Nature of Science_Unit One_Biology PDF

Nature of Science ? Science is based on experimentation. ? The investigative process tends to follow a general sequence: / - Ask a question ? 2 - Conduct background research C-BR 3 - Construct a hypothesis y - Test hypothesis in an experiment T-# 5 - Analyze data A/D 6 - Draw conclusions and...

Nature of Science ? Science is based on experimentation. ? The investigative process tends to follow a general sequence: / - Ask a question ? 2 - Conduct background research C-BR 3 - Construct a hypothesis y - Test hypothesis in an experiment T-# 5 - Analyze data A/D 6 - Draw conclusions and communicate them D-C.r.  #1 Ask a question. ? Observation: ? Inference: A guess Description of about an object or something you can outcome based on see, smell, touch, your observations taste, hear ? You can make many ? NOT an opinion! (must inferences from a be objective) single observation ? Example: ? Example: - The ground is wet. - It rained. - Someone was watering the plants. lu Ote, Not. Racket. Aemenice  Ask a question. Observations are either qualitative or quantitative. ? Qualitative ? Quantitative Observation: Observation: uses describes qualities numbers to ? Examples: measure - Green liquid something - Large hole ? Examples: - Sour taste - 4 feet long - Sweet smell - 6 legs - 7.2 grams - 100 mL  Considerations for Quantitative Data 1. PRECISE = how close your measurements are to each other - Think: Is the data consistent? Is the data specific? 2. ACCURATE = how close your measurement is to the correct/accepted value - Think: Is the data correct? #2 - Conduct background research. ? Our observations ? questions ? research defining a purpose ? Purpose = a statement that clearly shows what question you are trying to answer #3 - Construct a hypothesis. ? Hypothesis: A testable prediction based on observations that describes a cause and effect relationship between variables Format for a Hypothesis: "If (IV) then (DV) " IV = Independent variable = Cause DV = Dependent variable = Effect  Defining Independent and Dependent Variables ? Independent Variable: (IV) what the experimenter will deliberately change or manipulate in the investigation - Usually on the X-Axis of a graph ? Ex: You want to do an experiment to see if what you drink before a race affects how quickly you run.  D e f i n i n g I n d e p e n d e n t a n d D e p e n d e n t V a r i a b l e s ? Dependent Variable: (DV) what changes in response to the independent variable - On the Y-Axis of a graph - Usually represented by the data you collect in an investigation; what is measured ? Ex: Running experiment. #4 - Test the hypothesis in an experiment. Materials ? What will you need to conduct the experiment? - Include amounts - Include brands, if important ? Be as specific as possible! ? Write as a bulleted list  Test the hypothesis in an experiment. Procedures ? Write out every step that was taken - Start with an action word - Include every step so someone could replicate the experiment ? Make this a numbered list ? Experimental Group(s): groups that are being tested - What is the experimental group in the running example? ? Control Group: group used for comparison with your experimental groups. This is the "normal" group - What is the control group in the running example? ? Constants: the aspects of an experiment that are held constant/consistent - All aspects of trials are identical, except for the IV. - Ensures that any difference measured in the DV is caused only by the IV. ? Having as many repeated trials as possible to: - Ensure the results aren't due to chance - Eliminate any errors - Ensure the data is precise  #5 - ANALYZE THE DATA. Results M o d e l o f E n z y m e S u b s t r a t e I n t e r a c t i o n s U n d e r V a r i o u s. ? ? T r i a l 1 : Conditions Baseline Data ? Collect data in an 2000 1800 organized form during 1600 - Trial 2: Denatured 1400 Enzyme an investigation (Ex. 1200 1000 data table) 8 0 0 Trial 3: Coenzyme 600 ? Present data in an 400 200 easy-to-read way, such 0 -*- Trial 4: Competitive 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 0 Inhibitor as a graph Time Periods (sec) Analysis ? Only make statements about what the data shows ? Highlight any patterns seen in the data ? Discuss any potential errors in the data  Analyze the data ? We will use three different types of graphs. - Line graphs - Bar graphs - Pie charts ? All graphs must have the following: ? A descriptive title ? Titles on the x- and y-axes ? Consistent intervals ? Labels  Analyze the data Smalltown Teens With Cells Phones ? Line graphs: 800 - Used to show 642 continuous data 590 600 530 - Points are plotted 430 using an x & y-axis 400 341 - Points are connected 273 229 - Shows the relationship 2 0 0 - between the IV and DV 0 + 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Age in Years  Analyze the data ? Bar graphs: - Data is NOT Trainee Teacher confidence in continuous teaching primary science 1000 - Bars do not touch 800 - Allows us to compare 600 descriptive data, like 4 0 0 amounts or categories 200 0 biology chemistry physics Earth geology science  Analyze the data ? Pie charts: ? Data is NOT Weighted Grade continuous - Usually presents data 10% 40% 10% squizzes (10%) as a "part of a whole" reflection paper (10%) or percentages 25% Mimid-term exam (25%) 15% Mclass project (15%) - Categories must add Mfinal exam (40%) up to 100% 3, TAt Packe Bone Practice: which type of graph? Number Description Line Bar Pie Ex. Amount of each color of M&Ms X in a bag 1 Temperature of a pot of water * over time 2 Number of students in a class X earning As, Bs, Cs, Ds, and Fs 3 Percentage of each gas in the air 4 Shows change in a child's height over a 15 year period  #6 - Draw conclusions and communicate them. ? Make an explicit statement about whether your hypothesis was supported or rejected by your data - Data may/may not support your prediction - Do not change your hypothesis ? Describe any real world applications/uses for the information learned from the investigation.