄ ☞✘ ✂ ❤☞✎✎ ✑✡☞✟ ✂✒✒☞✆✄✡ ❞ ☛✏ ✡☎ ❤☞✁✒✂✄✏✓ ❩✂✁✆✄❞✂✟✍ ✎☞✍✡ ✡☎ ✆✟ ✒☞✇ ✟ ✡☞ ☞✟✝✂✄✆✍ ✎☞✑✂✎ ♦✠✍✡✆✑ ✂✄❞ ✡☎ ✎☞✑✂✎ ✒☞✎✆✑ ✓ ✮✤ ✟ ✡✆✁ ✡☎ ✑☞✎✎ ✑✡☞✟✂✡ ✁ ✟✝ ❞ ✂✍ ✂✄ ✂✎✡ ✟✄✂✡✆✤ ✑ ✄✡✟ ☞✘ ✂✠✡☎☞✟✆✡✏✞ ✍ ✤ ✟ ✎✏ ✟ ✍✡✟✆✑✡✆✄✝ ✇☎✂✡ ✡☎ ✌✂✁✆✄❞✂✟ ✑☞✠✎❞ ❞☞✓ ✳✄ ☞✄ ✑✂✍ ✞ ✇☎ ✄ ✂ ✟✂♦✂ ✘✂✆✎ ❞ ✡☞ ✒✂✏ ✡☎ ✟ ✤ ✄✠ ✞ ✂ ❤☞✁✒✂✄✏ ☞✘✘✆✑✆✂✎ ✇✂✍ ✍✒ ❞✆✎✏ ❞✆✍✒✂✡✑☎ ❞ ✡☞ ☎✆✍ ✌✂✁✆✄❞✂✟✆ ✇✆✡☎ ❡✒✎✆✑✆✡ ✆✄✍✡✟✠✑✡✆☞✄✍ ✧✡☞ ✡✂✙ ✑☎✂✟✝ ☞✘ ✡☎ ✯✆✍✡✟✆✑✡ ✂✄❞ ✡☞ ✠✍ ✡☎ ✁☞✍✡ ✘✘ ✑✡✠✂✎ ✁ ✂✄✍ ✡☞ ❞ ✍✡✟☞✏ ✂✎✎ ✡☎ ✆✄✘✎✠ ✄✑ ✂✄❞ ✡☎ ✂✠✡☎☞✟✆✡✏ ☞✘ ✡☎ ✟✂♦✂ ✂✄❞ ☎✆✍ ☞✘✘✆✑ ✟✍➈✓ ❆✡ ✡☎ ✡✆✁ ☞✘ ✟ ✄✡ ✑☞✎✎ ✑✡✆☞✄✞ ✂✄ ☞✘✘✆✑ ✟ ☞✘ ✡☎ ✌✂✁✆✄❞✂✟✞ ✠✍✠✂✎✎✏ ✡☎ ✰✱✲✰✩✞ ✑✂✁ ✂✟☞✠✄❞ ✡☞ ✡☎ ✤✆✎✎✂✝ ✓ ✈✠✡ ✟ ✄✡ ✑☞✎✎ ✑✡✆☞✄ ✇✂✍ ✂ ✒ ✟ ✄✄✆✂✎ ✒✟☞☛✎ ✁✓ ❙ ☞✁ ✡✆✁ ✍ ☛✂❞ ☎✂✟✤ ✍✡✍ ✂✄❞ ✎☞✇ ✒✟✆✑ ✍ ✁✂❞ ✒✂✏✁ ✄✡ ☞✘ ❞✠ ✍ ❞✆✘✘✆✑✠✎✡ ✘☞✟ ✡☎ r✚✛✜✢✓ ❆✡ ☞✡☎ ✟ ✡✆✁ ✍ r✚✛✜✢ ❞ ✎✆☛ ✟✂✡ ✎✏ ❞ ✎✂✏ ❞ ✒✂✏✁ ✄✡✓ ✴✆✑☎ r✚✛✜✢ ✂✄❞ ✤✆✎✎✂✝ ☎ ✂❞✁ ✄ ✵ ❥✛✜✪✷✰r✢ ✂✄❞ ✱✰♠✷✰✲✢ ✵ ✇ ✟ ☞✄✎✏ ✡☞☞ ☎✂✒✒✏ ✡☞ ✍ ✡☎ ✌✂✁✆✄❞✂✟ ✆✄ ✡✟☞✠☛✎ ✓ ❚☎ ✌✂✁✆✄❞✂✟ ✑☞✠✎❞ ✡☎ ✟ ✘☞✟ ✄☞✡ ✂✍✆✎✏ ✂✍✍ ✟✡ ☎✆✍ ✒☞✇ ✟ ☞✤ ✟ ✡☎ ✁✓ ❩✂✁✆✄❞✂✟✍ ✑☞✠✎❞ ✒✟☞✍ ✑✠✡ ❞ ✘✂✠✎✡ ✟✍✞ ☛✠✡ ✡☎ ♦✠❞✆✑✆✂✎ ✒✟☞✑ ✍✍ ✇✂✍ ✎☞✄✝ ❞✟✂✇✄✓ ✳✄ ✈✠✟❞✇✂✄ ✂✎☞✄ ✡☎ ✟ ✇ ✟ ☞✤ ✟ ✸✗✞✗✗✗ ✒ ✄❞✆✄✝ ✍✠✆✡✍ ✘☞✟ ✂✟✟ ✂✟✍ ☞✘ ✟ ✄✡ ✒✂✏✁ ✄✡ ✆✄ ✶✕✖✹✓ COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE 261 ✶ ✁ ✂✄☎ ✆✝✞☎ ✟✠ ✡✄☎ ❥☛☞✌✍✎✏✑ ❲✒✓✔✕ ✖✗✘✙ ✚✗✖✓✘✛✗✜✢ ✣✕✜✕ ✤✗✥✓✘✦ ✗ ✥✜✓✢✓✢ ✗✧ ✧✒✕ ✕✘✛ ❡✤ ✧✒✕ ✕✓ ✦✒ ✧✕✕✘ ✧✒ ✥✕✘ ✧★✜✙ ✩ ✗ ✦✜❡★✪ ❡✤ ✜✓✥✒ ✪✕✗✢✗✘✧✢ ✣✕✜✕ ✥❡✘✢❡✔✓✛✗✧✓✘✦ ✧✒✕✓✜ ✪❡✢✓✧✓❡✘ ✓✘ ✧✒✕ ✈✓ ✔ ✔ ✗ ✦✕ ✢ ✫ ✬ ✘ ✭ ✜✗ ✘✥ ✓ ✢ ✮ ★ ✥✒ ✗ ✘ ✗ ✘ ✯ ✢ ✢ ★ ✜ ✈✕ ✙ ❡✤ ✧✒✕ ❉✓✘✗✰✪★✜ ✛✓✢✧✜✓✥✧ ✓✘ ✱❡✜✧✒ ✮✕✘✦✗✔ ✣✕ ✒✗✈✕ ✗ ✈✓✈✓✛ ✛✕✢✥✜✓✪✧✓❡✘ ❡✤ ✧✒✓✢ ✥✔✗✢✢ ❡✤ ✜✓✥✒ ✪✕✗✢✗✘✧✢ ❞✘❡✣✘ ✗✢ ✲✳✴✵✷✸✹✺✫ ✮✙ ✧✒✕ ✕✗✜✔✙ ✘✓✘✕✧✕✕✘✧✒ ✥✕✘✧★✜✙✩ ✲✳✴✵✷✸✹✺ ✒✗✛ ✗✥❤★✓✜✕✛ ✈✗✢✧ ✗✜✕✗✢ ❡✤ ✔✗✘✛ ✻ ✢❡✖✕✧✓✖✕✢ ✗✢ ✖★✥✒ ✗✢ ✢✕✈✕✜✗✔ ✧✒❡★✢✗✘✛ ✗✥✜✕✢✫ ❛✒✕✙ ✥❡✘✧✜❡✔✔✕✛ ✔❡✥✗✔ ✧✜✗✛✕ ✗✢ ✣✕✔✔ ✗✢ ✖❡✘✕✙✔✕✘✛✓✘✦✩ ✕✼✕✜✥✓✢✓✘✦ ✓✖✖✕✘✢✕ ✪❡✣✕✜ ❡✈✕✜ ✧✒✕ ✪❡❡✜✕✜ ✥★✔✧✓✈✗✧❡✜✢ ❡✤ ✧✒✕ ✜✕✦✓❡✘✫ ♦ ✔✗✜✦✕ ✪✗✜✧ ❡✤ ✧✒✕✓✜ ✔✗✘✛ ✣✗✢ ✥★✔✧✓✈✗✧✕✛ ✧✒✜❡★✦✒ ✢✒✗✜✕✥✜❡✪✪✕✜✢ ✽✸✷✾✿❀✸✹✺ ❡✜ ❜✸✹❁✸✷✸✹ ✺❂ ✣✒ ❡ ❃✜ ❡★ ✦✒ ✧ ✧✒✕✓ ✜ ❡✣✘ ✪✔❡★✦✒✢✩ ✔✗❃❡★✜✕✛ ✓✘ ✧✒✕ ✤✓✕✔✛✩ ✗✘✛ ✒✗✘✛✕✛ ❡✈✕✜ ✒✗✔✤ ✧✒✕ ✪✜❡✛★✥✕ ✧❡ ✧✒✕ ✲✳✴✵✷✸✹✺ ✗✤✧✕✜ ✧✒✕ ✒✗✜✈✕✢✧✫ ❲✓✧✒✓✘ ✧✒✕ ✈✓✔✔✗✦✕✢✩ ✧✒✕ ✪❡✣✕✜ ❡✤ ✲✳✴✵✷✸✹✺ ✣✗✢ ✖❡✜✕ ❋❇❈❊ ❍❊ ✕✤✤✕✥✧✓✈✕ ✧✒✗✘ ✧✒✗✧ ❡✤ ✚✗✖✓✘✛✗✜✢✫ ❄✘✔✓❞✕ ✚✗✖✓✘✛✗✜✢ ❏❑▲❈▼◆ ❖❇◆◆▼❈❑ P◗❑▲❑❘ ❙▼❇▲❚❑❯ ✣✒❡ ❡✤✧✕✘ ✔✓✈✕✛ ✓✘ ★✜❃✗✘ ✗✜✕✗✢✩ ✲✳✴✵✷✸✹✺ ✣✕✜✕ ✔❡✥✗✧✕✛ ❱❳ ❨❑❩❬❈❑ ❭❪❇▲▲❑❬❳❘ ❫❴❍ ✓✘ ✧✒✕ ✈✓✔✔✗✦✕✢ ✗✘✛ ✕✼✕✜✥✓✢✕✛ ✛✓✜✕✥✧ ✥❡✘✧✜❡✔ ❡✈✕✜ ✗ ❵❝❢✐✐❦❧♠ ♥♣q♠❦r ❢✐ s✐r❢q t✉❧ ✥❡✘✢✓✛✕✜✗❃✔✕ ✢✕✥✧✓❡✘ ❡✤ ✪❡❡✜ ✈✓✔✔✗✦✕✜✢✫ ❛✒✕✙ ✤✓✕✜✥✕✔✙ ✇① ♠❦q❧♥ ②③④⑤✇⑥✇⑦⑧⑨ ⑩q❢✐♣❢✐❶ ⑩✉❧♣❧q❢♣♥⑨ ❷q✐r♥❸q⑩❦♥ q✐r ✜✕✢✓✢✧✕✛ ✕✤✤❡✜✧✢ ❃✙ ✚✗✖✓✘✛✗✜✢ ✧❡ ✓✘✥✜✕✗✢✕ ✧✒✕ ✲✸❅✸ ❡✤ ♥❸❦✐❦♥ ✉t ♣❝❦ ❦❹❦❧♠rq♠ ❷❢t❦ ✉t ✧✒✕ ✈✓ ✔ ✔ ✗ ✦✕ ✩ ✪ ✜✕ ✈✕✘ ✧✕✛ ✚✗ ✖✓ ✘✛ ✗ ✜✓ ❡✤ ✤✓ ✥✓ ✗ ✔ ✢ ✤ ✜ ❡✖ ♣❝❦ ❸✉❺❺✉✐ ⑩❦✉⑩❷❦❻ ❼❩❚❑❯▼❬P q✐r ✕✼✕✥★✧✓✘✦ ✧✒✕✓ ✜ ✛★✧✓✕✢✩ ✖❡❃✓✔✓✢✕✛ ✹❀✳✴✺ ✣✒❡ ✣✕✜✕ ❺✉✐❦♠❷❦✐r❦❧♥ ❢✐ ❧❽❧q❷ ❾❦✐❶q❷ ✛ ✕✪ ✕ ✘ ✛ ✕ ✘ ✧ ❡✘ ✧✒ ✕ ✖ ✩ ✗ ✘ ✛ ✛ ✕ ✔ ✓ ❃✕ ✜ ✗ ✧✕ ✔ ✙ ✛ ✕ ✔ ✗ ✙ ✕ ✛ ❷❢❹❦r ❢✐ ❝✉❽♥❦♥ ❷❢❿❦ ♣❝❦ ✉✐❦ ♠✉❽ ✪ ✗ ✙ ✖✕✘ ✧✢ ❡✤ ✜✕ ✈✕ ✘★✕ ✧❡ ✧✒✕ ✚✗ ✖✓✘ ✛✗ ✜✫ ✬ ✘ ✤✗ ✥ ✧✩ ♥❦❦ ✉✐ ♣❝❦ ❧❢❶❝♣❻ ✣✒✕✘ ✧✒ ✕ ✕ ✢ ✧✗ ✧✕ ✢ ❡✤ ✧✒ ✕ ✚ ✗ ✖✓ ✘ ✛ ✗ ✜✢ ✣ ✕ ✜✕ ✗★✥✧✓ ❡✘✕✛ ✤❡✜ ✤✗✓✔★✜✕ ✧❡ ✖✗❞✕ ✜✕✈✕✘★✕ ✪✗✙✖✕✘✧✩ ✲ ✳✴ ✵ ✷ ✸✹ ✺ ✣✕ ✜✕ ❡ ✤ ✧✕ ✘ ✗✖❡✘✦✢✧ ✧✒✕ ✪★✜✥✒✗✢✕✜✢✫ ❛✒✕ ✲✳✴ ✵✷✸✹ ✺ ✣✕ ✜✕ ✖❡✢✧ ✪❡✣✕✜✤★✔ ✓✘ ✱❡✜✧✒ ✮ ✕✘ ✦✗ ✔ ✩ ✗ ✔ ✧✒ ❡★ ✦✒ ✜✓ ✥ ✒ ✪ ✕ ✗ ✢ ✗ ✘ ✧✢ ✗✘✛ ✈✓ ✔ ✔ ✗ ✦✕ ✒✕✗✛✖✕✘ ✣✕✜✕ ✕✖✕✜✦✓✘✦ ✗✢ ✥❡✖✖✗✘✛✓✘✦ ✤✓ ✦★✜✕✢ ✓✘ ✧✒ ✕ ✥ ❡★ ✘ ✧ ✜ ✙✢ ✓ ✛ ✕ ✓✘ ❡✧✒✕✜ ✪✗✜✧✢ ❡✤ ✮✕✘✦✗✔ ✗✢ ✣✕✔✔✫ ✬✘ ✢❡✖✕ ✪✔✗✥✕✢ ✧✒✕✙ ✣✕ ✜✕ ✥✗✔ ✔✕✛ ✾ ✸✳❆✸✷✸✹ ✺✩ ✕ ✔ ✢ ✕ ✣ ✒ ✕ ✜✕ ✧✒ ✕ ✙ ✣ ✕ ✜✕ ❞ ✘ ❡✣ ✘ ✗✢ ❁ ✸ ❣✴ ✿ ✷ ✸✹ ✺ ❡✜ ❅ ✸❣✷✸❆ ✺✫ ❛✒✕✓ ✜ ✜✓ ✢✕ ✓ ✘ ✕ ✈✓ ✧✗ ❃✔ ✙ ✣✕✗❞✕✘✕✛ ✚✗✖✓✘✛✗✜✓ ✗★✧✒❡✜✓✧✙✫ 262 THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III ❙✲✳✴✵✷ ✸ ♣ Zamindars were COMPANY The jotedars of Dinajpur responsible for: ✉ (a) paying revenue to the company Buchanan described the ways in (b) distr buting the revenue demand which the jotedars of Dinajpur ZAMINDAR (jama) over villages. in North Bengal resisted being (controls numerous villages) q ♣ Each village ryot, big disciplined by the zamindar and or small, paid rent to ✉ undermined his power: the zamindar. JOTEDAR ♣ Jotedars gave out Landlords do not like this RYOT ✈ (a rich ryot, also loans to other ryots and class of men, but it is evident a trader and sold their produce. q that they are absolutely ✉ moneylender) ♣ Ryots cultivated necessary, unless the ✉ some land and gave out landlords themselves would the rest to under-ryots advance money to their UNDER-RYOT on rent. necessitous tenantry … UNDER-RYOT ♣ Under- ryots paid rent to the ryots. The jotedars who cultivate large portions of lands are ❵❜❝❞✸❡❞❢ very refractory, and know ❣✲✐✷✴ ❜❦ ✴✳✴❧♠ ♥✷❦❝❧♠ that the zamindars have no ✹ ❘✺❃r ❀❁✺ ❀✺❯❀ ❃✼✼❑P❱❃❅❄✾❅❲ ❳✾❲◗❨❩◗❬ ✼❃✽✺▲❏❭❭❄ ❃❅r power over them. They pay ✾❅✻✺✽❀ ❀❁✺ ▲❑❭❭❑❂✾❅❲ ❀✺✽P✻ ✾❅ ❃❱❱✽❑❱✽✾❃❀✺ ❱❭❃✼✺✻ ❃❭❑❅❲ only a few rupees on account ❀❁✺ ❃✽✽❑❂✻❪ ✽✺❅❀❫ ✽✺❴✺❅❏✺❫ ✾❅❀✺✽✺✻❀❫ ❭❑❃❅❫ ❱✽❑r❏✼✺ of their revenue and then fall in balance almost every kist (instalment), they hold more lands than they are entitled ✶ ✁ ✂✄☎ ✆✝✞✟✠✡✝☛☞ ☛☎☞✟☞✌ to by their pottahs (deeds ❚✍✎ ✏ ✑✒ ✍✓✔ ✕✒✖ ✓ ✗ ✒ ✍✎ ✘✏ ✙ ✕✚✛✏ ✔ ✜ ✕✚ ✔ ✑✔✏ ✢ ✏ ✔ ✎✏ ✜✣ of contract). Should the ✍✓❤✎✤✎✔✣ ✛✕✛ ✚✓✒ ✱✓✢✢✏✥✜✎✦ ✧✏✱✎✛ ❤✕✒✍ ✏✚ ✎★✓✔✩✕✒✏✚✒✢✖ zamindar’s officers, in ✍✕✪✍ ✔✎✤✎✚✑✎ ✛✎✙✏✚✛ ✏✚✛ ✥✓✜✜✕✩✢✎ ✏✑✱✒✕✓✚ ✓✗ ✒✍✎✕✔ consequence, summon them ✎✜✒✏✒✎✜✣ ✒✍✎✖ ✛✎✤✕✜✎✛ ❤✏✖✜ ✓✗ ✜✑✔✤✕✤✕✚✪ ✒✍✎ ✥✔✎✜✜✑✔✎✜✦ to the cutcherry, and detain ◆✎❤ ✱✓✚✒✎★✒✜ ✥✔✓✛✑✱✎✛ ✚✎❤ ✜✒✔✏✒✎✪✕✎✜✦ them for one or two hours ✧✕✱✒✕✒✕✓✑✜ ✜✏✢✎ ❤✏✜ ✓✚✎ ✜✑✱✍ ✜✒✔✏✒✎✪✖✦ ❋✒ ✕✚✤✓✢✤✎✛ ✏ with a view to reprimand ✜✎✔✕✎✜ ✓✗ ✙✏ ✚✓✎✑✤✔✎✜✦ ❚✍✎ s✏✫✏ ✓✗ ✬ ✑✔ ✛❤✏✚✣ ✗✓✔ them, they immediately go ✕✚✜✒✏✚✱✎✣ ✗✕✔✜✒ ✒✔✏✚✜✗✎✔✔✎✛ ✜✓✙✎ ✓✗ ✍✕✜ ✘✏✙✕✚✛✏✔✕ ✒✓ and complain at the Fouzdarry Thanna (police ✍✕✜ ✙✓✒✍✎✔✣ ✜✕✚✱✎ ✒✍✎ ✭✓✙✥✏✚✖ ✍✏✛ ✛✎✱✔✎✎✛ ✒✍✏✒ ✒✍✎ station) for imprisonment and ✥✔✓✥✎✔✒✖ ✓✗ ❤✓✙✎✚ ❤✓✑✢✛ ✚✓✒ ✩✎ ✒✏♦✎✚ ✓✤✎✔✦ ❚✍✎✚✣ ✏✜ at the munsiff ’s (a judicial ✏ ✜✎✱✓✚✛ ✙✓✤✎✣ ✍✕✜ ✏✪✎✚✒✜ ✙✏✚✕✥✑✢✏✒✎✛ ✒✍✎ ✏✑✱✒✕✓✚✜✦ officer at the lower court) ❚✍✎ ✔✎✤✎✚✑✎ ✛✎✙✏✚✛ ✓✗ ✒✍✎ ✭✓✙✥✏✚✖ ❤✏✜ ✛✎✢✕✩✎✔✏✒✎✢✖ cutcherry for being ❤ ✕✒ ✍✍✎✢ ✛✣ ✏ ✚✛ ✑✚✥✏ ✕ ✛ ✩ ✏✢✏ ✚✱ ✎✜ ❤ ✎✔ ✎ ✏✢✢ ✓❤ ✎✛ ✒✓ dishonoured and whilst the ✏✱✱✑✙✑✢✏✒✎✦ ❛✍✎✚ ✏ ✥✏✔✒ ✓✗ ✒✍✎ ✎✜✒✏✒✎ ❤✏✜ ✏✑✱✒✕✓✚✎✛✣ causes continue unsettled, ✒✍✎ ✘✏✙✕✚✛✏✔t✜ ✙✎✚ ✩✓✑✪✍✒ ✒✍✎ ✥✔✓✥✎✔✒✖✣ ✓✑✒✩✕✛✛✕✚✪ they instigate the petty ryots ✓✒✍✎✔ ✥✑✔✱✍✏✜✎✔✜✦ ✮✑✩✜✎✯✑✎✚✒✢✖ ✒✍✎✖ ✔✎✗✑✜✎✛ ✒✓ ✥✏✖ not to pay their revenue ✑✥ ✒✍✎ ✥✑✔✱✍✏✜✎ ✙✓✚✎✖✣ ✜✓ ✒✍✏✒ ✒✍✎ ✎✜✒✏✒✎ ✍✏✛ ✒✓ ✩✎ consequently … ✔✎✜✓✢✛✦ ❖✚✱✎ ✏✪✏✕✚ ✕✒ ❤✏✜ ✩✓✑✪✍✒ ✩✖ ✒✍✎ ✘✏✙✕✚✛✏✔t✜ ✹ ❉✺✻✼✽✾✿✺ ❀❁✺ ❂❃❄✻ ✾❅ ✏✪✎✚✒✜✣ ✓✚✱✎ ✏✪✏✕✚ ✒✍✎ ✥✑✔✱✍✏✜✎ ✙✓✚✎✖ ❤✏✜ ✚✓✒ ✥✏✕✛✣ ❂❁✾✼❁ ❀❁✺ ❥❆❇❈❊❍ ✏✚✛ ✓✚✱✎ ✏✪✏✕✚ ✒✍✎✔✎ ❤✏✜ ✏✚ ✏✑✱✒✕✓✚✦ ❚✍✕✜ ✥✔✓✱✎✜✜ ✽✺✻✾✻❀✺r ❀❁✺ ❃❏❀❁❑✽✾❀❄ ❑▲ ❤✏✜ ✔✎✥✎✏✒✎✛ ✎✚✛✢✎✜✜✢✖✣ ✎★✍✏✑✜✒✕✚✪ ✒✍✎ ✜✒✏✒✎✣ ✏✚✛ ❀❁✺ ▼❃P✾❅r❃✽✻◗ ✒✍✎ ✓✒✍✎✔ ✩✕✛✛✎✔✜ ✏✒ ✒✍✎ ✏✑✱✒✕✓✚✦ ✰✒ ✢✏✜✒ ✒✍✎ ✎✜✒✏✒✎ ❤✏✜ ✜✓✢✛ ✏✒ ✏ ✢✓❤ ✥✔✕✱✎ ✩✏✱♦ ✒✓ ✒✍✎ ✘✏✙✕✚✛✏✔✦ ❚✍✎ COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE 263 ③ ✁✂✄☎ ✆ ✄✝✞✝✆ ✟ ✂☎ ✠✡✝ ☛☞✌✌ ✆✝✞✝✄☞✝ ☎✝✁ ✄☎✍ ✠✡✝ ❈✎✁✟ ✄✏ ✆ ✆✝✌✏ ✆✝✑✎✞✝✆✝☎ ✠✡✝ ☞✄✟ ✂☎ ✒ ✌ ✄✑✝✓ ✠✡ ✠ ✡ ☎ ✟✂✌✝☎ ☞✟❤ ❙☞✑✡ ✠✆ ✄✓ ✑✠✂✎✄✓ ✡ ✟✟✝✄✝☎ ✎✄ ✔✆ ✄☎ ✓✑ ✌✝❤ ❇✝✠✕✝✝✄ ✖✗✘✙ ✄☎ ✖✚✛✖ ☛✎☞✆ ✒ ✂✔ ③ ✁✂✄☎ ✆✂✓ ✎☛ ❇✝✄✔ ✌♦ ✂✄ ✑✌☞☎ ✂✄✔ ❇☞✆☎ ✕ ✄♦ ✁ ☎✝ ❜✜✢✣✤✥ ✟☞✆✑✡ ✓✝✓ ✠✡ ✠ ✑✎✌✌✝✑✠✂✞✝✌✏ ✏✂✝✌☎✝☎ ✓ ✁☞✑✡ ✓ ❘✓ ✙✛ ✌ ✦✡❤ ✧☛ ✠✡✝ ✠✎✠ ✌ ✓ ✌✝✓ ✠ ✠✡✝ ☞✑✠✂✎✄✓♦ ✎✞✝✆ ✖★ ✟✝✆ ✑✝✄✠ ✕✝✆✝ ☛✂✑✠✂✠✂✎☞✓❤ ❚✡✝✆✝ ✕✝✆✝ ✎✠✡✝✆ ✕ ✏✓ ✂✄ ✕✡✂✑✡ ③ ✁✂✄☎ ✆✓ ✑✂✆✑☞✁✞✝✄✠✝☎ ☎✂✓✟✌ ✑✝✁✝✄✠❤ ❝✡✝✄ ✟✝✎✟✌✝ ☛✆✎✁ ✎☞✠✓✂☎✝ ✠✡✝ ③ ✁✂✄☎ ✆✂ ✒✎☞✔✡✠ ✄ ✝✓✠ ✠✝ ✠ ✄ ☞✑✠✂✎✄♦ ✠✡✝✏ ✑✎☞✌☎ ✄✎✠ ✌✕ ✏✓ ✠ ✦✝ ✟✎✓✓✝✓✓✂✎✄❤ ❛✠ ✠✂✁✝✓ ✠✡✝✂✆ ✔✝✄✠✓ ✕✎☞✌☎ ✒✝ ✠✠ ✑✦✝☎ ✒✏ ❧✣✩✪✫✣❧✬ ✎☛ ✠✡✝ ☛✎✆✁✝✆ ③ ✁✂✄☎ ✆❤ ❙✎✁✝✠✂✁✝✓ ✝✞✝✄ ✠✡✝ r✫✭✩✬ ✆✝✓✂✓✠✝☎ ✠✡✝ ✝✄✠✆✏ ✎☛ ✎☞✠✓✂☎✝✆✓❤ ❚✡✝✏ ☛✝✌✠ ✒✎☞✄☎ ✠✎ ✠✡✝✂✆ ✎✕✄ ③ ✁✂✄☎ ✆ ✠✡✆✎☞✔✡ ✓✝✄✓✝ ✎☛ ✌✎✏ ✌✠✏ ✄☎ ⑦⑧⑨⑩ ❶❷⑩❸ ✟✝✆✑✝✂✞✝☎ ✡✂✁ ✓ ☛✂✔☞✆✝ ✎☛ ☞✠✡✎✆✂✠✏ ✄☎ ✠✡✝✁✓✝✌✞✝✓ ❹❺❻❺❼❺❽❺ ❹❾❻❿❺➀ ➁❻❺➂➃ ➄❶➅➆❷➇➈➉➊ ✓ ✡✂✓ ♣r✭✮✣ ✯✓☞✒✰✝✑✠✓✱❤ ❚✡✝ ✓ ✌✝ ✎☛ ✠✡✝ ③ ✁✂✄☎ ✆✂ ➋➌➍➎ ➏➌➍ ➐➍➑➒➓➎➍➎➏ ➔➍➏➏→➍➒➍➎➏ ☎✂✓✠☞✆✒✝☎ ✠✡✝✂✆ ✓✝✄✓✝ ✎☛ ✂☎✝✄✠✂✠✏♦ ✠✡✝✂✆ ✟✆✂☎✝❤ ❚✡✝ ➣➓↔ ↕➒➙➛↔➍➜➝ ➞➍➟➠➌➓➎➜ ➣➓↔ ➏➌➍ ③ ✁✂✄☎ ✆✓ ✠✡✝✆✝☛✎✆✝ ✕✝✆✝ ✄✎✠ ✝ ✓✂✌✏ ☎✂✓✟✌ ✑✝☎❤ ➡➓➟➓ ➛ ➤➥➑➜➣➓➎➦ ➔➥➧↔➍➨➥➍➎➏→➩ ❇✏ ✠✡✝ ✒✝✔✂✄✄✂✄✔ ✎☛ ✠✡✝ ✄✂✄✝✠✝✝✄✠✡ ✑✝✄✠☞✆✏ ✠✡✝ ➥➎➜➍➑ ➫➍➌➏➓➧ ➭➌➓➎➜ ➏➌➍ ➍↔➏➓➏➍ ➙➑➛↔➙➍➑➍➜➦ ➫➍➌➏➓➧ ➭➌➓➎➜ ➌➍→➙➍➜ ☎✝✟✆✝✓✓✂✎✄ ✂✄ ✟✆✂✑✝✓ ✕ ✓ ✎✞✝✆❤ ❚✡☞✓ ✠✡✎✓✝ ✕✡✎ ✡ ☎ ➏➌➍ ➤➑↕➏↕↔➌ ➜➥➑↕➎➯ ➏➌➍ ➔➓➎➏➌➓→ ✓☞✆✞✂✞✝☎ ✠✡✝ ✠✆✎☞✒✌✝✓ ✎☛ ✠✡✝ ✖✗✘✛✓ ✑✎✄✓✎✌✂☎ ✠✝☎ ✠✡✝✂✆ ➑➍➧➍→→↕➛➎ ➓➎➜ ➏➌➍ ➲➳➵➸ ➑➍➺➛→➏➦ ✟✎✕✝✆❤ ❘☞✌✝✓ ✎☛ ✆✝✞✝✄☞✝ ✟ ✏✁✝✄✠ ✕✝✆✝ ✌✓✎ ✁ ☎✝ ✓✎✁✝✕✡ ✠ ☛✌✝s✂✒✌✝❤ ❛✓ ✆✝✓☞✌✠♦ ✠✡✝ ③ ✁✂✄☎ ✆✲✓ ✟✎✕✝✆ ✎✞✝✆ ✠✡✝ ✞✂✌✌ ✔✝✓ ✕ ✓ ✓✠✆✝✄✔✠✡✝✄✝☎❤ ✳✠ ✕ ✓ ✎✄✌✏ ☎☞✆✂✄✔ ✠✡✝ t✆✝ ✠ ✴✝✟✆✝✓✓✂✎✄ ✎☛ ✠✡✝ ✖✘✙✛✓ ✠✡ ✠ ✠✡✝✏ ☛✂✄ ✌✌✏ ✑✎✌✌ ✟✓✝☎ ✄☎ ✠✡✝ ✮✭✩✜❥✣r✬ ✑✎✄✓✎✌✂☎ ✠✝☎ ✠✡✝✂✆ ✟✎✕✝✆ ✂✄ ✠✡✝ ✑✎☞✄✠✆✏✓✂☎✝❤ ✶✵✷ ✸✹✺ ✻✼✽✾✹ ✿✺❀❁❂✾ ▼ ✄✏ ✎☛ ✠✡✝ ✑✡ ✄✔✝✓ ✕✝ ✆✝ ☎✂✓✑☞✓✓✂✄✔ ✕✝✆✝ ☎✎✑☞✁✝✄✠✝☎ ✂✄ ☎✝✠ ✂✌ ✂✄ ✆✝✟✎✆✠ ✠✡ ✠ ✕ ✓ ✓☞✒✁✂✠✠✝☎ q✉✈❋✇❫❞ ◆❖P◗❯❱◆◆❲ ❱❨❳❨❲❦❳❢❪❞ ✠✎ ✠✡✝ ❇✆✂✠✂✓✡ ❃ ✆✌✂ ✁✝✄✠ ✂✄ ✖✚✖✙❤ ✳✠ ✕ ✓ ✠✡✝ ☛✂☛✠✡ ✎☛ ❖❪ ❱ P◗❯❦ ❢❪◗❭ ❖❨ ①❖❨❭❖ ❱❨❭ ✓✝✆✂✝✓ ✎☛ ✆✝✟✎✆✠✓ ✎✄ ✠✡✝ ☎✁✂✄✂✓✠✆ ✠✂✎✄ ✄☎ ✑✠✂✞✂✠✂✝✓ ❪◗②◗❯❱◆ ❳P❬◗❯ ④❨❭❖❱❨ ◆❱❨❣❢❱❣◗❪ ✎☛ ✠✡✝ ❄ ✓✠ ✳✄☎✂ ❈✎✁✟ ✄✏ ✂✄ ✳✄☎✂ ❤ ✧☛✠✝✄ ✆✝☛✝✆✆✝☎ ✠✎ ❡❳❯ P❯❱❨❪❱❴P❖❳❨❪ ❦❱❭◗ ❖❨ P❬◗ ✓ ✠✡✝ ❅✂☛✠✡ ❘✝✟✎✆✠♦ ✂✠ ✆ ✄ ✂✄✠✎ ✖✛✛❆ ✟ ✔✝✓♦ ✎☛ ✕✡✂✑✡ ❨❱❦◗ ❳❡ ❱ ❡❖❴P❖P❖❳❢❪ ❳❯ ❯◗◆❱P❖②◗◆❲ ✎✞✝✆ ✚✛✛ ✟ ✔✝✓ ✕✝✆✝ ✟✟✝✄☎✂✑✝✓ ✠✡ ✠ ✆✝✟✆✎☎☞✑✝☎ ❖❨❪❖❣❨❖❡❖❴❱❨P ⑤◗❯❪❳❨❞ ❩❬◗❯◗❱❪ ✟✝✠✂✠✂✎✄✓ ✎☛ ③ ✁✂✄☎ ✆✓ ✄☎ r✫✭✩✬♦ ✆✝✟✎✆✠✓ ✎☛ ✑✎✌✌✝✑✠✎✆✓ P❬◗ ❯◗❱◆ ⑥◗❨◗❡❖❴❖❱❯❲ ❯◗❦❱❖❨❪ ☛✆✎✁ ☎✂☛☛✝✆✝✄✠ ☎✂✓✠✆✂✑✠✓♦ ✓✠ ✠✂✓✠✂✑ ✌ ✠ ✒✌✝✓ ✎✄ ✆✝✞✝✄☞✝ ❢❨❨❱❦◗❭♥ ✆✝✠☞✆✄✓♦ ✄☎ ✄✎✠✝✓ ✎✄ ✠✡✝ ✆✝✞✝✄☞✝ ✄☎ ✰☞☎✂✑✂ ✌ ☎✁✂✄✂✓✠✆ ✠✂✎✄ ✎☛ ❇✝✄✔ ✌ ✄☎ ▼ ☎✆ ✓ ✯✟✆✝✓✝✄✠❉☎ ✏ ❚ ✁✂✌ ❊ ☎☞✱ ✕✆✂✠✠✝✄ ✒✏ ✎☛☛✂✑✂ ✌✓❤ ▲❋❍❋❏❑ ◆❖P◗❯❱◆◆❲ ❳❨◗ ❩❬❳ ❩❖◗◆❭❪ ❅✆✎✁ ✠✡✝ ✠✂✁✝ ✠✡✝ ❈✎✁✟ ✄✏ ✝✓✠ ✒✌✂✓✡✝☎ ✂✠✓ ✆☞✌✝ P❬◗ ❏❋❍❫ ❳❯ ❪P❖❴❵❞ ❡❢❨❴P❖❳❨◗❭ ❱❪ ✂✄ ❇✝✄✔ ✌ ✂✄ ✠✡✝ ✁✂☎❉✖✗✐✛✓♦ ✂✠✓ ✑✠✂✞✂✠✂✝✓ ✕✝✆✝ ✑✌✎✓✝✌✏ ❱ ❪P❯❳❨❣❦❱❨ ❳❡ P❬◗ ♠❱❦❖❨❭❱❯♥ ✕ ✠✑✡✝☎ ✄☎ ☎✝✒ ✠✝☎ ✂✄ ❄✄✔✌ ✄☎❤ ❚✡✝✆✝ ✕✝✆✝ ✁ ✄✏ 264 THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III ❣ ✁✂✄☎ ✆✝ ✞ ✆✟✠✆✝ ✡☛✁ ✡☞ ☞ ✁✄✄✁☎☞✌ ✟✁ ✟☛☞ ✍✁✝✁✄✁✎✏ ✟☛✠✟ ✟☛☞ t✠☎✟ ✑✝✌✆✠ ✒✁✍✄✠✝✏ ☛✠✌ ✁✓☞ ✟ ✠✌☞ ✡✆✟☛ ✑✝✌✆✠ ✠✝✌ ✒☛✆✝✠ ✔☛☞☎☞ ❣ ✁✂✄☎ ✡✠✝✟☞✌ ✠ ☞✓✁✕✠✟✆✁✝ ✁♦ ✟☛☞ ✖✁✏✠✎ ✒☛✠ ✟☞ ✟☛✠✟ ❣✠✓☞ ✟☛☞ ✒✁✍✄✠✝✏ ✟☛✆☎ ✍✁✝✁✄✁✎✏ ♠✝ ✆✝✕ ☞✠☎✆✝❣ ✝✂✍✗☞ ✁♦ ✄ ✆✓✠✟☞ ✟ ✠✌☞ ☎ ✡✠ ✝✟ ☞✌ ✠ ☎☛✠ ☞ ✆✝ ✟ ☛☞ ✑ ✝✌ ✆✠ ✟ ✠ ✌☞✇ ✠ ✝✌ ✟ ☛☞ ✆✝✌✂☎✟ ✆✠✎✆☎✟☎ ✁♦ ✞ ✆✟✠✆✝ ✡☞ ☞ ✐☞☞✝ ✟✁ ✁✄☞✝ ✂✄ ✟☛☞ ✑✝✌✆✠✝ ✍✠ ✐☞✟ ♦✁ ✞ ✆✟✆☎☛ ✍✠✝✂♦✠✕✟✂ ☞☎ ✘✠✝✏ ✄✁✎✆✟✆✕✠✎ ❣ ✁✂✄☎ ✠ ❣✂☞✌ ✟☛✠✟ ✟☛☞ ✕✁✝♣✂☞☎✟ ✁♦ ✞☞✝❣✠✎ ✡✠☎ ✗☞✝☞♦✆✟✆✝❣ ✁✝✎✏ ✟☛☞ t✠☎✟ ✑✝✌✆✠ ✒✁✍✄✠✝✏ ✗✂✟ ✝✁✟ ✟☛☞ ✞ ✆✟✆☎☛ ✝✠✟✆✁✝ ✠☎ ✠ ✡☛✁✎☞ ✑✝♦✁ ✍✠✟✆✁✝ ✠✗✁✂✟ ✒✁✍✄✠✝✏ ✍✆☎ ✂✎☞ ✠✝✌ ✍✠✎✠✌✍✆✝✆☎✟ ✠✟✆✁✝ ✡✠☎ ☛✁✟✎✏ ✌☞✗✠✟☞✌ ✆✝ ✞ ✆✟✠✆✝ ✠✝✌ ✆✝✕✆✌☞✝✟☎ ✁♦ ✟☛☞ ❣ ☞☞✌ ✠✝✌ ✕✁ ✂ ✄✟ ✆✁ ✝ ✁ ♦ ✒ ✁ ✍✄ ✠✝✏ ✁ ♦♦✆✕ ✆✠ ✎☎ ✡☞ ☞ ✡✆ ✌☞✎✏ ✄✂✗✎✆✕✆☎☞✌ ✆✝ ✟☛☞ ✄ ☞☎☎ ✔☛☞ ✞ ✆✟✆☎☛ ✙✠ ✎✆✠✍☞✝✟ ✄✠☎☎☞✌ ✠ ☎☞ ✆☞☎ ✁♦ ♠✕✟☎ ✆✝ ✟☛☞ ✎✠✟☞ ☞✆❣☛✟☞☞✝✟☛ ✕☞✝✟✂ ✏ ✟✁ ☞❣✂✎✠✟☞ ✠✝✌ ✕✁✝✟ ✁✎ ✒✁✍✄✠✝✏ ✂✎☞ ✆✝ ✑✝✌✆✠ ✑✟ ❋✜✢✣ ✤✥✣✦ ♦✁ ✕☞✌ ✟☛☞ ✒✁✍✄✠✝✏ ✟✁ ✄ ✁✌✂✕☞ ☞❣✂✎✠ ☞✄✁ ✟☎ ✁✝ ❆✧★✩✪ ✫✬✭ ✮✬✪✬✯✰ ✟ ☛☞ ✠✌✍ ✆✝✆☎✟ ✠✟ ✆✁ ✝ ✁ ♦ ✑ ✝✌✆ ✠ ✠ ✝✌ ✠✄✄✁ ✆ ✝✟ ☞✌ ❚✱✲ ✳✴✵✶✷ ✸✹ ✺✻✼✻✽✲✷ ✻✳✲ ✻ ✾✵✷✵✿✼✲ ✕✁ ✍✍✆✟✟ ☞☞☎ ✟✁ ☞✝♣ ✂ ✆ ☞ ✆ ✝✟✁ ✟ ☛☞ ✠♦ ♦✠ ✆ ☎ ✁ ♦ ✟ ☛☞ ✷✵s✶ ✸✹ ❀✱✲ ✲✶❁ ✸✹ ✻✶ ✲✳✻❂ ❃✻❀❄✻❅✵❀ ✒✁✍✄✠✝✏ ✔☛☞ ❈✆♦✟☛ ✖☞✄✁ ✟ ✡✠☎ ✁✝☞ ☎✂✕☛ ☞✄✁ ✟ ❘✻❄❇✷ ✹✻❉✸✴✷ ✹✵✼❉ ❏✬✪❊✬✢✬❍❑ ✸✶ ✄ ✁✌✂✕☞✌ ✗✏ ✠ ✚☞✎☞✕✟ ✒✁✍✍✆✟✟☞☞ ✑✟ ✗☞✕✠✍☞ ✟☛☞ ✗✠☎✆☎ ❀✱✲ ❁✲✽✼✵✶✲ ✸✹ ❀✱✲ ✻✳✵✷❀✸✽✳✻❀✵✽ ③✻❉✵✶❁✻✳✵ ✷❀❄✼✲ ✸✹ ✼✵✾✵✶s❑ ✁♦ ✆✝✟☞✝☎☞ ✄✠ ✎✆✠✍☞✝✟✠ ✏ ✌☞✗✠✟☞☎ ✁✝ ✟☛☞ ✝✠✟✂ ☞ ✁♦ ▲✻✷ ✷✱✸❀ ✵✶ ▼✶❁✴✼ ❘✻❅ ◆✻✼✻✽✲❂ ✟☛☞ t✠☎✟ ✑✝✌✆✠ ✒✁✍✄✠✝✏✛☎ ✂✎☞ ✆✝ ✑✝✌✆✠ COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE 265 ✽☞✏ ☞✜✑✏ ✎ ✔✑✖✒✕✏✛ ✎✖✙ ✎ ✓✎✾✗✿ ✒✓✑ ✽✘✗✒✓ ❀✑✍☞✏✒ ✓✎✚ ✚✓✎✍✑✙ ☞✕✏ ✔☞✖✔✑✍✒✘☞✖ ☞✗ ✇✓✎✒ ✓✎✍✍✑✖✑✙ ✘✖ ✏✕✏✎✾ ❇✑✖❁✎✾ ✘✖ ✒✓✑ ✾✎✒✑ ✑✘❁✓✒✑✑✖✒✓ ✔✑✖✒✕✏✛✤ ❂✓✑ ✑✜✘✙✑✖✔✑ ✔☞✖✒✎✘✖✑✙ ✘✖ ✒✓✑ ✽✘✗✒✓ ❀✑✍☞✏✒ ✘✚ ✘✖✜✎✾✕✎❝✾✑✤ ❇✕✒ ☞✗✗✘✔✘✎✾ ✏✑✍☞✏✒✚ ✾✘♦✑ ✒✓✘✚ ✓✎✜✑ ✒☞ ❝✑ ✏✑✎✙ ✔✎✏✑✗✕✾✾✛✤ ❃✑ ✖✑✑✙ ✒☞ ♦✖☞✇ ✇✓☞ ✇✏☞✒✑ ✒✓✑ ✏✑✍☞✏✒✚ ✎✖✙ ✇✓✛ ✒✓✑✛ ✇✑✏✑ ✇✏✘✒✒✑✖✤ ❄✖ ✗✎✔✒✿ ✏✑✔✑✖✒ ✏✑✚✑✎✏✔✓✑✚ ✚✓☞✇ ✒✓✎✒ ✒✓✑ ✎✏❁✕✌✑✖✒✚ ✎✖✙ ✑✜✘✙✑✖✔✑ ☞✗✗✑✏✑✙ ❝✛ ✒✓✑ ✽✘✗✒✓ ❀✑✍☞✏✒ ✔✎✖✖☞✒ ❝✑ ✎✔✔✑✍✒✑✙ ✕✖✔✏✘✒✘✔✎✾✾✛✤ ❀ ✑✚ ✑ ✎✏✔ ✓ ✑ ✏✚ ✓ ✎✜ ✑ ✔ ✎✏ ✑ ✗✕✾ ✾ ✛ ✑❘ ✎✌ ✘ ✖ ✑✙ ✒ ✓✑ ✎✏✔✓✘✜✑✚ ☞✗ ✜✎✏✘☞✕✚ ❇✑✖❁✎✾ ③✎✌✘✖✙✎✏✚ ✎✖✙ ✒✓✑ ✾☞✔✎✾ ✏✑✔☞✏✙✚ ☞✗ ✒✓✑ ✙✘✚✒✏✘✔✒✚ ✒☞ ✇✏✘✒✑ ✎❝☞✕✒ ✒✓✑ ✓✘✚✒☞✏✛ ☞✗ ✔☞✾☞✖✘✎✾ ✏✕✾✑ ✘✖ ✏✕✏✎✾ ❇✑✖❁✎✾✤ ❂✓✑✛ ✘✖✙✘✔✎✒✑ ✒✓✎✒✿ ✘ ✖✒ ✑✖✒ ☞✖ ✔✏✘✒✘ ✔✘ ✚✘ ✖❁ ✒ ✓✑ ✌ ✎✾ ✎✙✌✘✖✘✚✒ ✏✎✒✘ ☞✖ ☞✗ ✒✓✑ ✔☞✌✍✎✖✛✿ ✒✓✑ ✽✘✗✒✓ ❀✑✍☞✏✒ ✑❘✎❁❁✑✏✎✒✑✙ ✒✓✑ ✔☞✾✾✎✍✚✑ ☞✗ ✒✏✎✙✘✒✘☞✖✎✾ ③✎✌✘✖✙✎✏✘ ✍☞✇✑✏✿ ✎✚ ✎✾✚☞ ☞✜✑✏✑✚✒✘✌✎✒✑✙ ✒✓✑ ✚✔✎✾✑ ☞✖ ✇✓✘✔✓ ③✎✌✘✖✙✎✏✚ ✇✑✏✑ ✾ ☞✚✘✖❁ ✒✓✑✘✏ ✾✎✖✙✤ ❅✚ ✇✑ ✓✎✜✑ ✚✑✑✖✿ ✑✜✑✖ ✇✓✑✖ ③✎✌✘✖✙✎✏✘✚ ✇✑✏✑ ✎✕✔✒✘☞✖✑✙✿ ③✎✌✘✖✙✎✏✚ ✇✑✏✑ ✖☞✒ ✎✾✇✎✛✚ ✙✘✚✍✾✎✔✑✙✿ ❁✘✜✑✖ ✒✓✑ ✘✖❁✑✖✘ ☞✕✚ ✌ ✑✒✓☞✙✚ ✒✓✑✛ ✕✚✑✙ ✒☞ ✏✑✒✎✘✖ ✒✓✑✘✏ ③✎✌✘✖✙✎✏✘✚✤ ❙ ✁✂✄☎ ✆ From the Fifth Report Referring to the condition of zamindars and the auction of lands, the Fifth Report stated: The revenue was not realised with punctuality, and lands to a considerable extent were periodically exposed to sale by auction. In the native year 1203, corresponding with 1796-97, the land advertised for ✦ ❋✧★✩ ✪✫✬ ✪★✭✬ ✮✭ ✯✫✮✰✫ sale comprehended a jumma or assessment of sicca ✬❡✮✱✬✭✰✬ ✮✲ ✧✬✰★✧✱✬✱✳ ✯✫✴✪ ✱★ rupees 28,70,061, the extent of land actually sold bore ②★✵ ✪✫✮✭✶ ✮✲ ✪✫✬ ✴✪✪✮✪✵✱✬ ★✷ ✪✫✬ a jumma or assessment of 14,18,756, and the amount ✧✬r★✧✪ ✪★ ✪✫✬ ✷✴✰✪✲ ✭✴✧✧✴✪✬✱✸ of purchase money sicca rupees 17,90,416. In 1204, ❲✫✴✪ ✮✲ ✪✫✬ ✹✬r★✧✪ ✪✧②✮✭✺ ✪★ ✲✴② corresponding with 1797-98, the land advertised was ✪✫✧★✵✺✫ ✪✫✬ ✷✮✺✵✧✬✲✸ t✴✭ ②★✵ for sicca rupees 26,66,191, the quantity sold was for ✪✫✮✭✶ ★✷ ✴✭② r✧★✻✼✬✩ ✮✭ ✩✴✶✮✭✺ sicca rupees 22,74,076, and the purchase money ✼★✭✺❧✪✬✧✩ ✺✬✭✬✧✴✼✮✲✴✪✮★✭✲ ✷✧★✩ sicca rupees 21,47,580. Among the defaulters were ✪✫✬✲✬ ✷✮✺✵✧✬✲ ★✷ ✪✯★ ②✬✴✧✲✸ some of the oldest families of the country. Such were the rajahs of Nuddea, Rajeshaye, Bishenpore (all districts of Bengal), … and others, the dismemberment of whose estates at the end of each succeeding year, threatened them with poverty and ✝ ✥✞✟✠✡✟✟☛☛☛ ruin, and in some instances presented difficulties to the revenue officers, in their efforts to preserve ❈☞✌✍✎✏✑ ✒✓✑ ✎✔✔☞✕✖✒ ☞✗ ✒✓✑ undiminished the amount of public assessment. ③✎✌✘✖✙✎✏✚ ✛☞✕ ✓✎✜✑ ✢✕✚✒ ✏✑✎✙ ✇✘✒✓ ✒✓✎✒ ✘✖ ❈✓✎✍✒✑✏ ✣✤ 266 THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III 2. The Hoe and the Plough ▲ ✁ ✂✄ ☎✆✝ ✄✞✟✠✁ ✆✂✡ ✠✆☛✂✄ ✠✡✆☞ ✁✞ ✝ ✁✌✍☎✎✄ ✆✠ ✏ ☎✑✍✌ ✁✆ ✎✡✟ ✡ t✆☎ ✄✒ ✠✡✆☞ ✍ ✡ ✑✟✆☎ ✆✠ ✄ ✁✁✌ ✎ ☛✂✌✁✟✓✍✁✟✆☎ ✁✆ ✆☎ ✝✞ ✡ ✄✞✟✠✁✟☎✑ ✍✑✡✟☛✂✌✁✂✡ ✝✍✄ ❡✡✍☛✁✟✄ ✎✔ ✕✆✂ ✝✟✌✌ ✄ ✁✞ ☛✞✍☎✑ ✄ ✁✞✍✁ ☛✍☞ ✍✇✆✂✁ ✝✞ ☎ ✁✞ ✠✡✆☎✁✟ ✡✄ ✆✠ ✁✞ ❡ ✍✄✍☎✁ ☛✆☎✆☞❢ ✖❡✍☎✎ ✎ ✆✂✁✝✍✡✎✄✒ ✄✝✍✌✌✆✝✟☎✑ ✂❡ ❡✍✄✁✂✡ ✄ ✍☎✎ ✠✆✡ ✄✁✄ ✟☎ ✁✞ s✍✗☞✍✞✍✌ ✞✟✌✌✄✔ ✕✆✂ ✝✟✌✌ ✍✌✄✆ ✄ ✞✆✝ ✁✞ ✄ ☛✞✍☎✑ ✄ ☛✡ ✍✁ ✎ ✍ ✓✍✡✟ ✁❢ ✆✠ ☛✆☎✠✌✟☛✁✄ ✝✟✁✞✟☎ ✁✞ ✡ ✑✟✆☎✔ ✷✘✙ ✚✛ ✜✢✣ ✢✤✥✥✦ ✧★ ✩✪✫✬✪✢✪✥ ☎ ✁✞ ✍✡✌❢ ☎✟☎ ✁ ☎✁✞ ☛ ☎✁✂✡❢✒ ✏✂☛✞✍☎✍☎ ✁✡✍✓ ✌✌ ✎ ✁✞✡✆✂✑✞ ✁✞ s✍✗☞✍✞✍✌ ✞✟✌✌✄✔ ✭✡✆☞ ✞✟✄ ✎ ✄☛✡✟❡✁✟✆☎✒ ✁✞ ✞✟✌✌✄ ✍❡❡ ✍✡ ✎ ✟☞❡ ☎ ✁✡✍✇✌ ✒ ✍ t✆☎ ✝✞ ✡ ✠ ✝ ✁✡✍✓ ✌✌ ✡✄ ✓ ☎✁✂✡ ✎✒ ✍☎ ✍✡ ✍ ✁✞✍✁ ✄✟✑☎✟✠✟ ✎ ✎✍☎✑ ✡✔ ❲✞ ✡ ✓ ✡ ✞ ✝ ☎✁✒ ❡ ✆❡✌ ✝ ✡ ✞✆✄✁✟✌ ✒ ✍❡❡✡ ✞ ☎✄✟✓ ✆✠ ✆✠✠✟☛✟✍✌✄ ✍☎✎ ✂☎✝✟✌✌✟☎✑ ✁✆ ✁✍✌♦ ✁✆ ✁✞ ☞✔ ☎ ☞✍☎❢ ✟☎✄✁✍☎☛ ✄ ✁✞ ❢ ✎ ✄ ✡✁ ✎ ✁✞ ✟✡ ✓✟✌✌✍✑ ✄ ✍☎✎ ✍✇✄☛✆☎✎ ✎✔ ❲✞✆ ✝ ✡ ✁✞ ✄ ✞✟✌✌ ✠✆✌♦✮ ❲✞❢ ✝ ✡ ✁ ✞ ❢ ✄✆ ✍❡❡✡ ✞ ☎✄✟✓ ✆✠ ✏✂☛✞✍☎✍☎❛✄ ✓✟✄✟✁✮ ✏✂☛✞✍☎✍☎❛✄ ✗✆✂✡☎✍✌ ✑✟✓ ✄ ✂✄ ✁✍☎✁✍✌✟✄✟☎✑ ✑✌✟☞❡✄ ✄ ✆✠ ✁✞ ✄ ✞✟✌✌ ✠✆✌♦ ✟☎ ✁✞ ✍✡✌❢ ☎✟☎ ✁ ☎✁✞ ☛ ☎✁✂✡❢✔ ✯✟✄ ✗✆✂✡☎✍✌ ✝✍✄ Who was Buchanan? ✝✡✟✁✁ ☎ ✍✄ ✍ ✎✟✍✡❢ ✆✠ ❡✌✍☛ ✄ ✞ ✓✟✄✟✁ ✎✒ ❡ ✆❡✌ ✞ ☎☛✆ ✂☎✁ ✡ ✎✒ ✍ ☎✎ ❡ ✡✍☛✁✟☛ ✄ ✞ ✄✍ ✝✔ ✁ ✡✍✟✄ ✄ Francis Buchanan was a q✂ ✄✁✟✆☎✄ ✟☎ ✆✂✡ ☞✟☎✎✒ ✇✂✁ ✎✆ ✄ ☎✆✁ ✍✌✝✍❢✄ ✞ ✌❡ ✂✄ physician who came to India and ✍☎✄✝ ✡ ✁✞ ☞✔ ✁ ✁ ✌✌✄ ✂✄ ✍✇✆✂✁ ✍ ☞✆☞ ☎✁ ✟☎ ✁✟☞ ✒ served in the Bengal Medical ✇✂✁ ☎✆✁ ✍✇✆✂✁ ✁✞ ✌✆☎✑ ✡ ✞✟✄✁✆✡❢ ✆✠ ❡ ✆❡✌ ✍☎✎ ❡✌✍☛ ✄✔ Service (from 1794 to 1815). For a few years he was surgeon ✭✆✡ ✁✞✍✁ ✞✟✄✁✆✡✟✍☎✄ ✞✍✓ ✁✆ ✁✂✡☎ ✁✆ ✆✁✞ ✡ ✡ ☛✆✡✎✄✔ to the Governor-General of ✠ ✝ ✌✆✆♦ ✍✁ ✌✍✁ ✰ ✟✑✞✁ ☎✁✞✰☛ ☎✁✂✡❢ ✡ ✓ ☎✂ India, Lord Wellesley. During his ✡ ☛✆✡✎✄✒ ✝ ✌ ✍✡☎ ✁✞✍✁ ✁✞ ✄ ✞✟✌✌ ✠✆✌♦ ✝ ✡ ♦☎✆✝☎ ✍✄ stay in Calcutta (present-day P✍✞✍✡✟✍✄✔ ✱✞ ❢ ✌✟✓ ✎ ✍✡✆✂☎✎ ✁✞ s✍✗☞✍✞✍✌ ✞✟✌✌✄✒ Kolkata), he organised a zoo that ✄✂✇✄✟✄✁✟☎✑ ✆☎ ✠✆✡ ✄✁ ❡✡✆✎✂☛ ✍☎✎ ❡✡✍☛✁✟✄✟☎✑ ✄✞✟✠✁✟☎✑ became the Calcutta Alipore ☛✂✌✁✟✓✍✁✟✆☎✔ ✱✞ ❢ ☛✌ ✍✡ ✎ ❡✍✁☛✞ ✄ ✆✠ ✠✆✡ ✄✁ ✇❢ ☛✂✁✁✟☎✑ Zoo; he was also in charge of the ✇✂✄✞ ✄ ✍☎✎ ✇✂✡☎✟☎✑ ✁✞ ✂☎✎ ✡✑✡✆✝✁✞✔ ❜☎ ✁✞ ✄ Botanical Gardens for a short ❡✍✁☛✞ ✄✒ ☎✡✟☛✞ ✎ ✇❢ ✁✞ ❡✆✁✍✄✞ ✠✡✆☞ ✁✞ ✍✄✞✒ ✁✞ period. On the request of the P✍✞✍✡✟✍✄ ✑✡ ✝ ✍ ✓✍✡✟ ✁❢ ✆✠ ❡✂✌✄ ✄ ✍☎✎ ☞✟✌✌ ✁✄ ✠✆✡ Government of Bengal, he ☛✆☎✄✂☞❡✁✟✆☎✔ ✱✞ ❢ ✄☛✡✍✁☛✞ ✎ ✁✞ ✑✡✆✂☎✎ ✌✟✑✞✁✌❢ undertook detailed surveys of ✝✟✁✞ ✞✆ ✄✒ ☛✂✌✁✟✓✍✁ ✎ ✁✞ ☛✌ ✍✡ ✎ ✌✍☎✎ ✠✆✡ ✍ ✠ ✝ ❢ ✍✡✄✒ the areas under the jurisdiction ✁✞ ☎ ✌ ✠✁ ✟✁ ✠✍✌✌✆✝ ✄✆ ✁✞✍✁ ✟✁ ☛✆✂✌✎ ✡ ☛✆✓ ✡ ✟✁✄ ✠ ✡✁✟✌✟✁❢✒ of the British East India ✍☎✎ ☞✆✓ ✎ ✁✆ ✍ ☎ ✝ ✍✡ ✍✔ Company. In 1815 he fell ill and ✭✡✆☞ ✁✞ ✠✆✡ ✄✁✄ ✁✞ ❢ ☛✆✌✌ ☛✁ ✎ ♠✲✳✴✲ ✵✍ ✠✌✆✝ ✡✶ returned to England. Upon his ✠✆✡ ✠✆✆✎✒ ✄✟✌♦ ☛✆☛✆✆☎✄ ✍☎✎ ✡ ✄✟☎ ✠✆✡ ✄✍✌ ✒ ✍☎✎ ✝✆✆✎ mother’s death, he inherited her property and assumed her family ✠✆✡ ☛✞✍✡☛✆✍✌ ❡✡✆✎✂☛✁✟✆☎✔ ✱✞ ✂☎✎ ✡✑✡✆✝✁✞ ✁✞✍✁ name Hamilton. So he is often ✄❡✡ ✍✎ ✌✟♦ ✍ ☞✍✁ ✇ ✌✆✝ ✁✞ ✁✡ ✄ ✍☎✎ ✁✞ ❡✍✁☛✞ ✄ ✆✠ called Buchanan-Hamilton. ✑✡✍✄✄ ✁✞✍✁ ☛✆✓ ✡ ✎ ✁✞ ✌✍☎✎✄ ✌ ✠✁ ✠✍✌✌✆✝ ❡✡✆✓✟✎ ✎ ❡✍✄✁✂✡ ✠✆✡ ☛✍✁✁✌ ✔ COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE 267 ❋✗✘✙ ✚✛✙✜ ❆ ✢✗✣✤ ✥✦ ✧ ★✗✩✩ ✢✗✩✩✧✘✣ ✗✪ ✫✧✬✭✧★✧✩✮ ✯✧✗✪✰✣✱ ✲✳ ✴✗✩✩✗✧✭ ✵✥✱✘✣✶✮ ✚✷✜✸ ❲✹✺✺✹✻✼ ✽✾✿❀❁❂ ❃✻❂ ✻ ❄❅✹❇✹❂❈ ✻❅❇✹❂❇ ❃❈✾ ✻❉❉✾✼❊✻✹❁✿ ❍✻❊❇✻✹ ❍✾✾ ✾ ❈✹❂ ❂❁❉✾✿ ❏✾❑✻❀❁ ❇✾ ❇❈❁ ▲✻❉✹▼✹❉ ◆❖PP◗❘P❙❯❱ ✻✿ ❇❈❁ ❉✻✼❁ ❇✾ ❳✿✹✻❨ ❳ ❖P❩❖ ❈❁ ❬❁❉✻✼❁ ✻ ▼❅✹❁✿ ✾▼ ❭❪❀❪❂❇❪❂ ❍✺❁❏❁✺✻✿❱ ❇❈❁ ❍✾✺✺❁❉❇✾❅ ✾▼ ❄❈✻❀✻✺❊❪❅❨ ❫ ❇❈❁ ✹❏✹❇✻❇✹✾ ✾▼ ❍✺❁❏❁✺✻✿❱ ✽✾✿❀❁❂ ✻❉❉✾✼❊✻✹❁✿ ❈✹✼ ❇✾ ❇❈❁ ❤✻❀✻✺ ❴✻❈✻✺❂ ✹ ❖P❩◗❱ ✻✿ ❊✻✹❇❁✿ ✻ ❂❁❇ ✾▼ ✻❵❪✻❇✹❇❂❨ ❛✹❁ ✼✻❑ ✾❇❈❁❅ ❄❅✹❇✹❂❈ ❊✻✹❇❁❅❂ ✾▼ ❇❈❁ ❇✹✼❁❱ ✽✾✿❀❁❂ ❂❁✻❅❉❈❁✿ ▼✾❅ ❇❈❁ ❊✹❉❇❪❅❁❂❵❪❁❨ ❭❅❇✹❂❇❂ ✹ ❂❁✻❅❉❈ ✾▼ ❇❈❁ ❊✹❉❇❪❅❁❂❵❪❁ ❃❁❅❁ ✹❂❊✹❅❁✿ ❬❑ ❇❈❁ ✹✿❁✻✺❂ ✾▼ ♣✾✼✻❇✹❉✹❂✼❱ ✻ ❇❅✻✿✹❇✹✾ ✾▼ ❇❈✾❪❀❈❇ ❇❈✻❇ ❉❁✺❁❬❅✻❇❁✿ ✻❇❪❅❁ ✻✿ ✻✿✼✹❅❁✿ ✹❇❂ ✼✻❀✹▼✹❉❁❉❁ ✻✿ ❊✾❃❁❅❨ ♣✾✼✻❇✹❉❂ ▼❁✺❇ ❇❈✻❇ ❇✾ ❉✾✼✼❪❁ ❃✹❇❈ ✻❇❪❅❁ ❇❈❁ ✻❅❇✹❂❇ ❈✻✿ ❇✾ ❅❁❊❅❁❂❁❇ ✻❇❪❅❁ ✻❂ ✻ ✹✿❑✺✺❱ ❪❉✾❅❅❪❊❇❁✿ ❬❑ ✼✾✿❁❅ ❉✹❏✹✺✹❂✻❇✹✾❱ ✿✹❂❉✾❏❁❅ ❪✾❃ ✺✻✿❂❉✻❊❁❂❱ ✻✿ ✻❊❊❅❁❉✹✻❇❁ ❇❈❁ ❂❪❬✺✹✼❁ ❊✺✻❑ ✾▼ ✺✹❀❈❇ ✻✿ ❂❈✻✿❁❨ ❳❇ ✹❂ ✹ ❂❁✻❅❉❈ ✾▼ ❇❈✹❂ ❪✾❃ ❇❈✻❇ ✽✾✿❀❁❂ ❃❁❇ ❇✾ ❇❈❁ ♣✻❜✼✻❈✻✺ ❈✹✺✺❂❨ ✽❁ ▼✾❪✿ ▼✺✻❇ ✺✻✿❂❉✻❊❁❂ ✼✾✾❇✾✾❪❂❱ ✻✿ ✿✹❂❉✾❏❁❅❁✿ ❬❁✻❪❇❑ ✹ ❅✾❪❀❈❁❂❂❱ ✹❅❅❁❀❪✺✻❅✹❇❑ ✻✿ ❏✻❅✹❁❇❑❨ ❭ ✺✻✿❂❉✻❊❁ ❇❈✻❇ ❉✾✺✾✹✻✺ ✾▼▼✹❉✹✻✺❂ ▼✾❪✿ ✿✻❀❁❅✾❪❂ ✻✿ ❃✹✺✿❱ ❊❁✾❊✺❁✿ ❬❑ ❇❪❅❬❪✺❁❇ ❇❅✹❬❁❂❱ ✻❊❊❁✻❅❂ ✹ ❇❈❁ ❊✻✹❇✹❀❂ ✾▼ ✽✾✿❀❁❂ ✻❂ ❁❞✾❇✹❉ ✻✿ ✹✿❑✺✺✹❉❨ ❡ ❢❣❣✐ ❥❦ ❦❧♠ ♥❥♦q❦♦qr ❥q✉ ♦✉♠q❦♦✈✇ ❦❧♠ ①❥✇② ♦q ①❧♦③❧ ♦❦ ④♠♥④♠②♠q❦② ❦❧♠ ❦④❥✉♦❦♦❣q② ❣✈ ❦❧♠ ♥♦③❦⑤④♠②⑥⑤♠⑦ ⑧⑥⑤❥❦♦q❦ ♦② ❥ ♥♦③❦⑤④♠ ♥④❣✉⑤③♠✉ ❚ ✁ ✂✄☎✁ ✆☎ ✝ ✁ ✞✟ ✟✠✄✟✡ ☛ ✟✡ ☞✌✝✁✠✡✍ ✡ ✄☎✝✄✌✎ ⑨✇ ③⑤❦❦♦qr ♦q❦❣ ❥ ③❣♥♥♠④ ②❧♠♠❦ ❝☞✂✝✄✏✟✝✆✠✡✍ ☎✆✆✑ ✎✟✝ ✁✠✁✠✡✍ ❝ ✟✠❝✆✟✂ ✒✠✆✑☞❝✁✠✡✍ ①♦❦❧ ❥③♦✉ ❥q✉ ❦❧♠q ♥④♦q❦♦qr ♦❦⑦ ✡✄✂s✓✆✠✔ ✠✁✟✠✁✠✡ ☛ ✓✟✡ ✝ ☞✡ ✄✌✝✄✔✟✝✁✂✕ ❝✆✌✌✁❝✝✁✑ ✝✆ ✝ ✁ ☎✆✠✁✡✝t ❚ ✁✕ ✂✄✏✁✑ ✄✌ ☞✝✔✁✌✝✡ ✓✄✝ ✄✌ ✝✟✔✟✠✄✌✑ ✎✠✆✏✁✡✍ ✟✌✑ ✠✁✡✝✁✑ ✄✌ ✝ ✁ ✡ ✟✑✁ ✆☎ ✔✟✌✎✆ ✝✠✁✁✡t ❚ ✁✕ ❝✆✌✡✄✑✁✠✁✑ ✝ ✁ ✁✌✝✄✠✁ ✠✁✎✄✆✌ ✟✡ ✝ ✁✄✠ ✂✟✌✑✍ ✝ ✁ ✖✟✡✄✡ 268 THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III ❋✦✧★ ✩✪★✫ ❆ ✬✦✭✮ ✯✰ ✱✲✳✧✲✴ ✵✭✶✶✦✵✯✶✷✸ ♣✲✦✳✵✭✹ ✺✷ ✻✦✴✴✦✲✼ ✽✯✹✧✭✾ ❍✿❀✿ ❁❂❃ ❄❅❈ ❉✿✿ ❊✿ ❂❀✿❉❊✿❏ ❧❂❑ ▲❧❧❉ ❅❈❏ ❊✿ ❀❂❄▼❁ ❃◆◆✿❀ ❀❅❈r✿❉❖ ❈❂❑✿❀✿ ❅❄❊❃❅❧❧❁ ❅P❂◗✿ ❘❖❙❙❙ ✿✿❊❯ ❱❁ ❄✿❈❊❀▲❈r ❊✿ ▲❧❧❉ ❅❈❏ ◗▲✿❑▲❈r ❊✿❛ ❀❂❛ P✿❧❂❑❖ ❍❂❏r✿❉ ✿❛◆❅❉▲❉✿❉ ❊✿▲❀ ▲❈❅❄❄✿❉❉▲P▲❧▲❊❁❯ ❳ ❨❩❩❬ ❭❪ ❫❴❵❞❡ ❢❤❡✐ ❭❦♠ ❢❤❡♥❡ qs❞✉✈❴✇s ①❩② ❪①s ③❴✉❪④✈s❞ ✈s③✈s❞s❦❪ ❪①s ✈s⑤❭❪❴❩❦❞①❴③ ✇s❪②ss❦ ❪✈❴✇❭⑤ ③s❩③⑤s ❭❦♠ ❦❭❪④✈s❡ ♦ ✁✂✄☎✆ ☎✝✄✞✁☎✁✟ ✠✡ ☛✄☞☞ ✠✡ ✡✌✆✍☎✍✠☞✎ ✠✞✝ ✁✂✄✟ ✆✄✡☎✡✁✄✝ ✁✂✄ ☎✞✁✆✌✡☎♦✞ ♦ ♦✌✁✡☎✝✄✆✡t ✏✂✄☎✆ ✑✂☎✄ ✡ ✒✠☎✞✁✠☎✞✄✝ ✁✂✄ ✌✞☎✁✟ ♦ ✁✂✄ ✓✆♦✌✔✕ ✡✄✁✁☞✄✝ ✝☎✡✔✌✁✄✡✕ ✠✞✝ ☞✄✝ ✁✂✄ ✁✆☎✖✄ ☎✞ ✖✠✁✁☞✄✡ ☛☎✁✂ ♦✁✂✄✆ ✁✆☎✖✄✡ ✠✞✝ ✔☞✠☎✞✡✔✄♦✔☞✄t ❲☎✁✂ ✁✂✄☎✆ ✖✠✡✄ ☎✞ ✁✂✄ ✂☎☞☞✡✕ ✁✂✄ ✗✠✂✠✆☎✠✡ ✆✄✓✌☞✠✆☞✟ ✆✠☎✝✄✝ ✁✂✄ ✔☞✠☎✞✡ ☛✂✄✆✄ ✡✄✁✁☞✄✝ ✠✓✆☎✑✌☞✁✌✆☎✡✁✡ ☞☎✍✄✝t ✏✂✄✡✄ ✆✠☎✝✡ ☛✄✆✄ ✞✄✑✄✡✡✠✆✟ ♦✆ ✡✌✆✍☎✍✠☞✕ ✔✠✆✁☎✑✌☞✠✆☞✟ ☎✞ ✟✄✠✆✡ ♦ ✡✑✠✆✑☎✁✟✎ ✁✂✄✟ ☛✄✆✄ ✠ ☛✠✟ ♦ ✠✡✡✄✆✁☎✞✓ ✔♦☛✄✆ ♦✍✄✆ ✡✄✁✁☞✄✝ ✑♦✒✒✌✞☎✁☎✄✡✎ ✠✞✝ ✁✂✄✟ ☛✄✆✄ ✠ ✒✄✠✞✡ ♦ ✞✄✓♦✁ ☎✠✁ ☎✞✓ ✔ ♦ ☞ ☎✁ ☎✑ ✠ ☞ ✆ ✄ ☞ ✠✁ ☎ ♦ ✞ ✡ ☛ ☎✁ ✂ ♦✌✁✡☎✝✄✆✡t ✏✂✄ ✘✠✒☎✞✝✠✆✡ ♦✞ ✁✂✄ ✔☞✠☎✞✡ ✂✠✝ ✁♦ ♦ ✁✄✞ ✔✌✆✑✂✠✡✄ ✔✄✠✑✄ ✖✟ ✔✠✟☎✞✓ ✠ ✆✄✓✌☞✠✆ ✁✆☎✖✌✁✄ ✁♦ ✁✂✄ ✂☎☞☞ ✑✂☎✄ ✡t ✏✆✠✝✄✆✡ ✡☎✒☎☞✠✆☞✟ ✓✠✍✄ ✠ ✡✒✠☞☞ ✠✒♦✌✞✁ ✁♦ ✁✂ ✄ ✂☎☞☞ ♦☞✙ ♦✆ ✔ ✄✆✒ ☎✡✡☎♦✞ ✁♦ ✌✡✄ ✁✂✄ ✔✠✡✡✄✡ ✑♦ ✞✁✆ ♦☞☞✄✝ ✖✟ ✁✂✄✒t ❝✞✑ ✄ ✁✂✄ ✁ ♦☞☞ ☛ ✠✡ ✔✠☎✝ ✕ ✁✂✄ ✗✠✂✠✆☎✠ ✑✂☎✄ ✡ ✔✆♦✁✄✑✁✄✝ ✁✂✄ ✁✆✠✝✄✆✡✕ ✄✞✡✌✆☎✞✓ ✁✂✠✁ ✁✂✄☎✆ ✓♦♦✝✡ ☛✄✆✄ ✞♦✁ ✔☞✌✞✝✄✆✄✝ ✖✟ ✠✞✟♦✞✄t ✏✂☎✡ ✞✄✓♦✁☎✠✁✄✝ ✔✄✠✑✄ ☛✠✡ ✡♦✒✄☛✂✠✁ ✆✠✓☎☞✄t ❚✁ ✖✆♦✙✄ ✝♦☛✞ ☎✞ ✁✂✄ ☞✠✡✁ ✝✄✑✠✝✄✡ ♦ ✁✂✄ ✄☎✓✂✁✄✄✞✁✂ ✑✄✞✁✌✆✟ ☛✂✄✞ ✁✂✄ ✆♦✞✁☎✄✆✡ ♦ ✡✄✁✁☞✄✝ ✠✓✆☎✑✌☞✁✌✆✄ ☛✄✆✄ ✖✄☎✞✓ ✠✓✓✆✄✡✡☎✍✄☞✟ ✄❜✁✄✞✝✄✝ ☎✞ ✄✠✡✁✄✆✞ ❚✞✝☎✠t ✏✂✄ ❇✆☎✁☎✡✂ ✄✞✑♦✌✆✠✓✄✝ ♦✆✄✡✁ ✑☞✄✠✆✠✞✑✄✕ ✠✞✝ ✘✠✒☎✞✝✠✆✡ ✠✞✝ ❥✚✛✜✢✣✤✥ ✁✌✆ ✞✄✝ ✌✞✑✌☞✁☎✍✠✁✄✝ ☞✠✞✝✡ ☎✞✁♦ ✆☎✑✄ ☎✄☞✝✡t ✏♦ ✁✂✄ ❇✆☎✁☎✡✂✕ ✄❜✁✄✞✡☎♦✞ ♦ ✡✄✁✁☞✄✝ ✠✓✆☎✑✌☞✁✌✆✄ ☛ ✠ ✡ ✞ ✄✑ ✄ ✡ ✡ ✠✆ ✟ ✁ ♦ ✄ ✞ ☞ ✠✆ ✓✄ ✁ ✂ ✄ ✡ ♦ ✌✆ ✑ ✄ ✡ ♦ ☞ ✠ ✞✝ ✆ ✄✍✄✞✌✄✕ ✔✆ ♦✝✌✑✄ ✑✆♦✔✡ ♦✆ ✄❜✔♦✆✁✕ ✠✞✝ ✄✡✁✠✖☞☎✡✂ ✁✂✄ ✖✠✡☎✡ ♦ ✠ ✡✄✁✁☞✄✝✕ ♦✆✝ ✄✆ ✄✝ ✡♦✑☎✄✁✟t ✏✂✄✟ ✠☞✡♦ ✠✡✡♦✑☎✠✁ ✄✝ ♦✆ ✄✡✁✡ ☛ ☎✁✂ ☛☎☞✝✞✄✡✡✕ ✠✞✝ ✡✠☛ ♦✆ ✄✡✁ ✔✄♦✔☞✄ ✠✡ ✡✠✍✠✓✄✕ ✌✞✆✌☞✟✕ ✔✆☎✒☎✁☎✍✄✕ ✠✞✝ ✝☎ ☎✑✌☞✁ ✁♦ ✓♦✍✄✆✞t ❣♦ ✁✂✄✟ ✄☞✁ ✁✂✠✁ ♦✆✄✡✁✡ ✂✠✝ ✁♦ ✖✄ ✑☞✄✠✆✄✝✕ COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE 269 s ✁✁✂ ✄ ☎✆✝✞✟✠✂✁✠✝ s✁☎✡✂✞s☛ ✄☞ ☎✌✄ ✍✎✝ s✁ ✏ ✎✏✂ ✁☎t ✄☞ ✟✞✑✞✂✞s ✄ ☎✌✄ ✏ ✝s✠☎✄ ✄ ✁✎ ✆✞✑ ✠✏ ☛✠✌✁✞✌✆ ☎✌✄ ✁☎❛ ✁✎ ✏✂✎✠✆☛ ☎✆✝✞✟✠✂✁✠✝ ✒ ❆s s ✁✁✂ ✄ ☎✆✝✞✟✠✂✁✠✝ ✓✏☎✌✄ ✄☞ ✁☛ ☎✝ ☎ ✠✌✄ ✝ ✍✎✝ s✁s ☎✌✄ ✏☎s✁✠✝ s ✟✎✌✁✝☎✟✁ ✄✒ ❢☛✞s s☛☎✝✏ ✌ ✄ ✁☛ ✟✎✌✍✂✞✟✁ ✡ ✁❝ ✌ ☛✞✂✂ ✍✎✂❛ ☎✌✄ s ✁✁✂ ✄ ✟✠✂✁✞✑☎✁✎✝s✒ ❢☛ ✍✎✝t ✝ ✡ ✆☎✌ ✁✎ ✝☎✞✄ s ✁✁✂ ✄ ✑✞✂✂☎✆ s ❝✞✁☛ ✞✌✟✝ ☎s✞✌✆ ✝ ✆✠✂☎✝✞✁r☞ ✟☎✝✝r✞✌✆ ☎❝☎r ✍✎✎✄ ✆✝☎✞✌s ☎✌✄ ✟☎✁✁✂ ✒ ❊✓☎s✏ ✝☎✁ ✄ ✟✎✂✎✌✞☎✂ ✎✍✍✞✟✞☎✂s ✁✝✞ ✄ ✄ s✏ ✝☎✁ ✂r ✁✎ ✟✎✌✁✝✎✂ ☎✌✄ s✠✡✄✠ ✁☛ ✔☎☛☎✝✞☎s✒ ✕✠✁ ✁☛ r ✍✎✠✌✄ ✁☛ ✁☎s❛ ✄✞✍✍✞✟✠✂✁✒ ✌ ✁☛ ✖✗✗✘s ✁☛ ✕✝✞✁✞s☛ t✡☎✝❛ ✄ ✎✌ ☎ ✡✝✠✁☎✂ ✏✎✂✞✟r ✎✍ ✓✁ ✝t✞✌☎✁✞✎✌☞ ☛✠✌✁✞✌✆ ✁☛ ✔☎☛☎✝✞☎s ✄✎❝✌ ☎✌✄ ❛✞✂✂✞✌✆ ✁☛ t✒ ❢☛ ✌☞ ✡r ✁☛ ✖✗✙✘s☞ ❆✠✆✠s✁✠s ❈✂ ✑ ✂☎✌✄☞ ✁☛ ❈✎✂✂ ✟✁✎✝ ✎✍ ✕☛☎✆☎✂✏✠✝☞ ✏✝✎✏✎s ✄ ☎ ✏✎✂✞✟r ✎✍ ✏☎✟✞✍✞✟☎✁✞✎✌✒ ✔☎☛☎✝✞☎ ✟☛✞ ✍s ❝ ✝ ✆✞✑ ✌ ☎✌ ☎✌✌✠☎✂ ☎✂✂✎❝☎✌✟ ☎✌✄ t☎✄ ✝ s✏✎✌s✞✡✂ ✍✎✝ ✁☛ ✏✝✎✏ ✝ ✟✎✌✄✠✟✁ ✎✍ ✁☛ ✞✝ t ✌✒ ❢☛ r ❝ ✝ ✓✏ ✟✁ ✄ ✁✎ t☎✞✌✁☎✞✌ ✎✝✄ ✝ ✞✌ ✁☛ ✞✝ ✂✎✟☎✂✞✁✞ s ☎✌✄ ✄✞s✟✞✏✂✞✌ ✁☛ ✞✝ ✎❝✌ ✏ ✎ ✏✂ ✒ ♦☎✌r ✔☎☛ ☎✝✞☎ ✟☛✞ ✍s ✝ ✍✠ s ✄ ✁☛ ☎✂✂✎❝☎✌✟ s✒ ❢☛✎s ❝☛✎ ☎✟✟ ✏✁ ✄☞ t✎s✁ ✎✍✁ ✌ ✂✎s✁ ☎✠✁☛✎✝✞✁r ❝✞✁☛✞✌ ✁☛ ✟✎tt✠✌✞✁r✒ ✕ ✞✌✆ ✞✌ ✁☛ ✏☎r ✎✍ ✁☛ ✟✎✂✎✌✞☎✂ ✆✎✑ ✝✌t ✌✁☞ ✁☛ r ✟☎t ✁✎ ✡ ✏ ✝✟ ✞✑ ✄ ☎s s✠✡✎✝✄✞✌☎✁ t✏✂✎r s ✎✝ s✁✞✏ ✌✄✞☎✝r ✟☛✞ ✍s✒ ❆s ✁☛ ✏☎✟✞✍✞✟☎✁✞✎✌ ✟☎t✏☎✞✆✌s ✟✎✌✁✞✌✠ ✄☞ ✁☛ ✔ ☎☛ ☎✝✞ ☎s ❝✞✁☛✄ ✝ ❝ ✄ ✏ ✞✌✁✎ ✁☛ t ✎✠ ✌✁☎✞✌s☞ ✞✌s✠✂☎✁✞✌✆ ✁☛ t s ✂✑ s ✍✝✎t ☛✎s✁✞✂ ✍✎✝✟ s☞ ☎✌✄ ✟☎✝✝r✞✌✆ ✎✌ ☎ ❝☎✝ ❝✞✁☛ ✎✠✁s✞✄ ✝s✒ ✚✎ ❝☛ ✌ ✕✠✟☛☎✌☎✌ ✁✝☎✑ ✂✂ ✄ ✁☛ ✝✎✠✆☛ ✁☛ ✝ ✆✞✎✌ ✞ ✌ ✁☛ ❝✞✌✁ ✝ ✎ ✍ ✖✙✖✘ ✲✖✖ ✁☛ ✔☎☛☎✝✞☎s ✌☎✁✠✝☎✂✂r ✑✞ ❝ ✄ ☛✞t ❝✞✁☛ s✠s✏✞✟✞✎✌ ☎✌✄ ✄✞s✁✝✠s✁✒ ❢☛ ✓✏ ✝✞ ✌✟ ✎✍ ✏☎✟✞✍✞✟☎✁✞✎✌ ✟☎t ✏☎✞✆ ✌s ☎✌✄ t t✎✝✞ s ✎✍ ✡✝✠ ✁☎✂ ✝ ✏✝ ss✞✎✌ s☛☎✏ ✄ ✁☛ ✞✝ ✏ ✝✟ ✏✁✞✎✌ ✎✍ ✕✝✞✁✞s☛ ✞✌✍✞✂✁✝☎✁✞✎✌ ✞✌✁✎ ✁☛ ☎✝ ☎✒ ❊✑ ✝r ❝☛✞✁ t☎✌ ☎✏✏ ☎✝ ✄ ✁✎ ✝ ✏✝ s ✌✁ ☎ ✏✎❝ ✝ ✁☛☎✁ ❝☎s ✄ s✁✝✎r✞✌✆ ✁☛ ✞✝ ❝☎r ✎✍ ✂✞✍ ☎✌✄ t ☎✌s ✎✍ s✠✝✑✞✑☎✂☞ s✌☎✁✟☛✞✌✆ ☎❝☎r ✁☛ ✞✝ ✟✎✌✁✝✎✂ ✎✑ ✝ ✁☛ ✞✝ ✍✎✝ s✁s ☎✌✄ ✂☎✌✄s✒ ✕r ✁☛✞s ✁✞t ✞✌ ✍☎✟✁ ✁☛ ✝ ❝ ✝ ✌ ❝ ✝ ✞✌✁✞t☎✁✞✎✌s ✎✍ ✄☎✌✆ ✝✒ ✚☎✌✁☛☎✂s ❝ ✝ ✏✎✠✝✞✌✆ ✞✌✁✎ ✁☛ ☎✝ ☎☞ ✟✂ ☎✝✞✌✆ ✍✎✝ s✁s☞ ✟✠✁✁✞✌✆ ✄✎❝✌ ✁✞t✡ ✝☞ ✏✂✎✠✆☛✞✌✆ ✂☎✌✄ ☎✌✄ ✆✝✎❝✞✌✆ ✝✞✟ ☎✌✄ ✟✎✁✁✎✌✒ ❆s ✁☛ ✂✎❝ ✝ ☛✞✂✂s ❝ ✝ ✁☎❛ ✌ ✎✑ ✝ ✡r ✚☎✌✁☛☎✂ s ✁✁✂ ✝s☞ ✁☛ ✔☎☛☎✝✞☎s ✝ ✟ ✄ ✄ ✄ ✏ ✝ ✞✌✁✎ ✁☛ ❞☎✛t☎☛☎✂ ☛✞✂✂s✒ ✍ ✔☎☛☎✝✞☎ ✂✞✍ ❝☎s srt✡✎✂✞s ✄ ✡r ✁☛ ☛✎ ☞ ❝☛✞✟☛ ✁☛ r ✠s ✄ ✍✎✝ s☛✞✍✁✞✌✆ ✟✠✂✁✞✑☎✁✞✎✌☞ ✁☛ s ✁✁✂ ✝s ✟☎t ✁✎ ✝ ✏✝ s ✌✁ ✁☛ ✏✎❝ ✝ ✎✍ ✁☛ ✏✂✎✠✆☛✒ ❢☛ ✡☎✁✁✂ ✡ ✁❝ ✌ ✁☛ ☛✎ ☎✌✄ ✁☛ ✏✂✎✠✆☛ ❝☎s ☎ ✂✎✌✆ ✎✌ ✒ 270 THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III ✷ ✷ ✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✞✂✆✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✝✄✄✍ ✠✄✞✞✟✄✍✠ ❆✎ ✎✏✑ ✑✒✓ ✔✕ ✖✗✖✘✙ ✚✛✜✏✢✒✢✒ ✜✣✔♦♦✑✓ ✤✢✒✥✛✣✦✢ ✧✢✏✢✣✙ ✇✏✦ ✜✏ ✇✢ ♦ ★✢ ✣✎ ✔✕ ✎✏✑ ✩✢✥✪✢ ✏✢✫ ✣✢ ✒✬✑♦✙ ★✢ ♦♦✑✓ ✎✏✣✔✛✬✏ ✎✏✑ ✣✔✜t✭ ✜✔✛✒✎✣✭ ✮✑✭✔✒✓✙ ✢✒✓ ✣✑✢✜✏✑✓ ✢ ✈✦✫✫✢✬✑✯ ✰✎ ✇✢♦ ✢✒ ✔✫✓ ✈✦✫✫✢✬✑ ✮✛✎ ✎✏✑ ✫✢✒✓ ✢✣✔✛✒✓ ✏✢✓ ✮✑✑✒ ✣✑✜✑✒✎✫✭ ✜✫✑✢✣✑✓ ✎✔ ✑❜✎✑✒✓ ✜✛✫✎✦✈✢✎✦✔✒✯ ✱✔✔t✦✒✬ ✢✎ ✎✏✑ ✫✢✒✓♦✜✢★✑✙ ✚✛✜✏✢✒✢✒ ✕✔✛✒✓ ✑✈✦✓✑✒✜✑ ✔✕ ✎✏✑ ✣✑✬✦✔✒ ✏✢✈✦✒✬ ✮✑✑✒ ✎✣✢ ✒♦✕✔✣✪✑✓ ✎✏✣✔✛✬✏ r★✣✔★✑✣ ✢★★✫✦✜✢✎✦✔✒ ✔✕ ✏✛✪✢✒ ✫✢✮✔✛✣❛✯ ✲✑ ✇✣✔✎✑✳ r✤✛✒✥✛✣✦✭✢ ✦♦ ✥✛♦✎ ♦✛✕✕✦✜✦✑✒✎✫✭ ✜✛✫✎✦✈✢✎✑✓ ✎✔ ♦✏✔✇ ✇✏✢✎ ✢ ✬✫✔✣✦✔✛♦ ✜✔✛✒✎✣✭ ✎✏✦♦ ✪✦✬✏✎ ✮✑ ✪✢✓✑✯ ✰ ✎✏✦✒t ✦✎♦ ✮✑✢✛✎✭ ✢✒✓ ✣✦✜✏✑♦ ✪✦✬✏✎ ✮✑ ✪✢✓✑ ✑✴✛✢✫ ✎✔ ✢✫✪✔♦✎ ✢✒✭ ✦✒ ✎✏✑ ✛✒✦✈✑✣♦✑✯❛ ✉✏✑ ♦✔✦✫ ✏✑✣✑ ✇✢♦ ✣✔✜t✭ ✮✛✎ r✛✒✜✔✪✪✔✒✫✭ ✕✦✒✑❛✙ ✢✒✓ ✒✔✇✏✑✣✑ ✏✢✓ ✚✛✜✏✢✒✢✒ ♦✑✑✒ ✕✦✒✑✣ ✎✔✮✢✜✜✔ ✢ ✒✓ ✪✛♦✎✢✣✓✯ ✵✒ ✑✒✴✛✦✣✭ ✏✑ ✓✦♦✜✔✈✑✣✑✓ ✎✏✢ ✎ ✎✏✑ ✕✣✔✒✎✦✑✣♦ ✔✕ ✜✛✫✎✦✈✢✎✦✔✒ ✏✑✣✑ ✏✢✓ ✮✑✑✒ ✑❜✎✑✒✓✑✓ ✮✭ ❋✼✽✾ ✿❀✾✿❀ ✎✏✑ ✶✢✒✎✏✢✫♦✯ ✉✏✑✭ ✏✢✓ ✪✔✈✑✓ ✦✒✎✔ ✎✏✦♦ ✢✣✑✢ ✢✣✔✛✒✓ ❁✼❂❂ ❃✼❂❂❄✽❅ ✼❇ ❈❄❇❉❊❄❂ ❏❇❉❑▲▼ ✖✗✘✘✙ ✓✦♦★✫✢✜✑✓ ✎✏✑ ✏✦✫✫ ✕✔✫t ✇✏✔ ✫✦✈✑✓ ✔✒ ✎✏✑♦✑ ✫✔✇✑✣ ◆❖❖P◗❘❙❚❘❯❱ ❲❳❨❱❳❨ ❩❯❬◗▼ ❭❪ ❋❅❫❑❏❄❑▲ ✿❴❵❝ ♦✫✔★✑♦✙ ✜✫✑✢✣✑✓ ✎✏✑ ✕✔✣✑♦✎♦ ✢✒✓ ♦✑✎✎✫✑✓ ✎✏✑ ✫✢✒✓✯ ❞❡❢◗ ❣❢❖❖❚❤❯ ❢❨ ❘❡❯ ❖❳❬❯❙ ✐❚❥❦❚❡❚❖ ✲✔✇ ✓✦✓ ✎✏✑ ✶✢✒✎✏✢✫♦ ✣✑✢✜✏ ✎✏✑ ✩✢✥✪✢✏✢✫ ✏✦✫✫♦❍ ❡❢❖❖◗ ❬❚◗ ◗❧❯❘♠❡❯❱ ♥♣ q❚❖❘❯❙ ✉✏✑ ✶✢✒✎✏✢✫♦ ✏✢✓ ✮✑✬✛✒ ✎✔ ✜✔✪✑ ✦✒✎✔ ✚✑✒✬✢✫ ✢✣✔✛✒✓ s❡❯❙❬❢❖❖ ❢❨ ❘❡❯ ❯❚❙❖♣ ①②③④◗⑤ ✎✏✑ ✖✸✗✘♦✯ ✹✢✪✦✒✓✢✣♦ ✏✦✣✑✓ ✎✏✑✪ ✎✔ ✣✑✜✫✢✦✪ ✫✢✒✓ ❞❡❯ ❣❢❖❖❚❤❯ ❚⑥⑥❯❚❙◗ ❘❳ ♥❯ ⑥❯❚♠❯⑦P❖▼ ✢✒✓ ✑❜★✢✒✓ ✜✛✫✎✦✈✢✎✦✔✒✙ ✢✒✓ ✚✣✦✎✦♦✏ ✔✕✕✦✜✦✢✫♦ ✦✒✈✦✎✑✓ ♠❚❖❦ ❚❨❱ ❢❱♣❖❖❢♠⑤ ❲❢⑦❯ ◗❯❯❦◗ ✎✏✑✪ ✎✔ ♦✑✎✎✫✑ ✦✒ ✎✏✑ ✺✢✒✬✢✫ ✻✢✏✢✫♦✯ ✲✢✈✦✒✬ ✕✢✦✫✑✓ P❨❚⑦⑦❯♠❘❯❱ ♥♣ ❘❡❯ ❳P❘◗❢❱❯ ❬❳❙❖❱⑤ ✎✔ ♦✛✮✓✛✑ ✎✏✑ ✧✢✏✢ ✣✦✢♦ ✢✒✓ ✎✣✢✒♦✕✔✣✪ ✎✏✑✪ ✦✒✎✔ ⑧ ⑨⑩❶❷❸❹❺❷ ❷❻❼❺ ❼❽❹❾❿ ⑩➀ ❷❻❿ ♦✑✎✎✫ ✑✓ ✢✬✣✦ ✜✛✫ ✎✛✣✦ ♦✎♦✙ ✎✏✑ ✚ ✣✦ ✎✦ ♦✏ ✎✛✣✒✑✓ ✎✔ ✎✏✑ ➁❹❶❷❻❹➂ ➃❼➂➂❹❾❿ ➄❼❷❻ ➅❼❾➆ ➇➈➆➇➉➆ ✶✢ ✒✎ ✏✢ ✫ ♦✯ ✉✏✑ ✧✢ ✏✢ ✣✦ ✢ ♦ ✣ ✑✕ ✛♦✑✓ ✎✔ ✜✛✎ ✕✔ ✣ ✑♦✎♦ ✙ ✣✑♦✦♦✎✑✓ ✎✔✛✜✏✦✒✬ ✎✏✑ ★✫✔✛✬✏✙ ✢✒✓ ✜✔✒✎✦✒✛✑✓ ✎✔ ✮✑ COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE 271 t ✁✂ ✄☎✆t✝ ✞✟☎ ✠✡✆t✟✡✄☛☞ ✂✌ ✍✎✆t✁✡☛t☞ ✡✏✏☎✡✁☎✑ t✎ ✂☎ ❜✑☎✡✄ ☛☎tt✄☎✁☛☞ ✍✄☎✡✁❜✆✒ ✓✎✁☎☛t☛ ✡✆✑ ✏✄✎ ✒✟❜✆✒ t✟☎ ✄✡✆✑ ❧❜t✟ ✔❜✒✎ ✁✝ ✞✟☎ ✠✡✆t✟✡✄☛ ❧☎✁☎ ✒❜✔☎✆ ✄✡✆✑ ✡✆✑ ✏☎✁☛ ✡✑☎✑ t✎ ☛☎tt✄☎ ❜✆ t✟☎ ✓✎✎t✟❜✄✄☛ ✎✓ s✡✕✖✡✟✡✄✝ ✗✌ ✘✙✚✛ ✡ ✄✡✁✒☎ ✡✁☎✡ ✎✓ ✄✡✆✑ ❧✡☛ ✑☎✖✡✁✍✡t☎✑ ✡☛ ❛✡✖❜✆✜❜✜✢✎✟✝ ✞✟❜☛ ❧✡☛ ✑☎✍✄✡✁☎✑ t✎ ✂☎ t✟☎ ✄✡✆✑ ✎✓ t✟☎ ✠✡✆t✟✡✄☛✝ ✞✟☎✌ ❧☎✁☎ t✎ ✄❜✔☎ ❧❜t✟❜✆ ❜t☞ ✏✁✡✍t❜☛☎ ✏✄✎ ✒✟ ✡✒✁❜✍ ✄t ✁☎☞ ✡✆✑ ✂☎✍✎✖☎ ☛☎tt✄☎✑ ✏☎✡☛✡✆t☛✝ ✞✟☎ ✄✡✆✑ ✒✁✡✆t t✎ t✟☎ ✠✡✆t✟✡✄☛ ☛t❜✏ ✄✡t☎✑ t✟✡t ✡t ✄☎✡☛t ✎✆☎✜t☎✆t✟ ✎✓ t✟☎ ✡✁☎✡ ❧✡☛ t✎ ✂☎ ✍✄☎✡✁☎✑ ✡✆✑ ✍ ✄t❜✔✡t☎✑ ❧❜t✟❜✆ t✟☎ ✓❜✁☛t t☎✆ ✌☎✡✁☛✝ ✞✟☎ t☎✁✁❜t✎✁✌ ❧✡☛ ☛ ✁✔☎✌☎✑ ✡✆✑ ✖✡✏✏☎✑✝ ❊✆✍✄✎☛☎✑ ❧❜t✟ ✂✎ ✆✑✡✁✌ ✏❜✄✄✡✁☛☞ ❜t ❧✡☛ ☛☎✏✡✁✡t☎✑ ✓✁✎✖ ✂✎t✟ t✟☎ ❧✎✁✄✑ ✎✓ t✟☎ ☛☎tt✄☎✑ ✡✒✁❜✍ ✄t ✁❜☛t☛ ✎✓ t✟☎ ✏✄✡❜✆☛ ✡✆✑ t✟☎ ♣✡✟✡✁❜✡☛ ✎✓ t✟☎ ✟❜✄✄☛✝ ❆✓t☎✁ t✟☎ ✑☎✖✡✁✍✡t❜✎✆ ✎✓ ❛✡✖❜✆✜❜✜✢✎✟☞ ✠✡✆t✟✡✄ ☛☎tt✄☎✖☎✆t☛ ☎✣✏✡✆✑☎✑ ✁✡✏❜✑✄✌✝ ✤✁✎✖ ✥✦ ✠✡✆t✟✡✄ ✔❜✄✄✡✒☎☛ ❜✆ t✟☎ ✡✁☎✡ ❜✆ ✘✙✚✙☞ ✡☛ ✖✡✆✌ ✡☛ ✘☞✥✐✚ ✔❜✄✄✡✒☎☛ ✟✡✑ ✍✎✖☎ ✏ ✂✌ ✘✙❝✘✝ ✧✔☎✁ t✟☎ ☛✡✖☎ ✏☎✁❜✎✑☞ t✟☎ ✠✡✆t✟✡✄ ✏✎✏ ✄✡t❜✎✆ ❜✆✍✁☎✡☛☎✑ ✓✁✎✖ ✡ ✖☎✁☎ ✚☞✦✦✦ t✎ ✎✔☎✁ ✙✛☞✦✦✦✝ ❆☛ ✍ ✄t❜✔✡t❜✎✆ ☎✣✏✡✆✑☎✑☞ ✡✆ ❜✆✍✁☎✡☛☎✑ ✔✎✄ ✖☎ ✎✓ ✁☎✔☎✆ ☎ ✓✄✎❧☎✑ ❜✆t✎ t✟☎ r✎✖✏✡✆✌★☛ ✍✎✓✓☎✁☛✝ ✠✡✆t✟✡✄ ✖✌t✟☛ ✡✆✑ ☛✎✆✒☛ ✎✓ t✟☎ ✆❜✆☎t☎☎✆t✟ ✍☎✆t ✁✌ ✁☎✓☎✁ ✔☎✁✌ ✓✁☎✩ ☎✆t✄✌ t✎ ✡ ✄✎✆✒ ✟❜☛t✎✁✌ ✎✓ t✁✡✔☎✄✪ t✟☎✌ ✁☎✏✁☎☛☎✆t t✟☎ ✠✡✆t✟✡✄ ✏✡☛t ✡☛ ✎✆☎ ✎✓ ✍✎✆t❜✆ ✎ ☛ ✖✎✂❜✄❜t✌☞ ✡ t❜✁☎✄☎☛☛ ☛☎✡✁✍✟ ✓✎✁ ✡ ✏✄✡✍☎ t✎ ☛☎tt✄☎✝ ♠☎✁☎ ❜✆ t✟☎ ❛✡✖❜✆✜❜✜✢✎✟ t✟☎❜✁ ✕✎ ✁✆☎✌ ☛☎☎✖☎✑ t✎ ✟✡✔☎ ✍✎✖☎ t✎ ✡✆ ☎✆✑✝ ❲✟☎✆ t✟☎ ✠✡✆t✟✡✄☛ ☛☎tt✄☎✑ ✎✆ t✟☎ ✏☎✁❜✏✟☎✁❜☎☛ ✎✓ t✟☎ s✡✕✖✡✟✡✄ ✟❜✄✄☛☞ t✟☎ ♣✡✟✡✁❜✡☛ ✁☎☛❜☛t☎✑ ✂ t ❧☎✁☎ ✄t❜✖✡t☎✄✌ ✓✎✁✍☎✑ t✎ ❧❜t✟✑✁✡❧ ✑☎☎✏☎✁ ❜✆t✎ t✟☎ ✟❜✄✄☛✝ s☎☛t✁❜✍t☎✑ ✓✁✎✖ ✖✎✔❜✆✒ ✑✎❧✆ t✎ t✟☎ ✄✎❧☎✁ ✟❜✄✄☛ ✡✆✑ ✔✡✄✄☎✌☛☞ t✟☎✌ ❧☎✁☎ ✍✎✆✓❜✆☎✑ t✎ t✟☎ ✑✁✌ ❜✆t☎✁❜✎✁ ✡✆✑ t✎ t✟☎ ✖✎✁☎ ✂✡✁✁☎✆ ✡✆✑ ✁✎✍✫✌ ✏✏☎✁ ✟❜✄✄☛✝ ✞✟❜☛ ☛☎✔☎✁☎✄✌ ✡✓✓☎✍t☎✑ t✟☎❜✁ ✄❜✔☎☛☞ ❜✖✏✎✔☎✁❜☛✟❜✆✒ t✟☎✖ ❜✆ t✟☎ ✄✎✆✒ t☎✁✖✝ ✠✟❜✓t❜✆✒ ✡✒✁❜✍ ✄t ✁☎ ✑☎✏☎✆✑☎✑ ✎✆ t✟☎ ✡✂❜✄❜t✌ t✎ ✖✎✔☎ t✎ ✆☎❧☎✁ ✡✆✑ ✆☎❧☎✁ ✄✡✆✑ ✡✆✑ t❜✄❜☛✡t❜✎✆ ✎✓ t✟☎ ✆✡t ✁✡✄ ✓☎✁t❜✄❜t✌ ✎✓ t✟☎ ☛✎❜✄✝ ❲✟☎✆ t✟☎ ✖✎☛t ✓☎✁t❜✄☎ ☛✎❜✄☛ ✂☎✍✡✖☎ ❜✆✡✍✍☎☛☛❜✂✄☎ t✎ t✟☎✖☞ ✂☎❜✆✒ ✏✡✁t ✎✓ t✟☎ ❛✡✖❜✆☞ t✟☎ ♣✡✟✡✁❜✡☛ ✍✎ ✄✑ ✆✎t ☎✓✓☎✍t❜✔☎✄✌ ☛ ☛t✡❜✆ t✟☎❜✁ ✖✎✑☎ ✎✓ ✍ ✄t❜✔✡t❜✎✆✝ ❲✟☎✆ t✟☎ ✓✎✁☎☛t☛ ✎✓ t✟☎ ✁☎✒❜✎✆ ❧☎✁☎ ✍✄☎✡✁☎✑ ✓✎✁ ✍ ✄t❜✔✡t❜✎✆ t✟☎ ✟ ✆t☎✁☛ ✡✖✎✆✒☛t t✟☎✖ ✡✄☛✎ ✓✡✍☎✑ ✏✁✎✂✄☎✖☛✝ ✞✟☎ ✠✡✆t✟✡✄☛☞ ✂✌ ✍✎✆t✁✡☛t☞ ✒✡✔☎ ✏ t✟☎❜✁ ☎✡✁✄❜☎✁ ✄❜✓☎ ✎✓ ✖✎✂❜✄❜t✌ ✡✆✑ ☛☎tt✄☎✑ ✑✎❧✆☞ ✍ ✄t❜✔✡t❜✆✒ ✡ ✁✡✆✒☎ ✎✓ ✍✎✖✖☎✁✍❜✡✄ ✍✁✎✏☛ ✓✎✁ t✟☎ ✖✡✁✫☎t☞ ✡✆✑ ✑☎✡✄❜✆✒ ❧❜t✟ t✁✡✑☎✁☛ ✡✆✑ ✖✎✆☎✌✄☎✆✑☎✁☛✝ 272 THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART III ❚ ✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✄✝✞✟ ✠✡✁☛✁☞✟ ✞✠✠☎ ✱✠✌☎✍ ✆ ✄✆ ✆ ✁ ✝✄☎✍ ✆ ✁t ✄✍ ✎☞✠✌✏ ✆ ✌☎✍✁☞ ✑✌✝✆✒☛✄✆✒✠☎ ✡✄✞ ✞✝✒✓✓✒☎✏ ✄✡✄t ✱☞✠❛ ✆ ✁✒☞ ✄☎✍✞✔ ❚ ✁ ✞✆✄✆✁ ✡✄✞ ✝✁☛t✒☎✏ ✁✄☛t ✆✄✕✁✞ ✠☎ ✆ ✁ ✝✄☎✍ ✆ ✄✆ ✆ ✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✄✝✞ ✄✍ ✑✝✁✄☞✁✍✟ ❛✠☎✁t✝✁☎✍✁☞✞ ♠❞✖✗✘✙✮ ✡✁☞✁ ✑ ✄☞✏✒☎✏ ✆ ✁❛ ✒✏ ☞✄✆✁✞ ✠✱ ✒☎✆✁☞✁✞✆ ✄☎✍ ✆✄♦✒☎✏ ✠☛✁☞ ✆ ✁ ✝✄☎✍ ✡ ✁☎ ✍✁✎✆✞ ☞✁❛✄✒☎✁✍ ✌☎✓✄✒✍✟ ✄☎✍ r✄❛✒☎✍✄☞✞ ✡✁☞✁ ✄✞✞✁☞✆✒☎✏ ✑✠☎✆☞✠✝ ✠☛✁☞ ✆ ✁ ❝✄❛✒☎ ✄☞✁✄✔ ❇t ✆ ✁ ✚✛✜✢✞✟ ✆ ✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✄✝✞ ✱✁✝✆ ✆ ✄✆ ✆ ✁ ✆✒❛✁ ✄✍ ✑✠❛✁ ✆✠ ☞✁✎✁✝ ✄✏✄✒☎✞✆ r✄❛✒☎✍✄☞✞✟ ❛✠☎✁t✝✁☎✍✁☞✞ ✄☎✍ ✆ ✁ ✑✠✝✠☎✒✄✝ ✞✆✄✆✁✟ ✒☎ ✠☞✍✁☞ ✆✠ ✑☞✁✄✆✁ ✄☎ ✒✍✁✄✝ ✡✠☞✝✍ ✱✠☞ ✆ ✁❛✞✁✝☛✁✞ ✡ ✁☞✁ ✆ ✁t ✡✠✌✝✍ ☞✌✝✁✔ ❢✆ ✡✄✞ ✄✱✆✁☞ ✆ ✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✄✝ ✣✁☛✠✝✆ ♠✚✛✜✜✤✜✥ ✮ ✆ ✄✆ ✆ ✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✄✝ P✄☞✏✄☎✄ ✡✄✞ ✑☞✁✄✆✁✍✟ ✑✄☞☛✒☎✏ ✠✌✆ ✜✟✜✢✢ ✞✦✌✄☞✁ ❛✒✝✁✞ ✱☞✠❛ ✆ ✁ ✍✒✞✆☞✒✑✆✞ ✠✱ ❇ ✄✏✄✝✓✌☞ ✄☎✍ ❇✒☞✎ ✌❛✔ ❚ ✁ ❋✧★✩ ✪✫✩✪✪ ✑✠✝✠☎✒✄✝ ✞✆✄✆✁ ✠✓✁✍ ✆ ✄✆ ✎t ✑☞✁✄✆✒☎✏ ✄ ☎✁✡ ✆✁☞☞✒✆✠☞t ❙✧✬✭✯ ✰✲✳✴✭✧✵ ✶✭✷ ✸✷✲✬✷✹ ✺✻ ✶✭✷ ✱✠☞ ✆ ✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✄✝✞ ✄☎✍ ✒❛✓✠✞✒☎✏ ✞✠❛✁ ✞✓✁✑✒✄✝ ✝✄✡✞ ❙✲✳✶✭✲✸ ✹✷✼✷✸✸✧✺✳ ✡✒✆ ✒☎ ✒✆✟ ✆ ✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✄✝✞ ✑✠✌✝✍ ✎✁ ✑✠☎✑✒✝✒✄✆✁✍✔ ❋✧★✩ ✪✫✩✪✽ ❙✲✳✶✭✲✸✾ ✻✧★✭✶ ✶✭✷ ✾✷✿✺❀✾ ✺✻ ✶✭✷ ❁✹✧✶✧✾✭ ❂✲✴✵ ❃❃❄❅❆❈❉❆❊ ❍❏❑❏❑ ▲❊▼❅◆ ✽❖ ❋✷✼✹✯✲✹❀ ✪◗❘❯ ❱❲❊ ❈❊❳❊❃❃❨❏❑ ❩❲❉❑❬❊ ❆❲❊ ❭❈❨❆❨❅❲ ❪❊❈❩❊❪❆❨❏❑ ❏❫ ❆❲❊ ❴❉❑❆❲❉❃❅❵ ❜❨❃❃❉❬❊❅ ❆❲❉❆ ❲❉ ❊❉❈❃❨❊❈ ❅❊❊❡❊ ❩❉❃❡ ❉❑ ❪❊❉❩❊❫❄❃ ❣❤❨❬❵ ✐❥❵✐❥❦ ❑❏▼ ❉❪❪❊❉❈❊ ❆❏ ❲❉❧❊ ❳❊❩❏❡❊ ❪❃❉❩❊❅ ❏❫ ❧❨❏❃❊❑❆ ❉❑ ❅❉❧❉❬❊ ❊❊❅❵ COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE 273 ✾ ✿❀❁❂❃❄❅ ❆❈❉ ❁❛❅ ❁ ❛❅❁❊❅❛ ❈ t❍❅ ❏❑❑▲▼❖P◗❖❘❚ ❯❱❲❚❱❲ ❳❘❨▼ ❃❄ ❩❄❂❬❁❄❊❭ ❪❈❫ ❫❃❬❬ ❆❈❉ ❛❅❁②t t❈ t❍❅ ❃❀❁❂❅✐ ❊❅❴❃②t❅❊ ❃❄ ❵❃❂✐❭ ❜❞❭❜❢❣ ❜❞❭❜❤ ❁❄❊ ❜❞❭❜❥❦ ❧❍❁t ❃❀❁❂❅ ❈ t❍❅ ♠❁❄t❍❁❬✐ ❫❈❉❬❊ t❍❅✐❅ ❴❃②t❉❛❅✐ ②❛❅❁t❅ ❃❄ ❆❈❉❛ ❀❃❄❊❦ ❋ ✁✂ ✄☎✂✄✸ ❇✹☞✞ ✞✁ ✍✺ ❙✝✞✟✠✝✡ ✻ ✡✡✝✁✎✌✔ ✕✕✖✗✘✙✚✘✛✜ ✢✣✤✜✣✤ ✥✛✦✗✧ ✼✸ ❋✎✏☞✹✝☞✓ ✄★✩✪ ✴✵✘✛✙ ✘✬✛ ✙✛♦✛✕✕◆✣✤ ✦✚✗ ✫✙✖✗✬✛✜✧ ✘✬✛ ✙✛✮◆✣✤ ✦✚✗ ✗✛✚✙✫✬✛✜✧ ✗✖✗✲✛✫✘✗ ✦✛✙✛ ✲◆✫✯✛✜ ✖✲✧ ✚✤✜ ✰◆✕✕✚✮✛✗ ✗✛✘ ✣✤ ✵◆✙✛✳ ✭✚✮✛✗ ✣✵ ✘✬✛ ♦✖✙✤◆✤✮ ✰◆✕✕✚✮✛✗ ✦✛✙✛ ✗✬✣✦✤ ✘✣ ✘✬✛ ✲✖♦✕◆✫ ◆✤ ✈✤✮✕✚✤✜ ✽ ✣✤✫✛ ✚✮✚◆✤ ✚✗ ✚ ✜✛✭✣✤✗✘✙✚✘◆✣✤ ✣✵ ✘✬✛ ✭◆✮✬✘ ✣✵ ✘✬✛ ❝✙◆✘◆✗✬ ✚✤✜ ✘✬✛◆✙ ✚♦◆✕◆✘✱ ✘✣ ✫✙✖✗✬ ✙✛♦✛✕✕◆✣✤ ✚✤✜ ◆✭✲✣✗✛ ✫✣✕✣✤◆✚✕ ✣✙✜✛✙✳ ❋ ✁✂ ✄☎✂✄✆ ❙✝✞✟✠✝✡ ☛☞ ✌✍✞✎☞✌ ✏✎ ✞✁ ✟✝✑✎✞ ✝✒✝✓✔ ✕✕✖✗✘✙✚✘✛✜ ✢✣✤✜✣✤ ✥✛✦✗✧ ✄★✩✪ ✥✣✘◆✫✛ ✬✣✦ ◆✭✚✮✛✗ ✕◆✯✛ ✘✬◆✗ ✣✤✛ ✗✛✛✯ ✘✣ ✫✣✤✰✛✱ ✲✣✕◆✘◆✫✚✕ ✭✛✗✗✚✮✛✗✳ ✴✘ ✘✬✛ ✫✛✤✘✙✛ ✱✣✖ ✫✚✤ ✗✛✛ ❝✙◆✘◆✗✬ ✣✵✵◆✫◆✚✕✗ ✘✙◆✖✭✲✬✚✤✘✕✱ ✙◆✜◆✤✮ ✣✤ ✚✤ ✛✕✛✲✬✚✤✘✳ ✶✤✛ ✣✵✵◆✫✛✙ ✣✤ ✚ ✬✣✙✗✛ ◆✗ ✗✭✣✯◆✤✮ ✚ ✬✣✣✯✚✬s ✚ ✲◆✫✘✖✙✛ ✘✬✚✘ ✛✭✲✬✚✗◆✗✛✗ ✘✬✚✘ ✘✬✛ ✘◆✭✛ ✣✵ ✘✙✣✖♦✕✛ ✦✚✗ ✣✰✛✙✧ ✘✬✛ ✙✛♦✛✕✕◆✣✤ ✬✚✜ ♦✛✛✤ ✫✙✖✗✬✛✜✳ r✬✛ ✙✛♦✛✕✗ ✚✙✛ ✤✣✦ ◆✤ ✫✬✚◆✤✗✧ ♦✛◆✤✮ ✘✚✯✛✤ ✚✦✚✱ ✘✣ ✷✚◆✕ ✛✗✫✣✙✘✛✜ ✚✤✜ ✗✖✙✙✣✖✤✜✛✜ ♦✱ ✗✣✕✜◆✛✙✗ ✣✵ ✘✬✛ ❡✣✭✲✚✤✱✳ 274 THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY – PART