9TH HIST.pdf

Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Curriculum Research, Pune. B{Vhmg d amÁ`emñÌ B. 9 dr (B§J«Or _mÜ`_) The Coordination Committee Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval History and Political Science Maharashtra State Bureau Curriculum The digital textbook on a smartphone of the textbook material of the Q. R. Code given First Edition : 2017 Reprint : September 2021 History Subject Committee Dr Sadanand More, Chairman Shri. Mohan Shete, Member Shri. Pandurang Balkawade, Member Shri. Bapusaheb Shinde, Member Shri. Balkrishna Chopde, Member Shri. Prashant Sarudkar, Member Shri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary Civics Subject Committee Dr Shrikant Paranjape, Chairman Prof. Sadhana Kulkarni, Member Dr Mohan Kashikar, Member Shri. Vaijnath Kale, Member Shri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary History and Civics Study Group Shri. Rahul Prabhu Dr Raosaheb Shelke Shri. Sanjay Vazarekar Shri. Shri. Subhash Rathod Shri. Santosh Shinde Smt Sunita Dalvi Dr Satish Chaple Dr Shivani Limaye Shri. Shri. Bhausaheb Umate Shri. Shekhar Patil Dr Nagnath Yevale Shri. Shri. Sadanand Dongre Shri. Ramdas Thakar Shri. Ravindra Patil Dr Ajit Apte Shri. Vikram Adsul Dr Mohan Khadse Smt Rupali Girkar Smt Dr Minakshi Upadhyay Shri. Smt Kanchan Ketkar Dr Vyankatesh Kharat Smt Shivkanya Patve Shri. Ravindra Jinde Dr Anil Singare Dr Dear students, We have great pleasure in offering deals with the period from the efforts being made to modernise The book reviews the development cultural and other areas since by no means detailed or complete. of pages in this textbook, it years. It takes note of the economic agriculture, of the empowerment with the weakest sections of education sector and the changing the subject well, maps, pictures, boxes have also been given. In This textbook will help you lay take in the future or for higher to the history discussed here. this textbook. As part of the Political Science world events since 1945, the and the challenges before them India and other countries, the efforts of the United Nations, etc. Certain problems faced by the rights, protection of the environment, this textbook. You will find kinds of happenings at the international The study of history helps us present. The study of political The present textbook is meant Pune Date : 28 April, 2017 Akshayya Tritiya Indian Solar Year : 8 Vaishakh 1939 First of all, you are to of History. This year, using 1961 to 2000. You will especially been a witness to several of that have taken place around This is the history of the in the textbook, it is a difficult any continuity. We have tried of Std IX at their age. Taking to help students to learn about The central theme of this road towards development’. the world. An attempt has been a country by the political and educationists and artists. Complementing namely, the faith of the citizens public in its defence. That every is bigger than the political in the post-independence period. bare events is a big challenge to shoulder this responsibility at our disposal today. This is the first time that have themselves experienced. use to impress upon the students contribution to shaping post-independence pictures, boxes with additional this purpose. Our ultimate aim greatness of our country. In the subject of Political ‘India and the World’. In level have consequences for all interaction and exchanges of need to make the students aware India-centric viewpoint. Naturally, an understanding of the important The content of the present book point of view so that it will content has been presented in will be attempting to understand support their teaching with a in the textbook for the effective will try to strengthen the faith peace and security, respect for are taken in accordance with them. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. S.O.I. Note to the maps : The for the correctness of internal nautical miles measured from at Chandigarh. (5) The interstate from the “North-Eastern Areas India agree with the Record/Master Bihar & Jharkhand and Chattisgarh names in this map, have been S.No. Units 1. Sources of History 2. The Challenge of Nation-building : 1 3. The Challenge of Nation-building : 2 4. Changing Life 1 Till now we have studied the history of ancient, medieval and modern India. This year we have to study the history of India in the post-independence era. Sources of modern history are different from those of ancient and medieval history. We can study history with the help of various sources like written sources, material sources, oral sources and sources in the audio-visual medium. In the modern period, we have to take note of various sources at the regional, state, national as well as international level. We can write history with the help of these sources. Written Sources : The following sources are included in the written sources. Newspapers Periodicals Encyclopedias Postage Written Stamps Sources books Government Gazettes Correspondence Documents in the Archives Do you know ? The place where historical documents are preserved is called ‘Archives’. The main office of the National Archives of India is at New Delhi. It is the largest among the Archives in Asia. Just as newspapers are considered the fourth pillar of democracy in the modern period, they are also a major medium of information. If we consider the period Do you know ? Among the print media, the information contained in the annual issues of the Publications Division of the Government of India is authentic and trustworthy. For example, the Information and Broadcasting Department published INDIA 2000, an annual reference book. This reference book is created under ‘Research, Reference and Training Department’. It contains useful information about the land, its people, national emblems, political system, defence, education, cultural events and an account of the developments in the fields of science and technology, environment, health and family welfare, social welfare, media of mass communications along with basic data, related to economics, finance, planning, agriculture, water conservation, rural development, food and civil supplies, energy, industries, trade and commerce, communication, labour, housing, laws and statutes, youth and sports departments, etc. It is possible to write history with the help of such information. Website : www.publicationsdivision.ni Postage Stamps : The postage don’t reveal anything on their own. Yet a historian makes them speak. There have been several changes in postage stamps since India became independent. Postage stamps reveal a lot to us about changing times due to the variety in the sizes of the stamps, the novelty in their subjects and colour schemes. The Postal Department issues postage stamps on a wide variety of themes like political leaders, flowers, animals, an event, or the silver, golden, diamond jubilees or centenary, bicentenary, Coins : We can also understand history with the help of coins and the changes in the printing of currency Reserve Bank of India prints has its headquarters in Mumbai. Coins The coins from 1950 to those used at present, the metals used for making them, their different shapes, the diversity of subjects on them together help us to understand the important contemporary issues in India eg., coins to convey the message of population control and coins communicating the importance of agriculture and of farmers. Museums : All States of India have museums that depict the characteristics and display the cultural and social heritage of the State. They enable us to understand history (eg., the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Museum at Mumbai. Apart from the Government Museums, some private collectors also set up their own museums. They are based on distinctive subjects. eg., coins, notes, lamps and nutcrackers in different shapes, cricket equipment, etc. Oral sources : These sources folktales, folksongs, proverbs, owis (Marathi verses in the oral Activists were inspired by the powadas of Lokshahir Anna Bhau Sathe and Shahir Amar Sheikh during the Sanyukta Maharashtra Movement. Try this. Which films about patriotism do you know of ? In your own words, write a review of one such film that you have liked. Till now we have seen some important sources for writing the history of modern India. The times in the 21st century are changing so rapidly, that even these sources will prove to be inadequate. However, new sources are coming forth. For example, during the transformation from land line telephone to cellphones, a 1.(A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statements. (1) The National Archives of India is situated at………. (a) Pune (b) New Delhi (c) Kolkata (d) Hyderabad (2) The …………… is included among the Audio-Visual media. (a) Newspaper (b) Television (c) All India Radio (d) Periodicals (3) ………. is not included in physical sources. (a) Coins (b) Ornaments (c) Buildings (d) Proverbs (B) Identify and write the Person Specialty Jal Cooper - Philatelist Kusumagraj - Poet Anna Bhau Sathe - A people’s bard Amar Shaikh - Art collector 2. Write short notes on- (1) Written Sources (2) Press Trust of India 2 India became independent in 1947 ce. India accepted the constitutional framework in 1950 and became a sovereign democratic nation. The Indian society is multicultural and people of various languages, religions, ethnicities and castes live together. During the initial period after independence, India needed to solve different issues of economic, political and social development. The establishment of the Planning Commission and emphasis on industrialisation was a means to achieve economic development and to eliminate poverty in India. Successful conduct of elections and faith in democratic traditions made it possible for us to achieve political stability. At the same time, several social reforms including policies and programmes for the weaker sections of the society were sought to be implemented. The 1960s (Nineteen-sixties) : In the decade of the 1960s, several events occurred which had a huge impact on the political situation in India. The regions of Goa, Diu and Daman were freed from Portuguese rule and became parts of the Indian federation. The tensions between India and China on the northern border which had been rising since 1950, culminated in the war of 1962 between two countries. This war was fought in the region MacMahon line. After became independent, Prime Minister Pandit Pandit Jawaharlal Jawaharlal Nehru led Nehru the country. He was called Bangladesh. Role of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's strong leadership was prominent in this issue. As a part of India’s policy to use atomic energy for peaceful purposes, India successfully carried out an underground test of an atomic device at Pokharan in Rajasthan in 1974. In 1975, the people of Sikkim voted for joining the Indian republic and Sikkim became a full-fledged State in the Indian federation. During this decade, the government declared a state of National Emergency on the basis of the constitutional provisions relating to Emergency. this turbulent period, the fundamental rights of Indian citizens were Due to the emergency, the Indian administration became disciplined, but the human rights were restricted. The period of national emergency lasted from 1975 to 1977 and after that general elections were conducted. On the backdrop of the emergency, many opposition parties came together and formed a party called the Janata Party. The Congress party led by Indira Gandhi was roundly defeated by this newly formed ‘Janata Party’. Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister, but under his leadership the Janata Party government couldn’t last long due to internal differences. Charan Singh succeeded him, but even his government was a short-lived one. Elections were conducted once again in 1980 and the Congress party under the leadership of Indira Gandhi came to power again. The 1980s (Nineteen-eighties) During this decade the Indian political system faced many new challenges. The to internal differences in the party. In 1990, Chandra Shekhar became the Prime Minister of India. His government was also short-lived. In 1991, during the election campaign, the terrorist organisation in Sri Lanka, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelum (LTTE), assassinated Rajiv Gandhi. Towards the end of the decade of 1980s, the unrest in Jammu and Kashmir had begun. This problem grew serious day by day and today it has taken the form of terrorism. The terrorist activities there forced the Kashmiri Pandits to leave the valley. The changes after 1991 : The year 1991 is held to be very important history of the world as well as India. The Soviet Russia disintegrated into several different small countries Cold War came to an end. In India, the Government under the leadership of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao initiated many changes in the Indian economy. In the elections conducted between 1996 and 1999, no political party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, H.D. Devegowda and Inder Kumar Gujral Atal Bihari Vajpayee worked as Prime Ministers in this period amongst them. Finally, in 1999 the ‘National Democratic Alliance’ came to power under the flag of Bharatiya Janata Party and Atal Bihari Vajpayee became India’s Prime Minister. the Green Revolution in 1965. He implemented new scientific agricultural techniques and increased the production of foodgrains. The experiment in co-operative dairy movement by Dr. Verghese Kurien led to increase of milk production in India. This is called as ‘White Revolution’. India had also made a lot of progress in the fields of atomic energy and space research. Dr. Homi Bhabha laid the foundation of the Indian atomic power programme. India insisted on using atomic energy for peaceful purposes like generation of electricity, pharmaceuticals and defence. India has achieved considerable success in space technology as well. In 1975, the first satellite ‘Aryabhatta’ was launched. Today, India has a successful space programme and many satellites have been launched under this programme. India has also made considerable advancement in the telecom sector. Changes in social field : During this period, there were several major changes in the social field in India. Some of the changes are related with the issue of the empowerment of women, and the others are related with the policies regarding the uplift of the deprived sections of the society. To promote the all-round development of women and children, a separate ‘Department of Women and Child Development’ was created in 1985 under the Ministry of Human Resource Development. Some laws were made to ensure social justice to women and to help the implementation of various schemes in this direction. They include the Prohibition of Dowry Act, Equal Remuneration Act. As per the 73rd and 74th Constitution Amendments, seats were reserved for women in the local self-government bodies. According to the makers of the Indian Constitution, some constituents of the 1.(A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statements. (1) The Prime Minister of India who took an initiative in resolving the question of the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka was …………. (a) Rajiv Gandhi (b) Indira Gandhi (c) H. D. Devegowda (d) P. V. Narasimha Rao (2) ………. is the father of the Green Revolution in India. (a) D. R. Verghese Kurien (b) Homi Bhabha (c) M. S. Swaminathan.............. (d) Dr Norman Borlaug..................... (B) Identify and write the (1) Indira Gandhi – National Emergency (2) Rajiv Gandhi – Development in science and technology (3) P. V. Narasimha Rao – Economic improvements (4) Chandrashekhar – Mandal Commission. 2. Complete the activity as per given instruction. (A) Based on the information in the chapter, prepare a chronological chart of Prime Ministers and their tenure. (B) Write short notes on- (1) Globalisation (2) White Revolution 3. Give reasons. (1) The Morarji Desai government lasted for short while. (2) The army had to be sent into the Golden Temple in Amritsar. (3) The National Commission was set 3 In this chapter, we are going to learn about some internal challenges that India faces. We shall see some internal challenges like separatist movements, issues of north-east India, naxalism, communalism and regionalism. The Unrest in Punjab : Akali Dal was the major political party in Punjab. In 1973, the Akali Dal passed the ‘Aanandpur Sahib Resolution’. The following demands were made in this resolution: Chandigarh should be made part of Punjab, the Punjabi speaking parts in other States should be included in the State of Punjab, recruitment of Sikhs in the Indian army should be increased, and more autonomy should be given to the State of Punjab. Akali Dal came to power in Punjab in 1977. While taking charge, they asked for a larger share of river waters for Punjab, ‘holy city’ status for Amritsar, etc. along with their old demands. In 1980, the movement ‘Independent Khalistan’ took root in Punjab. During that period, the leader of the Akali Dal was Sant Harcharan Singh Longowal. He used to direct his activists from the Golden Temple to stage protests. On the other side of the Golden Temple, armed followers started gathering the staunch Khalistan supporter Sant Jarnailsingh Bhindranwale. During that period, terrorist activities had begun. Bhindranwale was arrested in 1981, accused of the murder of newspaper editor, Lala Jagatnarayan. After this incident, the situation worsened. Due to these developments, President’s rule was imposed in Punjab in 1983. Bhindranwale went to stay at a religious place called Akal Takht. Bhindranwale’s followers captured the Golden Temple and built a In 1954, he formed the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) area, comprising of the territories on the Sino-Indian border and the tribal areas towards the north of Assam. Nehru took the position of bringing about the development of hundreds of tribes in these parts while preserving their culture. Special provisions have been made with respect to these areas in the VI Schedule of the Indian Constitution. In 1965, the responsibility of administering this area was given to the Ministry of External Affairs. The Northeastern Council Act of 1971 was supposed to advise the Central Government regarding aspects of common interest in economic and social spheres, inter-state transport, electricity, flood control, etc. Mizoram : The tribes in north-east India have an ancient history. When India became independent, the government gave administrative autonomy to the districts of Mizo majority areas of the Lushai hills. When the States Reorganisation Commission was appointed in 1953, the expectations of the people in this area grew. Mizo leaders started demanding an autonomous ‘Mizo’ province. In 1959 the territory of Mizoram experienced severe drought. During this famine, Mizo leader Laldenga served the common people a lot. In 1961, Laldenga established an organisation called Mizo National Front (MNF). He asked for ‘Greater Mizoram’, an independent nation carved out of Tripura, Manipur and Mizo majority areas from the Lushai hills. In March 1966, Mizo National Front announced the emergence of Independent Mizoram. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi handled the situation firmly and suppressed the rebellion. When the situation calmed down in 1972, the Mizo majority area was given the status of a Union Territory. In 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had an agreement with the Mizo National Front and Mizoram was given the status Arunachal Pradesh (region of the rising sun). On 20th February 1987, it got the status of a constituent State. During the period from 1960 to 2000, North-east India has progressed towards a more matured democracy. This area is on the path of progress through industrialisation, spread of education, etc. Naxalism Naxalite Movement : This movement started at Naxalbari in Darjeeling district in West Bengal. The Naxalites organised the small land holding farmers and land labourers and took charge of their lands, put up red flags and declared that area as free territory in 1967. All those movements that took inspiration from this rebellion are called Naxalite movements. The movement had the objectives of establishing Action Committees to raise a voice against the exploitation of the farmers by the landlords and confiscate the land of the landlords and distribute it among the tenants. Later, the movement strayed away from its objectives. It took recourse to terrorism to prevent any government schemes and welfare policies from reaching the common people. The Naxalites started a parallel system by rejecting the democratic system. This made Naxalism a serious challenge to India’s internal security. The movement was mainly located in West Bengal. Later the movement spread to East Godavari in Andhra Pradesh, parts of Vishakhapattanam, Karimnagar in Telangana, Adilabad, Bastar, Rajnandangaon and Sukma in Chhattisgarh, Gadchiroli, Bhandara and parts of Chandrapur in Maharashtra, Balaghat and Mandala in Madhya Pradesh and Koraput in Odisha. In order to maintain their influence, the Naxalites established an organisation called People’s Liberation Guerilla Army (PLGA). This conflict is still going on. from each other and mutual trust receives a setback. Trust between people is the basis of coexistence. If trust breaks, social unity receives a blow. How can national unity be achieved without social unity? Hence it is necessary that we all counter this religious communalism with all our strength. For this we should mix with people of different religions. We should accept the good practices and ideas of each other. We should be able to look at and understand our economic and social problems rationally. We should not mix these questions with religion. We should search for the economic, political or historical reasons that are responsible for disturbing religious harmony. This is the only way to put an end to communalism and strengthen national unity. Regionalism Regionalism means having excessive pride about one’s region. It is one thing to introduce oneself as a Bengali or a Marathi person. But if I think that because I am a Bengali or a Marathi, I am superior to others from other provinces; it can be termed as excessive regional pride. The love for one’s province turns morbid due to this kind of an excessive regional pride. It is natural to feel love for one’s province, but it should not become abnormal. Regionalism thrives on regional imbalance in development. In the post- independence period, some States achieved more progress, while some States backward. For example, States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Tamil Nadu developed economically and industrially; whereas States Bihar, Assam, remained undeveloped economically and industrially. Economic development and reforms are the foundation of progress. As a States that develop economically 1. Answer the following questions in detail. (1) Which demands were put forward through the ‘Anandpur resolution’ by the Akali Dal? (2) What can we do to end communalism? (3) When does regionalism become strong? 2. Write short notes on- (1) Communalism (2) Regionalism 3. Explain the following statements with reasons. (1) It became necessary to carry out the ‘Operation Blue Star’. 4 We are going to study India’s economic policy in this chapter. That includes a study of the mixed economy, five year plans and their successes and failures, nationalisation of banks, 20-point programme, mill workers’ strike and especially the New Economic Policy of 1991. Mixed Economy : Brainstorming about the kind of economy we would adopt after independence started much before India got independence. Our Prime Minister Pandit Nehru adopted the middle path rather than taking recourse to any extremes. Some countries had adopted capitalism, while some had adopted socialism. Each type of economy had its own advantages. In a capitalist system, the means of production are privately owned. In a socialist economy, the means of production are owned by the State in the name of the society. A mixed economy works both in the private and the public sector. In order to achieve economic development of modern India, we gave preference to a model of ‘mixed economy’. We can see three parts in this kind of economy : (1) Public Sector : The industries in this sector are completely under the control and management government. For example, production of defence equipment. (2) Private Sector : The industries in this sector are owned by private industrialists. Of course, the government supervises and controls them too. For example, consumer goods. (3) Joint Sector : In this sector, some industries are owned by private industrialists, while some are run under government management. low productivity of agriculture and industries and backwardness in the fields of knowledge, science and technology. Planning was essential to solve these problems. India established the Planning Commission in 1950 with Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru as its Chairman. It formulated India’s five year plans that included rural and agricultural development, balanced industrialisation, provision for a minimum standard of living and economic development consistent with democratic ideals. It focused on people’s participation and individual development in the formulation and implementation of the five year plans. Fundamental Principle of planning : A general principle of planning is the proportionate distribution of the resources of a country and the appropriate use of the human resources to fulfil the needs of the people. Goals of Plans The general goals of the economic planning of India are as follows: (1) Increase in the national income. (2) Bring about rapid industrialisation focusing on the basic industries. (3) Bring about an increase in production so that the country self-sufficient in food grain (4) Use the human resource in optimally by making increasing employment opportunities available. (5) Remove the inequality in earnings and wealth. (6) Maintain stable prices of (7) Bring the growth in population under control by family planning. (8) Improve the standards of living by eradicating poverty. (9) Develop social services. (10) Make the economy self-sufficient. After the third five year plan, three one year plans were implemented (1966 to 1969). This was a period of intense famine. Due to the invasion by China and war with Pakistan, the government had to focus on defence rather than development related tasks. Also the famine required the government to undertake measures to tackle the effects of famine. All these issues stressed the Indian economy greatly. Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-1974) : The intentions behind setting the goals of this plan were that India should become self-reliant, government should develop the basic industries, increase the speed of economic development and pay attention to establishing a socialistic pattern of society. 14 major banks in the country were nationalised. This plan did not succeed as expected. The economy had to bear the burden of the Bangladesh War. The expenditure over the refugees had to be borne as well. The Indian economy suffered due to the pay raise of government and railway servants and rise in the prices of petrol in the international markets. Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-1979) : This plan was designed with the goal of making India economically self-suffici by alleviating poverty. The objectives of the Fifth Plan were as follows : increase the national income, make large scale employment available, supply education, nutritious food and drinking water, to make facilities of medical treatment available in rural areas, to supply electricity and means of communication, implement social welfare schemes on a wide scale, bring about the development of agriculture, increase the basic industries, purchase food grains and other life sustaining goods by monopoly purchase and make them available to the poor at reasonable prices through a public distribution system. * Jawahar Rojgar Yojana * India Awaas Yojana * Scheme of 10 lakh wells. The Seventh plan proved to be important from the point of view of employment generation. Eight Five Year Plan (1992-1997) : This plan gave a lot of scope to the private sector. The plan had the following features : to maintain the rate of growth in national income at 6.5%, to control the growth of population, to encourage the programme of family planning, to remove illiteracy by expansion of primary education. The following programmes were started during this plan : * Pradhanmantri Rozgar Yojana * Mahila Samriddhi Yojana * Rashtriya Samajik, Arthik Sahayya Yojana * Midday Meal Scheme * Indira Mahila Scheme * Ganga Kalyan Scheme During the eighth plan, the importance of the private sector grew. This plan is a reflection of the liberalisation and free market policy adopted in 1991. Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) : This plan focused on agriculture development. The objectives of this plan were : to increase the rate of growth of the economy, create healthy competition in the infrastructure sector, give a new direction to industrial policy for ensuring foreign investment. The following schemes were started during this plan : Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana, Bhagyashree Child Welfare Policy, Rajrajeshwari Mahila Kalyan Yojana, Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, Jawahar Gram Samruddhi Yojana, Antyodaya Anna Yojana, Pradhanmantri Gram Sadak Yojana, etc. would come into the government once they were nationalised. Along with this, the policy of developing small industries and pharmaceutical had to be implemented. Lal Bahadur Shastri undertook the experiment of the Green Revolution in order to overcome food shortages and drought. During the tenure of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, ‘Congress Forum for Socialist group in the Congress party inspired by socialist ideas made a demand for nationalisation of commercial banks. Even the Communist Party supported this demand. 20-Point Programme : Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announced the 20-point programme on 1st July 1975 and resolved to make efforts towards rapidly becoming a developed nation. The main provisions of the 20 point programme are as follows : (1) Land ceiling for cities and agricultural land, equal division minimum wages for workers, increase in water conservation schemes. (2) Workers’ participation in industry, national training scheme, freeing bonded labour. (3) Prevention of tax evasion, economic crimes and smuggling. (4) Regulation of prices of basic necessities, improvements in the public distribution system. (5) Improvement in the textile industry by developing handloom sector, waiving loans for weaker sections, housing, communication facilities, making educational equipment available to schools. Issues of workers : The first textile mill was started in Mumbai in 1854 by Kawasjee Dawar. Eventually, mills started in Dadar, Paral, Bhaykhala, Shivdi, Prabhadevi and Worli. This part came to Do you know ? The working class has contributed culturally as well through folk theatre, folk art and literature. Anna Bhau Sathe, Shahir Amar Sheikh, Shahir Sable were popular for their programmes aimed at public education. Poets like Narayan Surve, Namdev Dhasal, etc. portrayed the real life of the workers through their poems. The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Barrister A. R. Antulay set up a committee to solve this issue. Later Babasaheb Bhosale became the Chief Minister of Maharashtra State. He insisted that as per law, he would talk only with the Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangha. Dr Datta Samant demanded that the law be revoked. In the beginning, the striking workers received help from their native villages. It was also not very difficult for them to help each other. They set up departmental committees and distributed food grains, assistance in the form of funds, etc. The left parties had supported the strike. As the strike dragged on, efforts were made to split the striking workers' ranks. Even as the strike completed 6 months, the central government completely ignored it. The workers started a ‘Jail Bharo Agitation’. In September 1982, one and a half lakh workers took a march on the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra State. It didn’t help at all. The strike completed a year. This was the first strike to have gone on for a year. In this period, about one and a half lakh workers became unemployed. As polyester had come into greater demand than cotton cloth, the sale of mill cloth had already got affected. The mills moved from Mumbai to Surat in Gujarat. The Central government nationalised exchange reserves of only 100 crore dollars. This also had the background of the increased oil prices due to the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. It became difficult for India to raise a loan. Even the non- resident Indians started withdrawing their deposits in foreign currency from India. Remedies : P. V. Narasimha Rao appointed Dr Manmohan Singh as Finance Minister in order to find a way out of this situation. Dr Manmohan Singh Dr Singh undertook many corrective measures. The situation began to change. He removed the restrictions on foreign investments. He restricted the licence system to 18 industries. In view of the increasing losses in the public sector industries, he opened up the public sector for investment by private industries. In order to bring the share market under control, he established the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in 1988. National Stock Exchange was computerised. He gave priority to remove the spectre of recession. Foreign Investment in India grew during the first tenure of Dr Manmohan Singh as Finance Minister. India could recover the gold mortgaged with of England. The government got the support of the capitalist class the middle class. As the government opened up the telecom sector, mobile phone services started all over the country. Dr Manmohan Singh signed the agreement with the World Trade Organisation and launched the policy of privatisation, liberalisation and globalisation. World Trade Organisation : In 1995, India became a member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The 1. (A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statements. (1) On 19th July 1969.......... in India were nationalised. (a) 12 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 18 (2)............... declared a 20 point programme. (a) Pandit Nehru (b) Lal Bahadur Shastri (c) Indira Gandhi (d) P. V. Narsimha Rao (B) Identify and write the (1) Kavasaji Davar - Iron and Steel factory (2) Dr Datta Samant - Leadership workers (3) N. M. Lokhande - Holiday workers (4) Narayan Survey - Depiction workers through poems 2. Complete the activity as per given instruction. (A) Complete the following chart. Five- year Duration plan First......... Agriculture, Social Second 1956-1961 Third......... Elimination Fifth.......................... HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE STANDARD NINE B{Vhmg d amÁ`emñÌ B. 9 dr (B§J«Or _mÜ`_) Production and 54.00 formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4 to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 3.3.2017 Standard Nine of Textbook Production and Research, Pune. can be obtained through DIKSHA APP by using the Q. R. Code given on title page and useful audio-visual teaching-learning relevant lesson will be available through the in each lesson of this textbook. © Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune - 411 004. The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research reserves all rights relating to the book. No part of this book should be reproduced without the written permission of the Director, Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, ‘Balbharati’, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune 411004. Authors Cartographer Dr Ganesh Raut Shri. Ravikiran Jadhav Dr Vaibhavi Palsule Scrutiny Cover and Illustrations Shri. Mukim Shaikh Dr Ganesh Raut Translation Prof. Arati Khatu Typesetting Dr Padma Mehta DTP Section, Balbharati Shri. Sushrut Kulkarni Paper Coordination 70 GSM Creamwove Mogal Jadhav, Print Order Special Officer, N/PB/2017-18/50,000 History and Civics Printer Varsha Sarode Assistant Special Officer, Uchitha Graphics Printers History and Civics Pvt. Ltd., Navi Mumbai Coordination Dhanavanti Hardikar Mariba Chandanshive Academic Secretary for Languages Santosh J. Pawar Assistant Special Officer, English Vishal Kulkarni Production Sanjay Mehta Sachchitanand Aphale Chief Production Officer Prabhakar Parab, Production Officer Shashank Kanikdale, Asst. Production Officer Shivkanya Kaderkar Gautam Dange Publisher Vivek Uttam Gosavi, Controller Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau, Prabhakar Londhe Prabhadevi, Mumbai - 400 025. Preface to you this Std IX textbook of History which year 1961 to 2000. This textbook is a part of the the history curriculum. that has taken place in India in the social, 1961. It needs to be remembered that this review is In fact, compelled by the limit on the number is a rather cursory overview of approximately forty policies of India which relate to industry and of women and of development-related events connected society. It throws some light on the progress of the ways of life of Indians. To help you understand statistical figures and extra information in separate addition, a variety of activities have been suggested. the foundation for the competitive exams you might education in history. Your parents have been witness They could help you expand your understanding of syllabus, you have to study the main currents in evolution of India’s foreign policy, our security systems today. We also discuss diplomatic relations between United Nations, India’s contribution to the peacekeeping international community, such as protection of human and terrorism have been introduced through this textbook of help in your efforts to understand all level. understand the past and develop an awareness of the science helps us see the way forward into the future. to help you do all these things. (Dr Sunil Magar) Director Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. - For Teachers - be congratulated that you are a teacher and also a student this textbook, we have to teach the period of years from enjoy dealing with this textbook because you have the events mentioned here. This book includes the very events you. You will, in a way, re-live those times. whole of India. In view of the limited number of pages task to present the entire account of these years with to include those events which would most appeal to students some important events as a framework, it will be possible the intervening events using the Internet. book is ‘How a newly independent State sets itself on the This is a country which has the largest democratic system in made to highlight the role played in the progress of such the administrative leadership, as well as by scientists, this, is the other important part of this book, of India in democracy and the fight put up by the general individual has a social responsibility and that the nation leadership is the message that the public has always sent out To acquaint students with the meaning underlying the before us. However, we believe that teachers will be able with ease with the help of the modern technology we have teachers will be teaching about the very period that they Hence, this itself is a historic task. This book will be of the important principle that every citizen can make a India. Features of the textbook like maps, information and the suggested activities are to be used for is to communicate effectively to the students the unique Science in this class, we will review the interactions between these times, events occurring at the global and international countries. Due to the advances in information technology, many kinds between nations have increased greatly. We of these complex international relationships from an it will be best to make a beginning through building international events and currents from recent history. is new. However, it has been presented with a constructivist be easily understood. To arouse interest in the subject, the a different way. As it will be the first time that students international relations, teachers too should take care to variety of non-conventional sources. There is ample scope application of such methods. It is expected that teachers of the students in values such as the preservation of global human rights, peace and mutual trust and the actions that CONTENTS India after Independence (1961 ce to 2000 ce) Chapter Page Sources of History........................................ 1 India : Events after 1960.............................. 5 India’s Internal Challenges.......................... 10 Economic Development............................... 15 Education.................................................... 23 Empowerment of Women and other Weaker Sections................................. 31 Science and Technology.............................. 37 Industry and Trade....................................... 43 Changing Life : 1........................................ 47 Changing Life : 2......................................... 52 following foot notes are applicable : (1) © Government of India, Copyright : 2017. (2) The responsibility details rests with the publisher. (3) The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve the appropriate base line. (4) The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted (Reorganisation) Act. 1971,” but have yet to be verified. (6) The external boundaries and coastlines of Copy certified by Survey of India. (7) The state boundaries between Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh, & Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned. (8) The spellings of taken from various sources. Competencies Competencies To be able to classify the sources of history. To be able to imagine and speculate about contemporary events while studying the sources of history. To be able to read and interpret references related to history. To be able to make a collection of historical objects, documents, books, coins and electronic information. Also to be able to classify them in different ways. To interpret historical events objectively. To be able to tell the historical events related to India’s progress in the post-independence period chronologically. To be able to critically analyse India’s internal challenges. To be able to explain how India’s economic policies changed with changing times. To be able to summarise the impact of the economic reforms that came in the wake of globalisation. To be able to explain the reasons for changes brought about in the Indian economy due to privatisation, liberalisation and globalisation. To be able to narrate the stages of development of the Indian education system. To be able to tell how education is an important means for resolving several social problems. To understand the efforts made for the development of the weaker sections of the population and their importance. To be able to cite examples of the progress made by post- Independence India in the fields of science and technology. To be able to find out information about the organisations in the fields of industry and commerce and to be able to narrate their impact on the economy. To feel proud about the progress in science and technology. To find out about new inventions with the help of internet. To understand the role and responsibilities of the media in mobilising public opinion and making the civil society active. To be able to compare urbanisation with rural life. To develop an understanding about advocating social equality. To adopt scientific temper. Sources of History from 1961 to 2000, we see that in the beginning, there was no alternative to the print media, especially newspapers. With liberalisation and widespread use of internet in India, an alternative for print media became available. Yet, the print media still continue to be powerful. Newspapers : Through newspapers, we can get information about national and international affairs, politics, art, sports, literature and social and cultural affairs. Newspapers contain matters related to human life. Most national newspapers have started their regional editions. They publish supplements that give information about various topics. Newsletters of various movements, the dailies or weeklies of political parties, monthly and annual magazines are important among the print media. Diaries Some newspapers produce special Reference supplements towards the end of the year that take an overview of the important events of the year. Such supplements help us understand the important events of the year. Press Trust of India (PTI) : After 1953, the Press Trust of India has been an important source of primary details of all important events and of articles on important subjects. Press Trust of India has provided reports, photographs and articles on financial and scientific issues to newspapers. PTI has now started its online service. During the 1990s, PTI started using the ‘satellite broadcast’ technology instead of tele-printers to send news all over the country. This material is important for writing the history of modern India. 1 Do you know ? The Indian government issued the ‘Jal Cooper’ stamp in 1977. Jal Cooper was an internationally acclaimed philatelist, i.e. an expert on the subject of ‘postage stamps’. Born in a Parsi household in Mumbai, Cooper edited ‘India’s Stamp Journal’. He was the founder of the first Philatelic Bureau in India, an office that collected stamps. He founded the ‘Empire of India Philatelic Society’. He went on to write many books on this subject. He gave a scientific bent to his hobby. He played a pivotal role in taking the study of Indian postage stamps to the international level. Having started his career as a postage stamp collector, Cooper achieved the expertise of a philatelist at the international level. The postage stamp on Jal Cooper is an important source to understand his significant contribution to this field. transport, for us c.in Jal Cooper Postage Stamp stamps tercentenary of different events. It is therefore a valuable repository of history. Material Sources : The following sources are included among the physical sources. Places of Things in Royal Coins worship daily use Seals Material sources birds, Ornaments Museums Clothing Modern architecture 2 Try this. notes. the notes. It As an example of how some event gets reflected in literature and how a poet perceives that event, study the poem ‘Aavahan’ written on the backdrop of the Sino-Indian war by the noted Marathi poet Kusumagraj. Find pieces of literature based on contemporary events. Audio-visual sources : Television, films, internet are called ‘Audio-visual media’. Many domestic and foreign television channels also come under this head, eg., History channel, Discovery channel, etc. Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) : The Government of India started the Film and Television Institute of India at Pune in 1960 with the purpose of providing public education. An institute called Indian News Review has produced various newsreels on important events in politics, social issues, art, sports and culture. This Department has also produced various documentaries on prominent social leaders, on people who have made major contributions for the country and about important locations in India. These news releases and documentaries are useful for studying the history of modern India. include ballads and tradition). FTII Logo 3 gadget called ‘pager’ came up for contacting people. But it died out as quickly as it had come up. The huge amount of information available on the Internet is used for studying history, but the truth and authenticity of this information needs to be verified. Now it has become comparatively easy to study history with the all these sources. As these sources are from the contemporary period, they are easily available. Since a subject like history touches all the aspects of our lives, efforts for preservation of such sources are made at all levels. We should also contribute to this effort. Exercises 3. Explain the following statements with reasons. (1) The postal department tries to preserve the heritage and integrity of Indian culture through postage stamps. (2) Audio-visual media are an important source for writing the history of modern India. Projects (1) Create a handwritten account or a documentary about your school. (2) Watch the different documentaries available on the official website of the Archeological Survey of India, an organisation under the Government wrong pair. of India. (3) Which sources would you use to write the history of your village/ town ? Write the history of your village / town using those sources. 4 India : Events after 1960 the architect of India’s foreign policy. His contribution to the social and economic development of India is significant. Jawaharlal Nehru passed away in 1964. Lal Bahadur Shastri succeeded him and became the next Prime Minister of India. During his tenure, India and Lal Bahadur Shastri Pakistan went to war over the Kashmir issue in 1965. The Soviet Russia tried to mediate between the two countries. Lal Bahadur Shastri breathed his last at Tashkent in 1966. Lal Bahadur Shastri gave the slogan ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’ with which he highlighted the importance of Indian soldiers and Indian farmers. Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India in 1966. Her decision making ability was admirable. Her decisions regarding the Nationalisation of banks and cancelling Indira Gandhi pensions of Princes had far reaching effects. During her tenure, Pakistan’s oppressive policies in East Pakistan resulted in a big movement there. This movement was led by Sheikh of the Mujibur Rahman and his organisation, ‘Mukti Bahini.’ This crisis in East India Pakistan affected India as well, because millions of refugees came to India. The 1970s (Nineteen-seventies) : The 1971 war between India and Pakistan led to the creation of an independent country 5 Sikhs in Punjab demanded an independent state of Khalistan and began a movement which went on to become violent and destructive. Pakistan had lent its support to this movement. The Indian army was sent into the Golden Temple at Amritsar, a holy shrine of the Sikhs in 1984, to evict the terrorists who had allegedly taken shelter there. One of the bodyguards in Indira Gandhi’s personal security assassinated her. During this period, an organisation called United Liberation Front of During Assam (ULFA) carried on a major suspended. movement in North- east India. Rajiv Gandhi Right after Indira Gandhi’s assassination in 1984, Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime Minister of India. He tried to make several reforms in the field of Indian economy and that of science and technology. He took the lead in solving the issues of the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka. He promoted the idea of a united Sri Lanka with internal autonomy to the Tamil community, but his efforts in this regard proved to be in vain. The Congress party was defeated in the general elections held in 1989. Several political parties formed a coalition called the Janata Dal and Vishwanath Pratap Singh became the next Prime Minister of India. The policy for providing reservations for other backward classes (OBC) is considered to : be his most important contribution. He could not continue as Prime Minister due 6 Atal Bihari Vajpayee tried to establish a dialogue with Pakistan but was not successful. India conducted a number of nuclear tests in 1998 and declared herself as an atomic power. In 1999, there was war between India and Pakistan in Kargil region over the Kashmir issue. India defeated Pakistan in this war. Indian economy : Right from independence, the modernisation of economy, economic self-sufficiency and social justice have been the characteristics of Indian economy. India wanted to acquire modernity and self-reliance by establishing industries. We wanted to establish an economy based on social in the justice through planning. For this, the National Planning Commission was established that would coordinate and the development through the policy of Five Year Plans. The Narasimha Rao Government started economic reforms from 1991. These economic reforms are called as economic liberalisation. The Indian economy flourished as a result of the implementation of this policy. The foreign investment in India increased. Skilled Indian professionals helped reform the Indian economy. The field of information technology opened several avenues of employment in the country. The changes after 1991 are also described as ‘globalisation’. Science and technology : Two major events must be mentioned while describing India’s efforts towards self-reliance. Dr M. S. Swaminathan is known as the father of 7 Indian society were deprived of dignity and equal opportunities due to the caste system. The ‘Kakasaheb Kalelkar Commission’ was set up in 1953 to make recommendations so as to improve their condition. In 1978, a commission was constituted under the chairmanship of B. P. Mandal to study the issue of the other backward classes. The policy of reservation was adopted in order to strengthen the representation of backward sections in various services and institutions. The Government passed the Prevention of Atrocities Act in 1989 to enable those belonging to the Scheduled castes and tribes to live with dignity and respect, free from fear, violence and oppression of the upper classes. Globalisation : Globalisation brought about many changes in different fields like economy, politics, science and technology and society and culture. We have discussed some of these changes in the above paragraphs. India has emerged as an important country on the global scene in different spheres. India is an important member of international organisations like G-20 and ‘BRICS’ (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). India has experienced an important revolution in the field of telecommunication technology. Mobile phones, internet and the communication facilities based on satellite have spread all across the country. In the political field, India has demonstrated to the world how a stable democracy can function successfully. All this has resulted in a total transformation in the lifestyle of Indians and especially the youth. These changes are visible from their dietary habits, clothing, language and beliefs. In the next chapter, we are going to study some internal challenges before India. 8 Exercises 4. Answer the following questions in detail. (1) How was 1991 a year of important changes in the history of the world and of India ? (2) What are the characteristics of the Indian economy? 5. With the help of the information in the chapter, complete the list of the challenges before India and the strengths of India. The challenges in Strengths front of India For example, Unity in India-Pakistan war diversity .......................... Nuclear preparedness wrong pair. Separatism.................... Projects (1) Find some information about Indian soldiers who bravely fought in the India-Pakistan war of 1965. (2) Collect pictures of the brave soldiers of Kargil war. (3) Collect pictures of all the Indian Prime Ministers till date. (4) Collect some information about Dr Homi Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. (5) Get some information along with pictures about the various businesses based on dairy products. Planning up in India. 9 India’s Internal Challenges barricade of sand bags over there. The area looked like a fort. This greatly disturbed the peace in Punjab. It was a major challenge to Indian democracy. Operation Blue Star : The main task of getting the terrorists out of the Golden Temple was entrusted to Major General Kuldeep Singh Brar. On the morning of 3rd June 1984, the mission ‘Operation Blue Star’ started. The Operation ended on 6th June. In this military operation, the Indian army functioned with great restraint. The operation ended with the death of Bhindranwale and other terrorists. In 1986, an operation had to be conducted against terrorists in the Golden Temple once more. It was called ‘Operation Black Thunder’. After this action was taken, the process of establishment of peace in Punjab picked up momentum. Do you know ? for A military expedition taken up with a particular objective is called an operation. Operation Blue Star was an operation undertaken to evict the terrorists hiding in the Golden Temple. around Issues concerning North-east India North-east India consists of the eight States of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. International borders of India touch each of the States to varying extents. These States are different with respect to ethnicity, language and cultural diversity. The first Prime Minister of independent India took the lead in bringing the tribes living in these areas into the mainstream of the country. 10 of a full-fledged State. Laldenga became the Chief Minister of the State. Nagaland : The Naga tribe in north- east India is known as a martial tribe. The Naga tribe had settled in Eastern Himalayas, the Naga hills, border areas of Assam and Myanmar. In 1946, some educated Naga youth established an organisation called Naga National Council (NNC). Later they made a demand for an independent State of Nagaland. They were led by Angami Zapu Fizo. In 1954, the Naga National Council announced the establishment of an independent federation of Nagaland. In 1955, skirmishes happened between local Nagas and the soldiers of the Assam Rifles. Military action was taken to suppress the skirmishes. Several rounds of discussions took place between the Central Government and the Naga National Council. Central Government decided to give the Naga majority territory the status of a Union Territory. Nagaland was made a full- fledged State on 1st December 1963 by putting together the Naga majority territory and part of Tuensang. Assam : In 1983, there was an intense agitation staged by All Assam Students Union and Assam Ganasangram Parishad over the question of the dominance in Assam of Bengali migrants. In 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, Central Home Minister Shankarrao Chavan and Assamese leader Prafullakumar Mohanto signed an Accord. It was decided to send the Bangladeshi citizens who had infiltrated in Assam back to their original places. In 1986, elections were held for Assam Legislative Assembly and Prafullakumar Mohanto, of the Asom Ganaparishad became the new Chief Minister. Due to this democratic process, it became possible to establish peace in Assam. Arunachal Pradesh : In 1954, NEFA was created. In 1972, it began to be called 11 Communalism Communalism is a serious threat to the unity of our country. Communalism emerges out of narrow religious pride. The British sowed the seeds of communalism in our country. People of different religions have happily lived together since many centuries. There is nothing wrong in people of different religions living together in a country while being duly proud of their own religion. But when this pride becomes excessive, then it turns into bigotry. Each one then begins to consider their religion superior and others’ inferior. This leads to religious fanaticism. Fanaticism is the base of communalism. It makes one oblivious of national interest. People of different religions don’t trust each other. They become suspicious of each other. Compatriots following different religions are looked at as enemies. Even commensality or coming together on festivals becomes rare. As a result, it becomes difficult for everybody to come together and get organised for their demands and rights as citizens. Fanaticism makes the perspective of looking at events and people prejudiced. Some people begin to think of economic and social questions also in the framework of their own religion. Some people of all religions think that since they belong to a particular religion, they have no influence in politics. They begin to believe that they are being treated unjustly. They hold the idea that government is partial against their religion. In such a condition, they become too sensitive about their religion and their co-religionists. If anybody speaks about the people of their religion or insults the religious symbols knowingly or unknowingly, riots break out because of this kind of thinking. Hundreds of innocent people are killed. Public property worth crores of rupees is damaged. Public peace is destroyed. Due to the bitter memories of the riots, people are estranged 12 achieve progress in other areas like education, health and culture. The States which have not developed in this manner remain backward in education and civic amenities. The opportunities of development available to people in developed States are not possible for people in backward States. They are harassed by problems of education, backwardness, unemployment, poverty, etc. They begin to think that they are being cheated; they are being kept away from the benefits of development. Because of this, the understanding between States is broken. This in turn has a negative impact on national unity. The economic imbalance that has endangered this understanding needs to be set right. Our government makes efforts in that direction. Regionalism can affect developed as well as undeveloped States. The people of developed States begin to believe that they are superior due to their superior history and culture and hence they have developed that much. Then they begin to look down upon the people of underdeveloped regions. They are not willing to share the benefits of development with the backward States. On the other hand, the people from backward areas need to arouse their regional identity to organise themselves. For this, they try to unnecessarily glorify local traditions and culture to prove their uniqueness. This leads to regionalism. It endangers national unity. The evil of regionalism can be tackled by reducing the imbalance in development. remained We have studied a few challenges that India is facing. Apart from these, there are several problems like overpopulation, cleanliness, agriculture like Odisha, and the problems of the farmers, poverty, housing and food. We are trying to overcome these and move forward. We are progressing steadily. In the next result, the chapter, we shall learn about progress in can also the economic field. 13 Exercises (2) We should fight communalism with all our strength. Sahib 4. Write the full forms. (1) MNF (2) NNC (3) PLGA Projects 1. Make a chart of States / Union Territories and their Capitals. Mark them on the outline map of India. 2. Get information on Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura and Sikkim from the internet. 14 Economic Development For mixed economy to run smoothly there is a need for coordination between the private sector and the public sector. This system aims at maximisation of production and popular participation on a large scale. An effort has been made in this system to bring together the good aspects of both the capitalist and the socialist systems. A mixed economy cannot ignore the profit motive, entrepreneurship, discipline, time bound planning, etc. A mixed economy also naturally tends to give priority to national interest. Long term development is stressed upon with priority. The industries like defence, scientific research, education, roads, railways, waterways, sea port and airport development require huge capital investment but the returns in these areas are delayed. Not many private industrialists are keen to invest in these areas. In such a situation, the government has to take the initiative. Thus, India adopted the mixed economy model and five year plans and started off on its path of development. The industrial policy of 1973 increased the speed of development. Priority was given in this policy to control the influence of the of heavy industries, industrial families and foreign industries and remove the imbalance in regional development. The government focused on the development of small scale industries and cottage industries. Government also started paying more attention to the cooperative sector. Five Year Plans The colonial power had exploited India economically. The country faced severe problems like poverty, unemployment, population growth, low standards of living, 15 First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) : The expenditure in this plan was primarily on agriculture, social development, irrigation and flood control, sources of energy, rural and small industries, heavy industries and minerals, transport and communication, education and health. This plan consisted of measures to lay the foundations of planned economic development. Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961) : This plan had ambitious goals of industrialisation. Iron and steel industries at Durgapur, Bhilai and Rourkela; Chemical fertilisers plant at Sindri; rail engine factory at Chittaranjan; factory of railway bogies at Perambur; Ship building factory at Vishakhapattanam and other heavy industries were set up in the Public Sector. Huge dams like Bhakra- Nangal, Damodar, etc. were built to make water available for agriculture. It led to increase in the national income. by agricultural becomes production. the country Bhilai Steel Plant Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966) : commodities. This plan was aimed at bringing about a balance in industries and agriculture. The other goals of the plan included increase in national income, heavy industries, development in transport and mineral industry, alleviation of poverty and to expand the opportunities for employment. 16 During the fifth plan, it was not possible to achieve the goals of removal of poverty and increase in employment. In the 1977 general elections, the Congress Party was defeated. The Janata Party came to power. The new government ended the fifth plan towards the end of March 1978 and started the Rolling Plan from April 1978, but it failed. In 1980, general elections were held for Lok Sabha. The Congress party came to power. The Congress government closed the system of the Rolling Plan and again started planning like before. Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985) : This plan also stressed upon alleviation of poverty and employment generation. This plan had the following objectives : significantly increase the growth rate in the economy, reduce the rate of poverty and unemployment, shape and implement a population policy so that people adopted the small family norm voluntarily and thus keep the population under control. The following programmes were implemented in the sixth five year plan : * Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). ent * Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP). * National Rural Employment Programme (NREP). * Salem Steel Plant. Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990) : This plan laid stress on food, employment and productivity. The objectives of the plan included : Development, modernisation, self-reliance, social justice, improving the techniques of production, to achieve an yearly increase in national income of 5% and increase food grain production. The following programmes were started in this plan : 17 In this plan, the progress of communication system and service sector was achieved as per the expectations. There was a growth in the fields of construction and communication. Nationalisation of Banks During the tenure of Prime Ministers Pandit Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri, banking was a monopoly of the private sector. These banks represented different industrial groups. The Directors of these banks were working towards developing industrial sector and increasing its profits. In order to stop this, the government nationalised the ‘Imperial Bank’ in 1955 and it got converted into State Bank of India. This Bank opened several branches all over the country in a short while and played a major role in development. Background of Nationalisation : India had adopted a mixed economy after independence. Nationalisation of banks was essential to cover the deficits if they occurred while implementing different schemes. Also the profits of these banks Do you know ? and rural Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalised 14 banks on 19th July 1969. These include : Allahabad Bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtra, Canara Bank, Central Bank of India, Dena Bank, Indian Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Punjab National Bank, Syndicate Bank, United Bank of India, United Commercial Bank (UCO Bank), Union Bank of India. In 1980, six more banks were nationalised. 18 treasury industries Action’, a Textile Mill be known as Girangaon or ‘town of mills’. In the 1980s, the increasing unrest among workers was due to the economic conditions in other sectors. In some industries the wages of the workers were increasing. They were also getting more amounts as bonus. They were getting more facilities than the textile mill workers. of wealth, Do you know ? Mahatma Jotirao Phule’s associate Narayan Meghaji Lokhande’s efforts resulted in the weekly Sunday holiday for mill workers from 1st January 1882. In the Diwali of 1981, the workers expected to get a bonus of 20%. The Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh, which was negotiating with the employers, agreed upon 8 to 17% bonus without taking the workers into confidence. The cut in the bonus proved to be the cause of unrest. Some workers went to Dr Datta Samant. They asked him to accept their leadership. Workers of 65 mills came together and Dr Datta Samant led the strike. On 18th January 1982, two and a half lakh workers went on a strike. Girangaon mills stopped running making it seem like Mumbai’s heart stopped throbbing. 19 13 textile mills. Appointment of arbitrators did not help to resolve the issue. New Economic Policy : The year 1991 is very important in the history of modern India. After the 10th General Elections, P. V. Narasimha Rao became the Prime Minister of India. With Dr Manmohan Singh as Finance Minister, he P. V. Narasimha Rao adopted the new economic policy of linking India’s economy with the global economy. For this, fundamental changes were brought about in the Indian economy. Indian economy was brought in tune with the global mainstream. During this period, Indian economy was in a crisis situation. Before the P. V. Narasimha Rao government took charge, Chandra Shekhar was the Prime Minister. During his tenure the rate of inflation was 17%. Economic growth rate had gone down by 1.1%. India had foreign exchange reserves only enough to last for imports for a week. It had become difficult to pay back its loan and even give the interest on it. In May 1991, the government had tried to control the situation by selling some of its gold reserves and by mortgaging some. Before the Chandra Shekhar government, the V. P. Singh government had incurred a liability of over 10 thousand crore rupees on the economy by waiving off the loans of all farmers. The Proportion of internal loans of central and state governments together to the gross Domestic Product was 55%. In 1980-81 foreign loan was 2350 crore dollars. It increased to 8380 crore dollars in 1990-91. At this time, India had foreign 20 organisation had the following objectives : to free trade between countries, to put to an end all those discriminatory laws, restrictions, rules and policies that are hurdles in the way of international free trade, and to regulate global trade with the help of a formal multi party mechanism. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) existed at the international level before the World Trade Organisation came into being. It regulated commerce. In India there were opposed, extreme views about the World Trade Organisation. Yet India decided to take its membership. The provisions of the World Trade Organisation are regarding grants, import-export, foreign investment, agriculture, technology and services. The sectors of electricity, water transportation, education and health rapidly commercialised since India became a member of the World Trade Organisation. As per the various reports of the World Trade Organisation, India has made a considerable improvement in different areas like reduction in the below poverty line (BPL) population, decline in infant mortality, availability of facilities regarding drinking water and waste water management. India signed the South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement (SAPTA) along the lines of the World Trade the Bank Organisation. India removed the import restrictions on several commodities for as well as SAARC countries. India also gave discounts on import duties. India opened up the insurance sector to private and foreign investment. In this way, we have learnt about the journey of India’s economy. We have come a long way from mixed economy to globalisation. In the next chapter, we are going to study India’s progress in other fields. 21 Exercises (B) Write short notes on- (1) Mixed Economy (2) 20-point Programme major banks 3. (A) Explain the following statements with reasons. (1) Independent India opted for mixed economy. (2) Banks were nationalised in 1969. (3) Mill workers went on strike. (B) Answer the following questions in wrong pair. detail. (1) Which programmes were started in the 8th five-year plan ? of mill (2) Which projects were started in the 2nd five-year plan ? for mill Projects of lives of (1) With the help of the internet, get the following information about the World Trade Organisation - logo, member countries, aims, programmes, etc. (2) Visit a nationalised bank / branch and get to know about the work of Purposes nationalised banks. development Industrialisation of inequality, increasing the opportunities for employment, increase in national income......... 1969-1974 Scientific research, health and family planning ..... 22

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