The Industrial Revolution PDF

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BACKGROUND Originates in England Demand for more efficient farming Causes the enclosure movement Turning public land into large privately owned farms Formerly independent farmers either work for the landlords Or move into the cities for...

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BACKGROUND Originates in England Demand for more efficient farming Causes the enclosure movement Turning public land into large privately owned farms Formerly independent farmers either work for the landlords Or move into the cities for work BACKGROUND Due to the enclosure movement Increased efficiency in crop cultivation And livestock breeding Causes a massive food surplus Known as Agricultural Revolution Enclosure and Ag Revolution combined Causes population growth in England BACKGROUND Growing urban population A large labor force Most in-demand goods were textiles For domestic sales, and foreign exports Textiles were originally made in homes Families would spin and process yarn Known as the domestic system Slow and inefficient STEAM ENGINE James Watt Invents the steam engine in 1765 Engine ran on coal to generate steam Steam engine allows for large machinery To increase production and efficiency Allowed for the powering of factories Especially textile factories INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION What is needed to industrialize Population Coal and water To serve as labor force To power machinery Political stability Iron ore Capital To build machinery To allow entrepreneurs to create Navigable waterways and businesses and invest harbors England had ALL of these factors To transport the heavy materials INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Emergence of railroads Invented to transport iron and coal Due to high demand for those materials Consequences of railroads Cheap transportation of goods & people 100s of thousands of new jobs Improved agricultural industries Enabled taking distant jobs INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Industrial cities expand Movement into cities Caused by demand for factory laborers And enclosure Urbanization London Most important industrial city Population reaches 1 million by 1800 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Urbanization Too quick for necessary infrastructure No building codes or sanitary codes Conditions in the cities Unpaved streets with waste everywhere Families crammed into small apartments Disease was rampant Cholera Life expectancy was ~17 years in cities INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Working conditions Factories were dangerous Poorly lit and unsanitary Coal mines were the most dangerous Exposure to toxic fumes Laborers worked on average 14 hours Women and children were often hired Could be paid less than adult males