12th Std History Textbook PDF

The coordination committee formed by G.R.No.Abhyas-2116/(pra.kra43/16)SD-4 dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 30.01.2020 and it has been decided to implement it from academic year 2020-2021. HISTORY...

The coordination committee formed by G.R.No.Abhyas-2116/(pra.kra43/16)SD-4 dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 30.01.2020 and it has been decided to implement it from academic year 2020-2021. HISTORY HISTORY Standard Twelve 2020 Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. The digital textbook can be obtained through DIKSHA APP on a smartphone by using the Q.R.Code given on title page of the textbook and useful audio-visual teaching-learning material of the relevant lesson will be available. First Edition : 2020 © Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Reprint : 2021 Research, Pune - 411 004. The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research reserves all rights relating to the book. No part of this book should be reproduced without the written permission of the Director, Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, ‘Balbharati’, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune 411004. History Subject Committee Author Dr. Ganesh Raut Dr. Sadanand More, Chairman Dr. Shubhangana Atre, Member Translation Dr. Somnath Rode, Member Dr. Shubhangana Atre Dr. Priya Gohad, Member Dr. Nalini Waghmare, Member Dr. Prashant Deshmukh, Member Cover and : Shri. Devadatta Prof. Shama Kulkarni, Member Illustrations Balkawade Smt. Varsha Sarode, Member-Secretary Cartographer : Shri. Ravikiran Jadhav Typesetting : DTP Section, Balbharati, Pune Paper : 70 GSM Creamwove Print Order : History Study Group Dr. Shivani Limaye Printer : Shri. Vaijnath Kale Dr. Dhananjay Choudhari Prof. Shridhar Ghundare Coordination Shri. Sameer Mankar Dr. Dhanaji Masal Smt. Varsha Sarode Shri. Krishna Deshmukh Assistant Special Officer, History and Civics Dr. Siddhartha Jadhav Prof. Anurath Kale Dr. Mushir Shaikh Production Shri. Sandip Doiphode Sachchitanand Aphale Shri. Balasaheb Chavare Chief Production Officer Dr. Sachin Dengale Prabhakar Parab, Production Officer Smt. Shivkanya Kaderkar Shashank Kanikdale, Dr. D. P. Kharade Asst. Production Officer Dr. Ravsaheb Shelke Shri. Mohan Shete Prof. Ashwini Bedge Prof. Sushama Nangude Publisher Vivek Uttam Gosavi, Controller Invitees Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau, Prabhadevi, Mumbai - 400 025. Shri. Mogal Jadhav NATIONAL ANTHEM  Preface Dear Students, History helps in understanding the past and present period. Assessment of history in a correct method is necessary for creating a better future. This textbook is helpful for this assessment. The history of continents of Europe, America, Africa, Asia and Australia is provided at a glance in the 12th standard textbook. Events beginning from European renaissance, colonialism, India’s struggle against colonialism with special reference to struggle in Maharashtra, decolonisation, Cold war to transformation of India are included in the textbook. This textbook traces the history of about five hundred years. With an overview of the events ranging from past to the present, it traces India’s journey towards globalization. QR code is provided on the title page with supportive teaching material. Both, 11th standard and 12th standard textbooks introduce us to the period from ancient to modern times. These textbooks will benefit the students for in-depth study of history as well as preparing for competitive examinations. These textbooks are helpful for understanding the content and scope of history. The History subject committee, history study group, author, illustrators have taken great efforts to make the book more effective with due small regard to the subject matter. Links to relevant websites are provided for better understanding of the contents. They will definitely prove helpful in the learning process. Any suggestions and recommendations, with reference to the textbook, from readers, parents, students and scholars are welcome. We hope that the book will be appreciated by all sections of the society. (Vivek Uttam Gosavi) Pune Director Date : 21st February 2020 Maharashtra State Bureau of Texbook Bharatiya Saur Dinank : Falgun 2, 1941 Production and Curriculum Research, Pune  - For Teachers - The Ancient and Mediaeval History of India was included in the 11th standard syllabus. This textbook covers a vast spectrum of 500 year’s history of Mediaeval World, Modern India and Modern World. It will help to create an awareness among students about various historical happenings like European Renaissance, European Colonialism that spread not only in India but most parts of the world, the resistance movements against colonialism in different parts of the world, the world after the two world wars and in the end the transformation happening in present day India. The Renaissance and development of science in Europe gave rise to the industrial revolution. Industrial revolution brought in colonialism. Colonialism in turn, provided impetus to the spread of industrial revolution. These processes led to imperialism and the spread of colonialism in the world. It is important for the students to become aware of these interdependent processes. The lesson entitled as ‘Colonialism and Maharashtra’ emphasises on the historical events in Maharashtra with special reference to European colonialism. In this lesson students will learn about the opposition to European colonialism that was put up by the rulers and also common people in Maharashtra. The rulers in Maharashtra fought against all colonial European powers. At times, they were also successful in defeating the European powers. This inspiring history is recorded in documents of that period written in Modi script, as well as documents and Bakhars of later period. A letter or ‘Adnyapatra’ of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj written in the context of the British traders is of special significance. It is a testimony to his farsightedness. It is essential that students should be able to appreciate the vision of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj. It will develop the analytical ability of the students to understand the depth of the struggle of people in Maharashtra against colonialism. The syllabus includes the movements for social and religious reforms. They are important parts of the syllabus. It is essential that a brainstorming process be created about the fundamental question that why a need for social and religious reformation should rise in the society. The students should learn to ask ‘why?’ while learning history. While teaching this lesson it may be possible to facilitate visits to historical monuments such as the Residence of Mahatma Jotirao Phule, ‘Prarthana Samaj Mandir’ and so on. Such visits offer an opportunity to experience history where it actually happened. The struggle against colonialism continued in India from 1817 to 1947. Indians had to fight against the French and the Portuguese colonialism till 1960. If possible, authentic historical sources, may be used while teaching this portion such as the freedom struggle of 1957, establishment of the Indian National Congress and the characteristics of the Lokmanya Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi era, armed resistance by Indian revolutionaries, India’s independence, accession of the princely states, freedom of the French and Portuguese colonies, etc. Such sources include contemporary local and national newspapers, documentaries, short films, audio tapes, etc. Thus, the discourse can be made more interesting and useful. In the context of World History, the process of decolonisation and the aftermath of the two world wars that made it possible, secondary sources such as contemporary films, newspapers, biographies, autobiographies may also be considered alongwith primary sources such as official documents. This method will be useful to understand India’s role in the world politics. By explaining the rise, spread and end of the ‘Cold War’, you will be enabling the students to understand the 21st century in a better way. Students are now in a position to actually witness the historical processes that are taking place in India after globalisation. The lessons entitled, ‘India Transformed - Part I and Part II, will help the students to understand the effects of events happening on the state and national level in the daily life of people in India. Based on the content of the textbook various programmes may be planned and implemented, which would help to understand various aspects of a topic. It may include discussions, group discussions, projects, posters, etc. The structure of a textbook is based on the principles of constructivism and activity based teaching methods. Accordingly, various informative text boxes are included in the textbook. The information in these text boxes are interesting and thought provoking. There is enough scope for the student participation. ‘Information, Thoughts and Activities’ is the three-point central theme for every lesson and also there is scope for self-expression. Supplementary information is provided through QR Code and links to relevant websites. It is expected that it will be used during teaching and learning process.  Competency Statements S.No. Unit Competency 1. Effects of Events - To explain what were crusades. in Europe on - To explain the background of ‘Crusades’. India - To understand of the concept of ‘Renaissance’ and discuss the progress in the field of knowledge and science. - To explain how geographic discoveries led to the discovery of new marine routes. - To explain the sea routes reaching India. - To discuss the effects of the industrial revolution on the world. 2. Colonisation - To explain the meaning of ‘Colonisation’. - To review information about the European colonies in America and America’s freedom struggle. - To criticise the effects of European colonisation in Asia and Africa. - To analyse the effects of colonisation on India. 3. Colonisation in - To get information about the arrival of the Portuguese in India and their domains in India India. - To get information about the arrival of the Dutch in India and their domains in India. - To get information about the arrival of the British and the French and their supremacy. 4. Resistance - To critically understand the resistance to European Colonialism in Maharashtra. to European - To explain the policy adopted by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj for ending the Colonisation in Portuguese supremacy. Maharashtra - To understand the political relation between the British and the Marathas. - To explain the decision making power and courage of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. - To understand how did Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj fight against Colonialism. 5. Indian Struggle - To review the Indian struggle before 1857, against the British. against - To understand that the freedom struggle of 1857 was against the British Atrocities Colonialism on Indians. - To understand the causes of the founding of ‘Indian National Congress’. - To collect information about the contribution of Indian leaders in the Independence Struggle. 6. Decolonisation - To explain the meaning of ‘Decolonisation’. to Political - To understand the journey from Decolonisation to Integration. Integration of - To discuss the struggle for liberation of Goa, Diu, Daman and Puducherry. India - To explain the spread of Indian freedom struggle with the help of a map. 7. Decolonisation of - To be able to make a list of European colonies in Asia. Regions outside - To be able to tell the names of European colonies in the African continent. India - To explain the sequence of events in the context of Decolonisation. 8. World Wars and - To discuss the causes of First World War. India - To discuss the causes of Second World War. - To analyse India’s role in the World Wars. - To analyse the effects of the World Wars on India. 9. Cold War - To explain the concept of ‘Cold War’. - To discuss the causes of ‘Cold War’. - To get information of NATO, SEATO, CENTO, ANZUS. - To discuss the stages of ‘Cold War’ in Europe and Asia. - To analyse the Non-Alignment Policy of India. 10. India - To be able to critically examine the progress made by India in various fields. Transformed - To get information regarding various changes made in India. - To give information regarding the newly created Indian States. - To get information about INTACH, an organization which works in the field of conservation and preservations of ‘Indian Heritage’.  CONTENT S.No. Name Pg. No. 1. Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science 1 2. European Colonialism.............................................. 10 3. India and European Colonialism.............................. 19 4. Colonialism and the Marathas................................. 24 5. India: Social and Religious Reforms........................ 34 6. Indian Struggle against Colonialism........................ 41 7. Decolonisation to Political Integration of India....... 57 8. World Wars and India............................................... 63 9. World : Decolonisation.............................................. 72 10. Cold War.................................................................... 77 11. India Transformed - Part I......................................... 88 12. India Transformed - Part II........................................ 99 S.O.I. Note : The following foot notes are applicable : (1) © Government of India, Copyright : 2020. (2) The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. (3) The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. (4) The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh. (5) The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the “North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971,” but have yet to be verified. (6) The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master Copy certified by Survey of India. (7) The state boundaries between Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & Jharkhand and Chattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned. (8) The spellings of names in this map, have been taken from various sources.  1. Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Catholic Church had announced that those 1.1 European Crusades and its far- who fought in a crusade would be forgiven reaching consequences of their sins and would immediately go to 1.2 Renaissance Period in Europe heaven. This led to spontaneous participation 1.3 Development of Science by common people in the crusades. Besides, 1.4 Scientific Inventions in various the social, political circumstances in Europe fields were also among the causes for the 1.5 Geographic Discoveries and beginning of these wars. Explorers 1.6 Industrial Revolution Roman emperors were trying to bring 1.7 Economic Nationalism the regions of Syria and Asia Minor under their rule. Rich merchants in Venice and As the ‘Mediaeval Period’ in Europe Genova, the two trading centres in Italy was nearing its end, it saw advances in wanted to establish their trade in the various fields of life. Europeans discovered Central Asian market places. Thus, the unknown lands and there were movements crusades were supported by the rulers and of religious reformation. The foundations rich traders in their own interest. of the ‘Modern Period’ were laid in this The first crusade started in 1096 C.E., period. Hence, this period is called While giving a call for the second crusade, ‘Renaissance’, which means rebirth. Pope Eugenius III sought help from the In this period, the ancient Greek and French King Louis VII and the German Roman traditions of art, architecture, King Conrad III. Ultimately the crusaders philosophy, etc. were revived. However, were defeated by the Turks. In 1187 C.E. renaissance is not only the revival of Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt defeated the ancient traditions. Renaissance also saw crusaders by conquering Jerusalem. overall development in many fields and it However, the crusades did not stop after proved to be the beginning of a new era. that. In the course of time, totally nine 1.1 European Crusades and its far- crusades were launched. Despite the reaching consequences crusades, Jerusalem and the region around Jerusalem and Bethlehem are the two it remained under the control of Islamic cities, which are considered holy by the rule. Jews, Christians and Muslims. These cities Causes of the failure of the Crusaders : were under Islamic rule in the eleventh The failure of the Christian Crusaders can century. Several wars were fought by the be attributed to the attitude of the Pope and Christians in Europe in the eleventh century the European rulers, who initiated the to regain hold on these cities. These wars crusades mainly for their own vested are known as ‘Crusades’. interests. Besides, the other factors like Supporting the Crusades : The common people losing faith, rift between common people in Europe were highly the Pope and the European kings, dispute inspired by the idea of being part of the between the Pope and the German Emperor, wars, which were fought for the cause of non co-operation by the Emperor of religion. Pope, the highest authority of the Byzantium also caused the failure of crusades. 1  Consequences of the Crusades : Some humans formed the centre of this thought. historians feel that crusades led to the end This way of thinking is called ‘Humanism’. of feudalism in Europe. People began to The European rulers of the renaissance lose faith in Pope. The contact with the period encouraged adventurous seafarers to regions in Central Asia led to the increased explore distant lands. They brought back trade and the new avenues were opened for information about the plants, fruits, flowers, the cities in Italy and Germany. It saw the trees, unknown rise of a new class of traders. species of animals, The European warfare went through weaponry etc., from many changes. European nations acquired the distant lands they expertise in building forts, managing the visited. In 1543 C.E. forts as military outposts, building bridges Nicolaus Copernicus for moving the army from one place to told the world that another, destruction of the enemy’s routes, the centre of our etc. European kings levied new taxes which planetary system is were directly added to the royal treasury. the ‘Sun’ and not the Europeans were introduced to newer ‘Earth’. In 1609 types of plants, fruits, perfumes, different Galileo prepared a styles of clothing, sugar, silk and cotton, more sophisticated textiles, spices, medicinal herbs and so on. telescope, which Galileo’s Telescope During the prolonged times of crusades enabled further Europeans came into contact with the research in the field of astronomy. The Arabs and got introduced to several new theories propounded by Copernicus and subjects. Europeans adopted many Arabic Kepler could be supported by the empirical words used in alchemy, music and observations made possible by Galileo’s commerce. telescope. This facilitated research in the field of physical sciences. 1.2 Renaissance Period in Europe The inventions of gunpowder and The European renaissance began in the printing respectively brought about 14 century C.E. and reached its zenith in th fundamental changes in the techniques of the 15th-16th century C.E. These three warfare and dissemination of knowledge. centuries proved to be foundational stage The first printing press in Germany was of a culture based on rationalism and started in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg. science. The first printing press in Italy started in This period gave a new direction to 1451. The invention of printing has been human intellect, genius and way of life. an outstanding gift of the renaissance People got more interested in unfolding the period. New avenues opened to extend mysteries of the universe by adopting varied information and knowledge to scientific approach. Many people began to common people. A number of modern write poetry, drama and fiction, a field that universities came into existence in Europe had remained untouched so far. Novel in the 18th century. The syllabi in these experiments were conducted in the field of universities included subjects like : the science. In the pre-renaissance times the Epics - ‘Illiad’ and ‘Odyssey’ written by thought about the existence of the universe Homer, Greek drama, speeches of great revolved around the concept of ‘God’. Now, orators, literature, painting, sculpture, ethics, 2 political science and history, etc. As a result of this people began to think freely. Try to do this. Collect information about how the It so happened...! early European universities worked. Galileo (1564-1642 C.E.) : Galileo Catholic Church : In the pre- established the rational method of renaissance period the ‘Catholic Church’ empirical observation and forming a not only controlled the religious life of theory on the basis of those observations. people but also controlled the individual Hence, Galileo is known as the ‘Father life of people. It exploited of common of the Empirical Science’. He proved people by issuing mandates for payments that the speed of objects of different of fees. It also put restrictions on free weight falling down is equal by carrying thinking and its circulation. Anyone who out actual demonstrations from the dared to interpret Bible differently from the heights of the tower of Pisa in Italy. conventional interpretation propagated by Thus, Aristotle’s view that heavy the Catholic Church, was sentenced to objects will fall down faster than lighter death. The humanist philosophy of the objects, was disproved. With Galileo’s renaissance was instrumental in making a modified telescope he could trigger a ground for resistance against the revolution. He was successful in overpowering Catholic Church. enhancing the power of his telescope many times more than the existing Modern Science : Scientists began telescopes. It benefitted the seafarers to their search for reality by strictly using the a great extent. It became easier for scientific method, which emphasises on them to locate lands while sailing in empirical experience. This very approach the oceans. With his telescope he could led to the onset of modern age of science. discover four major satellites of the Learning mathematics, science and arts planet Jupiter. Galileo also invalidated gained importance during renaissance, for with evidence, Aristotle’s opinion that example the works of Leonardo da Vinci. the Moon is self-luminous and has Arts : During renaissance the scientific smooth surface. He proved that there approach influenced the field of arts as are mountains and valleys on the moon well. In this period alchemy began to and the light emitted from it is actually separate from its mystical roots and later the reflected rays of the sun. He had transformed into the scientific discipline of also calculated the time the sun takes ‘Chemistry’. The advancement of chemistry to complete one cycle around itself, as expanded the knowledge of the sources of 27 days. It is said that Galileo was the metals and elements. A significant change first scientist to observe the spots on was introduced in the field of paintings. Oil the sun. paints and also boards painted by using oil paints were made. The scientific method of At this point, it may be noted that observation of nature made it possible to Varahmihir, an Indian scholar, is said paint the natural scenes with minute details. to have mentioned the sunspots (Tamas With the same method, detailed diagrams Kilakas) in his treatise ‘Brihatsamhita’, of the human body and its internal organs (circa 6th century C.E.). could be drawn. The work of Leonardo da 3 Vinci and Michelangelo is quite significant animals. The research by Benjamin Franklin in this regard. was very important as it threw light on 1.3 Development of Science various aspects of lightening and electricity. He coined many technical terms, which are It is said that the European natural used in the electrical science even today. scientists of the 17th century laid the foundations of modern science. The Textile Industry : Weaving of woollen scientists of the 17 century put emphasis th cloth was a very old cottage industry in on the following things : to prove that England. In the year 1738 John Kay made scientific principles established by empirical and patented ‘flying shuttle’. It increased experiments remain true despite time and the speed of weaving. The next advanced space; to convert the emergent scientific stage was ‘spinning jenny’, a spinning rules into scientific formulae; to create a frame with multiple spindles, made by new scientific parlance and so on. These James Hargreaves in England. One could efforts helped the progress of science. work eight spindles simultaneously on this frame and it reduced the amount of labour Institutions devoted to the cause of and time of production. In the year 1769 science : In Europe some organisations Richard Arkwright made a more advanced were established for research in science. spinning frame, which mechanised the These organisations published scientific process of spinning. It could produce yarns journals, which included research articles much faster with better twisting and written by scientists, correspondence between strength. Samuel Crompton invented a more them, as also clearing doubts and exchanging modified spinning machine in 1779 C.E., thoughts. Among them ‘Academy of the named as ‘spinning mule’. With this Lynx Eyed’ or ‘Lincean Academy’ in machine the speed of producing cloth Rome, ‘Academy for experiment’ in increased two hundred times. In 1785 C.E. Florence, ‘Royal Society for Improving Edmund Cartwright invented power loom. Natural Knowledge’ in London, ‘French In the year 1793 a machine called ‘cotton Academy of Sciences’ in France were of gin’ was introduced. This machine was prime importance. useful in removing cotton seeds from cotton 1.4 Scientific inventions in various fibers with a much greater speed. fields Metallurgy : England had a number Various instruments like compass, of iron mines but it was necessary to telescope, thermometer and barometer were advance the technique of smelting in order invented in this period. Microscopes invented to acquire pure iron from it. Gradually the in this period made it easier to observe fuel for iron furnaces was replaced from various types of micro-organisms. Robert wood to coal. It facilitated creation of Boyle, an alchemist is known for discovering furnaces that could attain much higher that the absolute pressure and the volume temperature resulting into increased of a gas are inversely proportional. This production of iron. Later, special machines created interest in further research on gases were made to keep the furnaces burning at like hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. The a set temperature and to maintain its research in physics was more focused on aeration. In 1865 the process of producing various aspects of ‘heat’ and ‘sound’. In steel from molten iron was invented and zoology a methodology known as the nature of iron industry underwent ‘Taxonomy’ was developed to classify major transformation. At about the same 4 5 time, a method was developed to pour the various reasons. molten metal into casts for making iron Henry the Navigator : He was the bars (for example, rails). prince of Portugal in the 15th century. He Use of Machines : Once a machine encouraged people to go on expeditions and proved effective for one industry, people search for lands, which were not known till tried to test its usefulness for other industries then. These expeditions resulted into the too. These attempts resulted into inventions discovery of ‘Madeira’ and ‘Azores’, two of newer machines. In 1783 Thomas Bell archipelagos near Africa. These two are made a machine for cylinder or roller autonomous regions of Portugal. The printing on fabric. By 1809 a machine came Portuguese began to transport African in use for sticking together the heels and people to Portugal and sell them as slaves. soles of a shoe. Tailoring machines were African gold was also brought back to made. James Watt invented steam engine. Portugal by these people. In the beginning, this engine was only used Bartholomew Dias : Dias began his to transport coal and iron ore out of the expedition on the orders of the King of mines. Later, steam powered machinery Portugal, John II. He reached the southern came to be used in textile industry. tip of Africa, which he named as ‘Cape of In course of time steam powered Storms,. Later, the name was changed to ploughs, harvesters, grass cutting machines ‘Cape of Good Hope’. He was the first were made. These machines could complete seafarer to circumnavigate the African agricultural operations in very short time. continent. In America Robert Fulton, an engineer Christopher Columbus : In the year successfully sailed the steamboat, which 1453 Istanbul (Constantinople), the capital was named, ‘Clermont’. The first attempt city of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) of using steam engine for road transport Empire was conquered by the Ottoman was done by George Stephenson. A steam army. Thereafter it became the capital of engine for railway was also produced. This the Ottoman Empire. railway engine could successfully cut the Now the eastern sea distance between Liverpool to Manchester. route was closed for Later railway services were expanded Europeans. It had through Europe. It shortened the time of become necessary for travel within Europe. them to search for an 1.5 Geographic Discoveries and alternative route to Explorers reach Asia. With the Marco Polo : The Italian traveller, Christopher Columbus support of the King Marco Polo, introduced China and other Ferdinand and Queen Asian countries to Europe. He stayed in Isabel of Spain, Christopher Columbus, an China in the royal court of Kubalai Khan. Italian explorer set sail in the search of There he studied Mongolian and Chinese India. He was certain that by sailing languages. westwards, he would find India, as the earth is round. Instead of reaching India, he Ibn Batuta : Ibn Batuta was a scholar reached the islands near America. and famous mediaeval traveller. Ibn Batuta visited India, Maldives, Sumatra, China, Amerigo Vespucci : Amerigo Vespucci Spain, Sardinia, East and West Africa for an Italian explorer is supposed to have 6 gone on expedition on the orders of King who organised the first expedition, which of Spain in 1497. The land he found was proved to be the first attempt of named as ‘Venezuela’. In his third expedition circumnavigation of the earth. Unfortunately, by following the river course, he could when it had almost reached completion, discover the delta region of the ‘Amazon’. Magellan was killed in Philippines. However It is believed that America was named his companions completed the after Amerigo. circumnavigation. Charles I, the king of Vasco da Gama : In the year 1497, Spain had planned this expedition. Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese seafarer Samuel de Champlain : The French set sail with a fleet of 4 ships and 170 navigator and cartographer organised sailors in the search expeditions to North America. There he of India. He reached established French colonies. He established the eastern coast of the city of ‘Quebec’ in Canada. Africa and visited a Abel Janszoon Tasman : Tasman was few African ports born in Holland. He contributed to the like Mombasa and colonial rush for searching unknown lands Malindi. At Malindi by discovering New Zealand. In 1644 he he met an Indian surveyed the southwest coasts of New navigator and under Guinea islands and discovered the region his guidance Vasco of Carpentaria in Queensland, a north- da Gama landed at Vasco da Gama eastern state in Australia. the Indian port of Captain James Cook : Captain James Calicut (Kozhikode) in 1498. He asked Cook of the British Royal Navy set his King Zamorin of Kozhikode for trading foot in New Zealand and Australia. He permission. After obtaining the permission surveyed the islands in the Pacific Ocean he returned to Portugal. Thereafter he and prepared accurate maps. He cut across visited India twice. He became the first 60,000 nautical miles during his journey of Viceroy of Goa and Kochi, after the three years. Portuguese rule was established there. The trading between European countries and Louis Antony da Bougainvillea : He India was initiated through his efforts. was a French seafarer. He reached Tahiti after crossing the Pacific Ocean. In 1771 You would like to know this : he wrote a book, ‘Voyages Around the The number of European colonies in World’, which describes his journey to the African continent increased because Tahiti. Using the information in this book, the continent had rich sources of diamonds, French missionaries reached Tahiti in the gold, copper as well as it was rich with 19th century. They established a French fertile land, timber and forests. Later the colony in Tahiti. One of the islands and Portuguese began to capture the Africans also a flowering climber ‘Bougainvillea’ is and sell them as slaves. Cheap human named after him. labour was the need of Europeans, which Mungo Park : Mungo Park, a Scottish increased the demand for African slaves explorer is known for his expedition to and helped to expand the slave trade. Western Africa. In 1795, he traced the Ferdinand Magellan : Ferdinand course of river ‘Niger’ as part of his Magellan is known as the Spanish explorer expedition. 7  England. At that time England had Do you know ? established its colonies in many countries. So, England could easily obtain large Alberuni (973-1049 C.E) : Alberuni quantities of essential raw material at visited India accompanying Sultan cheap rates from the colonies. England Mahmud of Ghazni. He tried to estimate could also export the processed goods to the diameter of the earth. His method the colonies and sell it there with large of determining the latitudes and profit margins using their naval facilities. longitudes was accurate. Considering The profits earned in the colonies made his times, this was a very difficult task. large amounts of capital available to the He prepared a map of the earth British merchants. Availability of cheap indicating its round shape. labour made it possible for them to maintain optimum level of costs. These factors giving 1.6 Industrial Revolution boost to economy prepared favourable ‘Industrial Revolution’ indicates the ground for the onset of industrial revolution transition from manual production to in England. Industrial revolution, however, mechanised production. In the 18th and 19th affected India adversely. It set the decline centuries steam powered and water powered of Indian cottage industry. The textile (Hydraulic) machines came into use for industry in India almost came to a halt. industrial production. The administrative policies of the East India Company were made to benefit the Industrial revolution could happen only British than the Indians. Railways made it in a capitalistic economy. In the capitalistic possible to transport European goods to economy a new class of capitalists emerged, rural areas for sell. It turned into monetary who were either owners of industrial exploitation of the Indians. establishments (factories) or could provide capital to such establishments. To produce Find it out. commodities of common use with minimum Make a list of the European countries possible production cost, to pay least where the Industrial Revolution spread in possible wages in order to maintain its first stage. maximum profit margins are, the characteristics of capitalistic economy. 1.7 Economic Nationalism Private ownership of the industrial Rise of ‘Economic Nationalism’ was establishments, manufacturer’s right to an outcome of industrial revolution. manufacture and to fix the price of the Arresting the economic growth of rival manufactured goods, also to determine the nations along with fervently pursuing the profit margins, as also the right of the economic growth of one’s own nation consumer to buy goods of his choice, are became vary important. It became important inbuilt norms of the capitalist economy. to devise ways to put economic restrictions In England the atmosphere was suitable on the rival country. Measures such as for industrial revolution. Large amounts of prohibiting the import-export transactions of iron ore and coal were available. The damp other countries, levying heavy tolls on their climate of England was suitable for goods, establishing colonies mainly in the producing cotton yarn. With these favourable Asian and African countries, if need be, conditions, textile industry flourished in fighting battles with the natives of the colonies were part of economic nationalism. 8 The chain of surplus production was the exploitation of colonies. effect of industrial revolution and in turn Extreme nationalism, industrialisation, the economy based on surplus production concepts of racial superiority, aggressive supported economic nationalism and also colonial policies supported further growth imperialism. It began the vicious circle of of imperialism. The result was the immense continuously capturing new marketplaces, expanse of the European empires nations searching for sources of cheap supply of like England, France, Belgium, Germany, raw material, to maintain an unbroken etc. In the next lesson we shall learn more chain of supply of raw material, to attract about European colonialism. more and more investors, to safeguard their investments and so on. It resulted into the y y JJJJJJJJJJJJ Exercise JJJJJJJJJJJJ Q.1 (A) Choose the correct alternative and Q.3 Complete the concept map. rewrite the statement. Marco Polo Mungo Park 1. In 1440 started printing press. (a) James Watt (b) Gutenberg (c) Aristotle (d) Homer 2. In 1609 made a modified Geographic Discoveries telescope. (a) John Key (b) Copernicus (c) Galileo (d) Kepler 3. was the first explorer to Henry the Navigator Abel Tasman circumnavigate the African continent. (a) Henry the Navigator (b) Marco Q.4 Write short Notes. Polo 1. European Crusades (c) Bartholomew Dias (d) Columbus 2. Metallurgy in Europe (B) Find the incorrect pair from group Q.5 Explain the following statements with ‘B’, and write the corrected ones. reason. Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’ 1. The European renaissance is supposed 1. John Kay flying shuttle to have reached its zenith in the 15th- 2. Samuel Crompton cotton gin 16th centuries. 3. Edmund Cartwright power loom 2. The Industrial Revolution first began in 4. James Watt steam engine England. Q.2 Write the names of historical places / Q.6 State your opinion. persons / events. 1. The European natural scientists of the 1. Father of the empirical science - 17th century laid the foundations of 2. Scientist who told the world that the modern science. centre of our planetary system is the 2. The economy based on surplus ‘Sun’ and not the ‘Earth’ - production supported economic 3. The treatise written by Varahmihir - nationalism and also imperialism. Q.7 Answer the following questions in detail. Project 1. Explain the causes and effects of Collect detailed information about the European crusades. voyages of Bartholomew Dias and Vasco 2. Give detailed information of the da Gama and read it out to the class. development of science and scientific inventions during the renaissance period. fff 9  2. European Colonialism themselves firmly in Asia and Africa. 2.1 Colonialism : Meaning and Nature 2.1 Colonialism : Meaning and Nature 2.2 Colonialism 2.2.1 Causes of the Rise of Europeans reached all over the world Colonialism with various intentions such as the urge for 2.2.2 Consequences adventures, to earn name, to discover 2.3 European Colonialism unknown lands, to search for gold mines, etc. 2.3.1 America Later, the trade and commerce increased to 2.3.2 Australia and New Zealand a great extent and the European countries 2.3.3 Asia began to compete with each other. 2.3.4 Africa Wherever the Europeans went, they established their colonies. There was a Colonialism is a form of imperialism. competition to gain economic, social and The act of a developed nation occupying the political supremacy among them. Extreme land of a less developed, distant nation and nationalism, feeling of racial superiority, establishing their rule on the occupied country industrialisation, aggressive approach, etc. is known as ‘colonialism’. Countries like are some of the factors that led to the growth England, France, Portugal, Spain, etc. of colonialism. Europeans went to America, gradually occupied the nations in Asia and Australia, New Zealand. They found the Africa and established their colonies there. climate of these regions favourable for them. India was one of the colonies of England. However, it was not easy for them to adapt One of the main characteristics of colonialism to the climate of Asia. Despite the climatic is to transport the raw material from the conditions, favourable or unfavourable, colonies to one’s own country and use the Europeans displaced the indigenous people in colonies as marketplaces for selling their their own lands. The British, the Dutch, the final products. Portuguese and the French, all devised several Colonialism, indeed gives rise to political ways for demoralising the indigenous people. and economic slavery but it also causes Europeans needed to capture newer psychological slavery. The racial attitude of marketplaces for selling their surplus goods, the colonialist countries and subsequent which were increasingly accumulating as the treatment given to the native people creates result of mass production, caused by the sort of inferiority complex among them. They industrial revolution. Besides, they also develop an apologetic outlook for their own needed additional sources that would provide culture and history. They begin to feel ample raw material. In the latter half of the unworthy. It was said that, ‘‘the sun never 19th century England had built a very sets on the British Empire.” It was the way flourishing trade as a result of the industrial to indicate the worldwide spread of British revolution. The British with the help of their colonies. The British Empire encompassed naval forces, had established supremacy in the continents of Asia, Africa, America and Asian and African countries. Earning surplus Australia. profits, investing surplus profits, increasing There was a commercial revolution in trade with the colonies for good investment, the 15th century Europe. As a result of the profit on the investments – this was an discoveries of new lands by various seafarers, unending chain. France, Belgium, Italy and the traditional ways of commerce changed Germany were the countries, who, like radically. European traders began to establish England strove to establish colonies. 10  2.2 Colonialism The Feeling of Racial Superiority : 2.2.1 Causes of the Rise of Colonialism The European colonialist claimed it to be Industrial Consequences : Colonialism their responsibility to civilise the people in was a result of Industrial Revolution. Asia and Africa. This assumed role of the Production increased enormously because of Europeans resulted in the conversion of many the new machines. However, the rate of local Asian and African people to Christianity. consumption was much lesser compared to This also helped the growth of colonialism. the surplus production. Hence, the immediate 2.2.2 Consequences need of the Europeans was to find new The People in Asia and Africa were marketplaces for selling their products. It was economically exploited by the Europeans. also necessary that those marketplaces be The people in the colonies lost their dependable and easy to dominate. independence. Their economic exploitation Requirements of Raw Material : It is pushed them into poverty. necessary to maintain low costs of production At the same time, we may also note compared to competing nations in the market. some constructive things that happened during The desire to create monopoly in the market the colonial period. A new awareness emerged and the need to procure raw material at in the political, social, economic and cheaper rates were two major factors, which educational fields. Common people became made it essential for the European nations conscious of democratic systems and its to establish clear supremacy. inherent modern values like liberty, equality Investing Surplus Capital  : The Industrial and fraternity. They got introduced to revolution added to the wealth of the principles like administration based on a European capitalists, who were already rich. fundamental legal system, judicial system, They started searching for secure markets to availability of education to all. People invest their surplus funds. The markets in the became aware of the need to shoulder the less developed countries were quite secure responsibility of solving their problems, which from this point of view. Thus, the availability eventually led to the independence movements of surplus capital facilitated the rise of in many colonies. colonialism. Try to do this. Sources of Minerals : The countries in Locate the following regions under Asia and Africa had rich sources of minerals British domination on the map: Gibraltar, like gold, diamonds, silver and coal etc. This Malta in the Mediterranean sea; British attracted the European merchants to various Guyana, British Honduras, British West regions of Asia and Africa. Indies, Bermuda and Falkland islands in Geographic Importance : European the Western Hemisphere; Aden, Sri Lanka, nations had realised that the geographic Myanmar, Hongkong, India; also the location of some regions in Asia and Africa countries in Africa. are advantageous for trade. Malta, Gibraltar, Aden, Singapore, Andaman and Nicobar were 2.3 European Colonialism some such regions, where the British 2.3.1 America established their hold. While studying the history of the colonial Availability of Labour : European period in America it becomes apparent that merchants needed large number of labourers the stronger European countries dominated at a very cheap rate. The colonies fulfilled the weaker countries by establishing colonies this need. Later, it contributed to the boom there and pushed them into subjection. The in the slave trade. European migrants seized the lands of original 11 inhabitants in America and at times massacred rule and so did Spain by taking hold of them. They destroyed the local kingdoms in Mexico. There they discovered gold mines. Peru and Mexico. The original inhabitants Spanish colonisers brought slaves from Africa were forced into slavery. to cultivate sugarcane and tobacco in the Portugal and Spain were on the forefront American fields. However, once the Spanish in the competition among the European discovered the mines of gold and silver in nations to establish colonies. Portugal brought Peru, Mexico and Venezuela, they concentrated Brazil in the American continent under their more on mining the precious metals than 12 agriculture. They established control over the other restrictions imposed on the colonies. On entire coastline of South America. The coastal 5th March 1770, some people were shot down region from Florida to California was held by British soldiers, in Boston, a port city in by the Spanish. Here, they engaged the native Massachusetts. Americans and the African slaves in farming. The British parliament had granted Farming and mining earned them enormous monopoly to ‘East India Company’ to import wealth. Spain appointed governors to and sell tea to the colonies. People in the administer these regions. The King of Spain colonies had started demanding removal of was the supreme authority. An organisation, the restrictions imposed on them and called ‘Council of the Indies’ was established autonomy. When the British government to rule the colonies. This council was also refused to yield to these demands, the in charge of the Spanish trade in the colonies. American colonies declared boycott on British Essential raw materials were exported out to goods. In 1773, as an act of resistance, the Spain and the finished goods used to be local residents of Boston dumped the boxes imported for sale in the local markets of the containing tea in the sea belonging to East colonies. The trade of gold and silver acquired India Company. This event is known as the from these colonies earned huge profits for ‘Boston Tea Party’. A federation of the the king. Witnessing Spain’s prosperity colonies known as the ‘Continental Congress’ England, Holland and France also began to was established. In 1774, a meeting of the establish their colonies in America. congress was called at Philadelphia. In this During the reign of Elizabeth I, the meeting known as the ‘First Continental queen of England, explorers were encouraged Congress’ a strong opposition was expressed to undertake marine expeditions. Establishing to the import of British goods. It was also colonies was the prime intention. In 1496, decided to boycott British goods. These John Cabot was granted permission to events ultimately gave a momentum to the establish colonies on the American land. He American independence movement against established the British as the ruling authority European powers. in North America. In 1607 the British built Thirteen colonies in America came Jamestown, a colony on the banks of river together and declared independence from ‘James’. Later the same colony was renamed Great Britain. On 4th July 1776, in the meeting as ‘Virginia’. Afterwards, England established known as the ‘Second Continental Congress’, its colonies in the coastal region of North a document known as the ‘Declaration of America stretching from New England to Independence’ was adopted. This document Carolina. Along with earning commercial was drafted by Thomas Jefferson. The crucial benefit, welfare of the home country was point of the document announced that the 13 added to the colonial intentions during the American colonies were reign of Queen Elizabeth. independent sovereign To suit its colonial interests, England states. The key point of began to impose restrictions on the colonies. this document is the The Maritime Law was a step in this statement about three direction. This law authorised only British basic human rights, companies for the sea transport. namely, ‘Life, Liberty The ‘Stamp Act’ (1765) made it and Pursuit of obligatory to purchase special stamps for Happiness’. It was important documents. British colonies in stated that these three America like Virginia, Massachusetts put up are the natural rights of George Washington all humans, which resistance against the Stamp Act and also nobody can be deprived of. 13  The conflict between the colonies and British empire. The European settlers in New the British army continued for some time Zealand adopted democratic system of resulting into several battles after the colonies administration. The measures of public declared independence. Finally, at Saratoga welfare such as common right to vote, public the colonies got a decisive victory over the railways, fire and accident insurance, pension British army. This victory proved to be a for the old, compensation to workers who got turning point for the colonies as the French injured or died on duty, etc. were implemented agreed to support them in their conflict with in New Zealand long before 1900 C.E. Only the British. Eventually in 1779, Spain also European immigrants were allowed to settle joined the colonies in their struggle for down in New Zealand. independence. On 7th October 1780, George 2.3.3 Asia Washington defeated the British army. On 19th October, the British general Lord To protect their colonies in India from Cornwallis surrendered and America became other colonialist European nations and to independent. The American revolt for boost their trade in India and the neighbouring independence, is also known as the ‘American regions were the main objectives of the Revolution’. It was a war tantamount to British rulers. Americans fighting one’s own king to get Myanmar : Myanmar is India’s back their independence. Americans proved neighbouring country on its northeast boundary. to the world that the subjects have a right Earlier it was known as ‘Brahmadesh’ (Burma). to fight the rulers who deny them their The British wanted to establish their control in natural rights. It is said that ‘State without Burma because it was rich in natural wealth a King’ is a phenomenon, which is a gift to and was also a potential market. the world from America. The royal dynasty of Myanmar had Canada, a country adjacent to America successfully consolidated the country under was acquired by the British by the Paris their rule. It also conquered Manipur. Later Treaty in 1763. Later, the British accorded they attacked Assam. The British were alerted the status of a federal state to Canada and by the Burmese attacks. Hence, Lord Amherst, established a bicameral parliament. They had the Governor-General of India declared war also appointed a Governor-General in Canada. against Myanmar. The war continued for two 2.3.2 Australia and New Zealand years. It is known as the ‘First Anglo- Burmese War’. The British navy conquered In the 18th century the first colony of the the port of Rangoon (Yangon) in this war. prisoners deported from England was It ended with a treaty between the British established in Australia. Later in the 19th and the Burmese king. Manipur was returned century other regions in Australia were to the British. The coastal region, the forests colonised. The British also established their and mines there, came under British control. colonies in the Island of Tasmania and New The British collected a large sum as Zealand. In the year 1900 the island of compensation against military expenditure Tasmania was included and the Republic of from Myanmar. They also appointed their Australia was created as an integral nation Resident in Inwa (also known as ‘Ava’), the of the British Empire. A bicameral parliament capital of Myanmar at that time. was established. A Governor - General was appointed in Australia by the British king as The ‘Second Anglo-Burmese War’ was the viceregal representative. Only European fought during Lord Dalhousie’s tenure. Two immigrants were allowed to enter Australia. British individuals staying in Burma were asked to pay a fine by the Burmese In 1907, New Zealand was accorded the administration. This minor incident was used status of an autonomous state integral to the as a pretext by Dalhousie to plan an attack 14 on Myanmar. He declared war and sent an Bombay-Burma Trading Corporation, a army to Myanmar with Commodore George British company. Lord Dufferin, the Governor- Lambert at its head. The Burmese army was General and Viceroy of India took this defeated. The cities of Rangoon (Yangon), opportunity and sent army to attack Burma. Pegu (Bago) and Prome were captured by the The ‘Third Anglo-Burmese War’ was fought British. This region was merged in the British around 1885 C.E. The British conquered the Empire. With this victory the British influence city of Mandalay. King Thibaw surrendered in the coastal region of Myanmar was firmly and the entire region of North Myanmar established. The British army fighting this became an integral part of the British Empire. war was comprised of Indian soldiers. Not In 1935 an act was passed to separate only that, the expenditure of this war was Myanmar from Indian territory. also borne by the Indians. Myanmar was inspired by the ‘Indian The French had already created Freedom Struggle’ and gained independence considerable influence in Vietnam (Indochina). in 1948. There was increasing contact between the Nepal : Nepal was a small kingdom in Burmese king and the French. In addition, the Himalayan region. The British had sent King Thibaw of Myanmar tried to strike a their representatives to Nepal but they did pact with Italy and Germany. These were not receive any reciprocal response. It led to reasons enough for the British to feel alarmed. two Anglo-Nepalese wars. They got a pretext to declare war against King Thibaw when he levied fine on the The Gurkha army had mere 10-12 Do you know ? The British imprisoned King Thibaw hemispherical having panes of colourful after his defeat. So as to ensure that he Italian glass. An image of Lord Gautam would not be able to rise against the British Buddha brought by the king from Myanmar, or to have any contact with his subjects, is installed in the precincts of the palace. he was brought to Ratnagiri in Maharashtra. You may note, that the British adopted A three storeyed palace was built there. similar policy when they sent Emperor King Thibaw was kept under house arrest Bahadur Shah to Yangon after the 1857 in that palace. The ground floor of the Independence War. He could never return palace has a large hall with marble floor. to India and died there. The roof is decorated with beautifully Lokmanya Tilak, who was born in carved wooden panels. The windows are Ratnagiri was kept in the jail at Mandalay in Myanmar with a view to keep him away from the Indian Movement of Independence. Tilak wrote ‘Geetarahasya’ in this prison. Later, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was also sent to Mandalay jail. Thibaw Palace, Ratnagiri 15 thousand soldiers while the British army was Ashley Eden took an agressive stand against much larger having more than 30 thousand Bhutan. There was a war between Bhutan soldiers. The British attacked Nepal. The and the British in 1865. The war was Nepalese army brought the British army to concluded with a treaty, according to which the point of desperation. Nepal was defeated the king of Bhutan surrendered the territories by British Nepal at Makwanpur in 1816. The conquered by Bhutan to the British and the British took over the regions of Terai, king was granted an annual subsidy. Later, Kumaun and Garhwal. A British Resident in another treaty in 1910, the British agreed was appointed at Kathmandu. In 1923, the not to interfere in the internal matters of British accepted the sovereignty of Nepal. Bhutan and Bhutan agreed to be guided by Sikkim : The British goal was to gain the British in their external affairs. In 1949, control over India’s neighbouring regions. the treaty was signed on 8th August 1949 Sikkim was a small kingdom on the north between India and Bhutan, according to border of India, which was surrounded by which India assumed a position of an Bhutan, Bengal, Nepal and Tibet. In 1815 advisory to Bhutan in the matters of defence the King of Sikkim handed over the region and external affairs. around Darjeeling to the British. In return the Tibet : Tibet was under the influence of king was granted certain amount as a privy Dalai Lama. The British wanted to have purse. Later Lord Dalhousie sent army to hold on Tibet for arresting Russian advances Sikkim and took hold of some more regions and to increase their own trade. During Lord of Sikkim. This threw open the Sikkim Curzon’s times the British military had markets to the British traders and authorised reached ‘Lhasa’, the capital city of Tibet. In the British to collect octroi on the India-Tibet 1907, as per the treaty between England and trade. In 1886 the Tibetans tried to capture Russia, the political rule of China in Tibet Sikkim. The British immediately took action was principally acknowledged. It gave a against them. In the 1890 treaty between the leeway to China to claim Tibet as an integral British and China it was agreed that Sikkim part of China. will be a British protectorate. In this way the 2.3.4 Africa British could ensure the security of the tea gardens in Darjeeling. Sikkim was made a European travellers reached Africa also. buffer zone and the British took control of However, the African territory with its dense the internal administration and foreign policies forests, widespread lakes, swamps and deserts of Sikkim. However, the sovereign status of was unfamiliar to them. Leopold II, the king Sikkim was maintained. of Belgium had Congo under his dominance. He convened a Geographical Conference in A plebiscite was held in 1975 and the Brussels in 1876. European geographers and people of Sikkim voted for merging in the researchers had gathered in this assembly. It Indian Republic. Thus, Sikkim became a was decided there to establish an institution constituent state in the Indian federation. called ‘International Association for the Bhutan : Bhutan is a neighbouring Exploration and Civilisation of Central country of India, located near its northern Africa’, for the purpose of dissemination of border and to the east of Sikkim. Lord knowledge in Africa. In 1884 a conference Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of European nations was organised in Berlin of India had recognised the geographic and to explore the opportunities in Africa available economic importance of Bhutan. Hence, he to them. The true purpose of this conference established friendly relationship with the was to discuss the possibilities of dividing country. It helped to open the trade route the African territory amongst themselves. from Bengal to Tibet for the British. In 1841, 16  In the Berlin Conference the Belgian Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli (Nubia) supremacy in Congo was acknowledged by and Egypt were part of the north region of all and Congo was renamed as ‘Congo Free Africa. In 1830 France had already established State’. It was also decided in this conference control over Algeria. Italy, France and that if any of the European nations fails in England wanted to occupy Tunis. In this utilising the natural resource in the colonies competition France was successful, and got under their charge, then that nation should hold of Tunis from its Turkish Sultan. give it up to another European nation. Thereafter, France took hold of Morocco as George Taubman Goldie was a British well. Italy conquered Tripoli and Cyrenaica. citizen who founded ‘The National African Both England and France wanted to gain Company’ in England. A charter was issued hold over Egypt. The British built railway to him by the British government permitting from Alexandria to Cairo. Suez Canal that to conduct trading operations in Nigeria. joined Mediterranean and Red Sea was built Later, the company was acquired by the under the supervision of the French diplomat British Government. Nigeria became a Ferdinand de Lesseps. In the beginning Egypt colony governed by the British government. bore the expenditure for this project. Bismarck, the Chancellor of Germany However, later the expenditure for Suez established the first German colony in West Canal got so escalated that Egypt had to Africa in 1883. It was named ‘Togoland’. seek loans to meet it. It became impossible Germany also established its colonies in to repay even the interest on the loans, so Cameroon and southwest Africa. Egypt put up the shares of ‘Suez Canal France established their supremacy in Company’ for sell. England purchased a Senegal, Gambia and in the region to the number of shares and thus gained part north of Congo. In 1883, Ivory Coast also ownership of the company and the Suez became a French colony. Later France Canal. Egypt became independent in 1922. acquired the region of Dahomey from Sudan to the south of Egypt was its Portugal. Till 1914, France had established vassal state. England, by the virtue of Egypt their control over the region from Sahara being deemed as British protectorate, had desert to Ivory Coast to the west and French also assumed the same role in Sudan. Guinea. Sudan was important for England because Cape Colony and Natal in East Africa the Nile, the lifeline of Egypt, originates in were held by England while Mozambique Sudan. England, without paying heed to local was under Spanish control. England, France opposition established its supremacy over and Germany were interested in the regions Sudan. To facilitate the moving of British of East Africa. These three nations made a army in Sudan, the British began to build a pact to protect each other’s interests. railway track from Uganda to Sudan. France Accordingly, the Sultan of Zanzibar was accepted England’s claim on Sudan and in given Pemba island and the coastal region exchange asked for some facilities in the of east Africa, while Madagascar was given western parts of Africa. to France, the coastal region of north Africa Cape Colony and Natal in the southern to England and the south region to Germany. parts of Africa were under British control. In 1897, Germany took over the east African Orange Free State and Transvaal were under region from ‘German East Africa Company’. Dutch control. Gold mines were discovered England declared Zanzibar, Pemba island in Johannesburg and it attracted European and Nyasaland (Malawi) as their protectorates nations to South Africa. By 1909, resulted in and it came to be known as ‘British East England’s decision to consolidate its colonies Africa’. in the southern region and name it ‘Union 17 of South Africa’. At about same time the Thus, we learnt about the history of Portuguese gained control over Angola. Some European Colonialism. In the next lesson we islands in the Guinea Coast, some part of will learn about the influence of European Morocco came under Spain’s control. colonialism in India. y y JJJJJJJJJJJJ Exercise JJJJJJJJJJJJ Q.1 (A) Choose the correct alternative and (c) they wanted to be on the forefront rewrite the statement. in the cololnial competition amongst 1. ‘Declaration of Independence’ was the European nations. drafted by. (d) they wanted to teach a lesson to (a) George Washington King Thiba of Myanmar. (b) Thomas Jefferson Q.3 Complete the concept map. (c) Lord Amherst (d) Lord Cornwallis 2. The Second Anglo-Burmese War fought during the times of. (a) Lord Amherst (b) Lord Dufferin The causes (c) Lord Dalhousie (d) Ashley Eden of rise of Colonialism (B) Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’, and write the corrected one. Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’ 1. Togoland German colony 2. Egypt British colony Q.4 Write short Notes. 3. Orange Free State Dutch colony 1. Nature of Colonialism 4. Ivory Coast Portuguese colony 2. American War of Independence Q.2 (A) Write the names of historical places / Q.5 Explain the following statements with persons / events. reason. 1. The region from Florida to California 1. The Industrial revolution gave a on the southern coast of America was momentum to colonialism. under the control of - 2. European nations established colonies in 2. The sea voyages for exploration were America. encouraged in the reign of Queen - Project (B) Choose a correct reason and complete the sentence. 1. Examine the map of African continent 1. The British wanted to gain control over with the help of internet. Myanmar, because.... 2. Collect information about the (a) they wanted to expand their empire. biodiversity and sources of minerals (b) it was very important for them to in the African continent. control the natural resources and the market in Myanmar. fff 18  3. India and European Colonialism in the south had to buy a license from 3.1 Portuguese them. By 1608, the Portuguese had their 3.2 British colonies on the western coast of India at 3.3 Dutch Diu, Daman, Chaul, Goa (including Sashti 3.4 French and Bardesh), Honnavar, Gangoli, Basrur, Mangalore, Kannur, Kodungallur, Cochi In the previous lesson, we learnt about and Kollam. Similarly on the eastern coast European Colonialism and its impact on they had trader colonies at Nagpattinam, world history. In this lesson, we are going Mylapore (Mayilappore or also Sao Tome/ to learn about the spread of colonialism in San Thom), and Hugli in Bengal. This India and its impact. stretch of the Portuguese Empire had its 3.1 Portuguese capital at Goa. Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese seafarer Try to do this : reached the port of Calicut (Kozhikode) in Collect information of the church in 1498. Once landed on the Indian coasts the Kerala, named after Vasco da Gama, Portuguese did not take long to establish with the help of internet. themselves in India. By the beginning of 16th century Portuguese had brought a considerable portion of the Indian coasts Do you know ? under their control. The Portuguese, took advantage of the Cartaz : The document of a Cartaz strained relations among various rulers in usually carried details like the name of the South India. They established their colonies vessel (ship), the name of the captain of on the western coast and built forts for the ship, port of departure and arrival, the their protection and used them to protect list of weaponry on the ship loaded for the purpose of self-defence, etc. their colonies from external attacks and to reinforce them continuously with supplies by using seaways. The Portuguese naval The Portuguese colonies had spread force was very strong. They used to launch from Cape of Good Hope to Macau in sudden attacks on their enemy’s territory China. They all were considered to be part from the sea and wreck it completely. The of the Indian Empire of the Portuguese Indian local rulers could not match the (Estado da India). There were several office Portuguese in their war tactics. When they holders appointed by the Portuguese king : established their firm control on the Indian ‘Vice-rei’ Capitaon-i-jaral’ (Viceroy and Ocean, they made it obligatory for the General of the Army) for 3 years tenure. Indian rulers to get license (Cartaz) from There used to be an advisory board to them for sailing on the Indian Ocean. If assist the Vice-rei, which included the the local rulers dared to set out on the sea Archbishop (Arcebispo) of Goa, Judge without a Portuguese license, the ships were (Chancellor), In-charge of Company’s either seized or sunk by force. The possessions (Vedore da Fazenda), Captain Portuguese had become so powerful that (Capitaon) and a few aristocrats from even the mighty Mughals, and the Sultanates 19 Portugal. Vice-rei used to be the presiding them to Christianity. In the beginning of head of this administrative set up. their rule they made Goa a free port. That In the earlier half of the 17th century resulted in attracting traders from various five ships used to arrive every year in the countries to Goa. Indian ports. These ships were equipped 3.2 British with canons. The Portuguese had ship The British established ‘East India building facilities at Goa, Diu and Daman. Company’ on 31st December 1600. Queen Durable teakwood of best quality, essential Elizabeth granted permission to the company for building ships was available in these to trade in the eastern countries. regions. The Portuguese used to deploy In the beginning the East India seamen from Portugal to India. In those Company’s operations were limited to send times, Indian rulers did not maintain a their cargos to the eastern countries, to sell naval force, therefore, Indian rulers found the British goods in those countries, to buy it difficult to fight the strong naval forces spices with the profits earned there and the of the Portuguese. Only one exception was cash carried from home, to sell the spices that of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, who in England and to earn profits. The sailboats had built his own navy. The Dutch and the of those days needed to plan their forward British defeated the Portuguese naval forces and backward voyages in specific periods in the 17th century in the sea-battles. of the year. Therefore, to carry out trade The Portuguese prohibited building of transactions was more tedious. Under such any religions monument except churches in circumstances the British were in need of the Indian provinces under their rule. They a permanent place to build warehouses to also prohibited celebrations of religious store the goods bought at low prices. The festivals or wedding functions. The British boats used to sail from England Portuguese rulers also tried to suppress the during the months of December to April local languages. People were offered and used to return to England after an year employment, with the intention to attract in the month of January after completing trading transactions in India. This required Do you know ? that they to stay in India over a period of 9-13 months. Hence, the company decided Portuguese Trade : The king of to build their ‘factories’ (emporiums – a Calicut wrote to the King of Portugal place where goods are bought, stored and in a letter sent with Vasco-da-Gama, sold.) in India. The staff of the factories “Our state is rich in spices like cloves, were called ‘factors’. In 1623, the British ginger, black pepper and precious government, under the civil and military stones. We expect you to pay us in law, granted the company an authority of gold, silver, corals in exchange for our adopting punitive measures for the erring spices and precious stones.” Vasco-da- staff. The company was also given the Gama sold the commodities in Portugal, right of monopoly to trade in the eastern which he carried from India. He could countries. Charles II, the king of England, earn huge amount of profit in that issued a charter allowing the company to trade, which was sixty times more that build forts in India, to maintain an army the money he spent for his return and to make treaties with non-Christians. journey to Portugal. 20  commodities except those which were banned Try to do this : by the company (such as textiles, indigo, Make a list of the ship building spices, wool, lead, corals, ivory, etc.). facilities in pre-independence and post- The company started building forts independence India and collect information in India as part of their strategy. They built about the development of the ship building a fort and a factory in Chennai. The fort industry. was named as ‘Fort St. George’. A mint In the latter half of the 17th century, the was also established in Chennai. The company operated from Surat and Chennai British issued their own coinage of gold, (Madras). The eastern coast, Odisha, Bengal silver, alloys and copper from this mint. in India and other eastern countries were under the company’s jurisdiction. The Try to do this : factories at Rajapur in Maharashtra, port The currency of various countries is city of Mokha (Mocha in Yemen) in the Red known by specific names. Prepare a list Sea, Basra in the Persian Gulf were of countries and their currencies. controlled by the Surat centre. The Surat factory staff comprised of an accountant, an In 1661, Charles II, the king of England in-charge of the stores, a treasurer, some was engaged to Braganza, the Princess of factors and clerks. In addition there was a Portugal. The king of Portugal gifted the Christian priest, a surgeon and his assistant, islands of Mumbai to Charles II on this cooks, Company President’s personal occasion. Abraham Shipman, an Englishman servants and a trumpet blower. was assigned 500 soldiers and was appointed as the ‘Governor of Bombay’. In 1665, Do you know ? Mumbai was fully under the British control. Mumbai comprised seven islands, namely, Factory : The British used to Mumbai, Mahim, Paral, Wadala, Worli, acquire large plots of land for their Sion (Shiv) and Mazgaon. Charles II leased factories. These plots were used to Mumbai to the East India Company because build warehouses, residential quarters the expenditure for its maintainance and offices were built on these plots. exceeded than the income earned from it. The main building of the factory In 1669, the company appointed Sir George carried ‘Union Jack’. The meals Oxenden as Governor of Surat and provided to the staff included bread, Commander-in-Chief of Mumbai. A British meat, rice, khichadi of pulses and mint was established in Mumbai and coins rice, pickles, etc. Company had created of silver, copper and zinc were issued from beautiful gardens for the benefit of the there. This encouraged merchants and staff at Surat, Karwar, Machilipatnam, artisans to come and settle down in Petapuli, Chennai and Mumbai. Mumbai. The company had 5-6 small ships and around 300 soldiers to ensure the The British citizens were also appointed security of Mumbai. The soldiers were in the factories as apprentices, clerks and given guns and swords. factors. Everybody, right from the President 3.3 Dutch to apprentices lived in the factory premises. All were provided food by the company In 1602, several Dutch companies came mess. They were permitted to trade various together to form a company, named ‘United