Batch Reviewer Science 1Q 9-15 (updated) PDF

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##dfhgfjghjghjghjghjghj measurable, objectively stated, and in question form. STEP 3: FORMULATE: Tentative Answer STEP 1: OBSERVE – Keen Observation - Formulate a hypothesis - Be aware o Ho: Null Hypothesis - See the world o Ha: Alternative Hypothesis - Ask “why?” ▪ In order to eliminate - We use our senses (sight, hear, bias, we must include smell, touch, taste) these two in writing our o OBSERVATION: Using 5 hypothesis. senses - Factors affecting your problem. o INFERENCE: An explanation - Repeated experiment. based on your observations - Theory – explains how or why an STEP 2: RESEACH: Be Equipped observed occurrence happens. - Scientific Law – rules, principle, or - Go to the library general statement - Read related problems - Review existing records. STEP 4: Testing: Experiment - Consult experts - Design your experiment: - Writing statement of the problem - Check your Variables should be specific, reliable, valid, o Materials o Methods o Procedures  o Independent – Changing Lesson 2.1: The Heart and Variable (Causes change, what we manipulate in an Blood Flow experiment) The Circulatory System o Dependent – Observe Variable (Observe and measure the - Function: Transport System effect or changes) - Delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones o Constant – Same variable through blood (Remains constant) - Removes carbon dioxide and waste - Qualitative Data: Physical traits and product qualities. The Heart - Quantitative Data: uses measurements and numerical -The center of the circulatory system. values. -Its main function is to pump blood, which - Fair Testing – Changing one variable delivers oxygen and nutrients across the at a time. human body. - Experimental Groups: Receives the -It is located at the center of the chest, tested independent variable (What slightly tilted to the left. we want to test) The Layers of the Heart - Control Groups o Negative – No treatment - Pericardial fluid: acts as the lubricant o Positive – Receives the - Epicardium: Outer layer (muscle) commercially available/ - Myocardium: Middle layer commonly used treatment. - Endocardium: Innermost layer STEP 5: ANALYZE: Be Organized The Four Chambers of the Heart - Organize according to “parameter”. - ATRIA: Upper Chambers - Summarize data. - VENTRICLES: Lower Chambers - Visualize data The Four Valves of the Heart o Graphs o Tables - Pulmonary Valve o Diagrams - Tricuspid Valve - Aortic Valve STEP 6: CONCLUDE: Be Consistent - Bicuspid Valve/Mitral Valve - Draw conclusion ORBELORA – Oxygen Rich Blood Enters the - Accept or reject hypothesis Left side of the heart Going to the Organs - Share experiences and through the Red Arteries recommendations. BVOPBERL – Blue Vein Oxygen Poor Blood Enters the Right side of the heart going to the Lungs  Antibodies: help fight infections. FORMED ELEMENTS – 45% Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes - Disk-shaped - Carries oxygen due to hemoglobin. o Iron-containing protein White Blood Cells - Leukocytes https://sciencenotes.org/path-of-blood- - Round cells through-the-heart/ - Larger but less in quantity. Lesson 2.2: Blood and Blood - Defense against microorganisms Vessels Neutrophils: fight infections The Blood -Phagocytosis: process which involves -Blood is a heterogeneous mixture engulfing and ingesting bacteria, fungi, composed of plasma, platelets, red blood and other foreign debris. cells, and white cells. Eosinophils: kill parasites Basophils: initiate allergic responses. -About 7% to 8% of the human body’s total body weight is composed of blood. Platelets -Transports oxygen and nutrients to the -Form blood clots to prevent bleeding. cells and removes carbon dioxide and The Human Blood Groups: other waste products. Hence, given the name “transport system.” Antigens Components of Blood - Found in red blood cells - Stimulate immune response PLASMA – about 55% of blood volume - Determines blood type - 90%: Water Antibodies - 10%: Different substances o Albumin: the most abundant - Found in plasma plasma protein in the blood. - Responds to foreign particles in the o Clotting factors: proteins that are body switched on in a certain - Protein sequence called clotting cascade when a blood vessel is damaged. BLOOD TYPES: o Laryngopharynx (back end of larynx) Blood A B AB O - Larynx – aka Voice box, plays a role in type speech made of cartilage: Antigen A B AB - o Thyroid cartilage (forms Adam’s Antibody B A - AB - Blood type O is considered as the Apple aka laryngeal prominence) universal donor, as it is compatible o Epiglottis (guards the opening of with many blood types due to its the larynx, preventing food from lack of antigens. reaching the lungs) ▪ True vocal folds – normal The Lock and Key Mechanism voice - If the antigen fits the antibody there will ▪ False vocal folds – growling be an immune response voice o NOT compatible The Lower Respiratory Tract - If the antigen does not fit the antibody, there will be no immune response - Trachea – Windpipe, connects larynx and bronchi, consists of cartilage and C o Compatible shaped rings. Cartilage prevents the Lesson 2.3: The Respiratory trachea from collapsing. - Bronchi – Primary, secondary, tertiary System bronchi, bronchiole. - Lungs – The right lung has 3 lobes, while The Upper Respiratory Tract the other only has 2 due to the - External Nares or Nostrils – Two openings positioning of the heart. Located in the where air enters the nose thoracic cavity and covered in a - Septum – Separates the left and right membrane called pleura. nostril - Alveoli – Site of gas exchange - Nasal hair or Cilia – Structure that traps INHALATION EXHALATION foreign particles Lungs Expand Compress - Nasal Cavity – Space inside the nose Ribs Expand Compress - Mucous Glands – Secretes sticky mucus Diaphragm Contracts Relaxes that moistens air and traps bacteria and foreign particles - Conchae – Found on the walls of nasal RECAP OF MENDELIAN cavity, prevents inhaled particles from entering the lungs INHERITANCE :p - Sinuses – Four air containing spaces – open or drain into the nose. Lowers Genetics - study of how traits, or weight of skull characteristics, are passed from parents to - Pharynx – Common passageway for offspring. food and air 3 divisions Gregor Mendel – Father of genetics. o Nasopharynx (back end of nasal DNA – genetic material of human life cavity) o Oropharynx (back end of oral cavity) What are the basic concepts of Genetics? parents. Invented by Reginald Punett. - Genes: determine our traits, such as eye color or height. - Inheritance: getting half of its genes from your mother and half from your father. - Traits: specific physical characteristic of an individual. Sample problem (complete dominance): Oval shaped face (B) is dominant over square shaped face (b). Problem: Cross a female with a heterozygous oval-shaped face (Bb) with a Dominant vs. Recessive male who also has a heterozygous oval- Dominant traits - are usually expressed and shaped face (Bb). mask the recessive trait. Marked in capital letters. (BB) Step 1: Write down the genotypes of the Recessive traits – traits not genetically parents. expressed. Marked in small letters. (bb) Genotype vs Phenotype Gene: shape of the face Genotype – set of genes in DNA Allele: oval (B), square (b) represented by letters. Phenotype – physical/observable traits. Step 2: Draw the Punnett Square. Cross: Male Heterozygous (Bb) and Female Heterozygous (Bb) Heterozygous vs Homozygous Heterozygous - Combination of dominant and recessive alleles (Bb). In complete dominance, it allows the dominant trait Step 3: Get Genotypic Ratio, Phenotypic out. Ratio, and Percentage. Homozygous - Pure bred, both dominant alleles, both recessive alleles (BB or bb) GR: 1 BB: 2 Bb: 1 bb PR: 3 oval-shaped face: 1 square-shaped PUNETT SQUARE - A chart that predicts all face possible gene combinations in a cross of Percentage: 75% of oval-shaped face, and 25% of square-shaped face Lesson 3.1: Co-Dominance GR: 2 BB: 2 CB: 0 CC PR: 2 Black cats: 2 Tabby cats: 0 Tan Cats and Incomplete Dominance Percentage: 50%, 50%, 0% Incomplete Dominance: Blending of Traits The Mendelian traits are determined by SAMPLE PROBLEM: dominant and recessive alleles of one gene. However, non-Mendelian traits are Problem: A plant that has red flowers (RR) is not determined by dominant and crossed with a plant that has pink flowers recessive alleles and can be governed by (Rr). What portion of the offspring is more than one gene. expected to have pink flowers? Refer to the step-by-step guide in Page 5. Co-Dominance: Patches of Traits GENE ALLELE SAMPLE PROBLEM (from Genyo): Red R Problem: The fur color of a cat can be tan White r (C) and black (B). Since the fur color exhibits co-dominance, there is the GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE presence of a third phenotype known as Red RR tabby. Cross a black cat and a tabby cat. White rr Refer to the step-by-step guide in Page 5. Pink Rr GENE ALLELE Tan C Cross a red flower and a pink flower Black B GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE Tan CC Black BB Tabby (tan and CB (tan allele + black) black allele) Cross a black cat and a tabby cat. GR: 2 RR: 0 rr: 2 Rr PR: 2 Red Flowers, 0 White Flowers: 2 Pink Flowers Percentage: 50%, 0%, 50% Multiple Alleles Sex-Linked and Sex-Influenced SAMPLE PROBLEM (From MC): SEX-INFLUENCED Problem: Coco’s blood type is AB while SAMPLE PROBLEM (From Genyo): Kakai’s blood type is O. Cross Coco and Problem: Cross a male and a female who Kakai’s blood type. are both heterozygous for baldness. Refer to the step-by-step guide in Page 5. Genotype Female Male GUIDE Phenotype Phenotype Blood type A IAIA BB Non-bald Non-bald IAi Bb Non-bald Bald Blood type B IBIB bb Bald Bald IBi Blood type AB IAIB Blood type O ii GENE ALLELE Blood type AB IAIB Blood type O ii GR: 1 BB: 1 bb: 2 Bb Female PR: 3 non-bald: 1 bald Percentage: 75%, 25% Male PR: 3 bald: 1 non-bald Percentage: 75%, 25% SEX-LINKED GR: 2 IAi: 2 IBi XX: Female PR: 2 Blood type A: 2 Blood type B XY: Male Percentage: 50%, 50% SAMPLE PROBLEM: Problem: In humans, hemophilia is a sex- linked trait. Females can be normal, carriers, or have the disease. Males will either have the disease or not (but they won't ever be carriers). Cross a female carrier and a male with hemophilia. Phenotype Female Male Genotype Genotype Normal XHXH XHY Normal but XHXh Not carrier applicable Hemophilia XhXh XhY FEMALE: GR: 1 XHXh : 1 XhXh PR: 1 Normal but carrier: 1 with Hemophilia Percentage: 50%, 50% MALE: GR: 1 XHY : 1 XhY PR: 1 Normal: 1 with Hemophilia Percentage: 50%, 50% NOTES: Wala daw choices yung Science QE, all fill in the blanks hahahaha thanks sir greg Good luck sa lahat ng makabasa nito sleep well and do your best nalang siguro -Love, 9-15 Hope comm :D CONTRIBUTORS ;p BONDOC, Samantha Dominique N. MONTALBAN, Roanne Victoria A. LOPEZ, Daniel Angelo B. CARDENAS, Matea Joeanne Zach L.