Unit 7 WH

Protests against the rise of factories due to poor working conditions and the threat to small businesses.

A group of workers who destroyed machinery and factories in protest against their declining wages and the rise of factory production.

A collective effort by workers to improve their working conditions, including safer environments, shorter hours, and the restriction of child labor.

Legislation that prohibited the employment of children under the age of nine, set limits on working hours for those between nine and seventeen, and outlawed women and children from working underground in mines.

Organized groups of workers in the same profession who collectively bargained with employers for better wages and shorter working hours.

The process by which the United States began to industrialize, spurred by the War of 1812 and the British blockade, leading to the development of domestic manufacturing.

Companies that sell partial ownership in the form of shares, allowing shareholders to share in profits and losses.

The expansion of railroads across the United States, leading to the growth of new cities and a process of urbanization.

The movement of people from rural areas to cities, often driven by job opportunities in factories during the Industrial Revolution.

The shift from traditional farming methods to more efficient and productive agricultural practices, leading to increased food production and surplus.

The process of converting public land into large, privately owned farms, often leading to displacement of independent farmers.

A period of significant technological advancements, particularly in manufacturing, driven by new inventions like the steam engine.

A system where textiles were produced in homes, with families spinning and processing yarn, before factories became widespread.

A powerful engine that used coal to generate steam, driving machinery in factories and revolutionizing production.

A transportation network using trains and tracks to transport goods and people over long distances, significantly impacting trade and industry.

The most important industrial city during the Industrial Revolution, experiencing rapid population growth due to factory work opportunities.

A period of major technological advancements, especially in manufacturing, driven by inventions like the steam engine and new power sources.

The process of converting public land into large, privately owned farms. This often resulted in the displacement of farmers and the consolidation of land ownership.

The change from small-scale production in homes to large-scale production in factories. This shift was driven by new technologies and the need for centralized work.

A system where textiles were produced in homes. Families spun and processed yarn, and merchants distributed the finished products.

The process of rapid population growth in cities, often driven by job opportunities in factories.

A powerful engine that used coal to generate steam, driving machinery in factories and revolutionizing production.

A deadly disease that spread rapidly in overcrowded cities during the Industrial Revolution, due to poor sanitation conditions.

A group of English workers who protested against the Industrial Revolution by destroying machinery in factories. They opposed the new technology and its impact on their jobs.

Laws passed in Britain that regulated working conditions in factories and mines, particularly addressing child labor. They set limits on hours and restricted children from working in dangerous environments.

An organized group of workers in the same field who negotiate with employers for better wages, working conditions, and benefits.

A person who brings knowledge and technology to a new country. Samuel Slater brought British textile manufacturing techniques to the United States, contributing to industrialization.

A company that sells partial ownership in the form of shares, allowing shareholders to share in profits and losses. This was key to financing large industrial projects.

An area in Germany known for its industrial development, especially in coal mining and steel production, contributing largely to the growth of German industry.

The set of factors needed for a country to industrialize. They include: resources like coal and iron, a strong workforce, a stable government, and a growing market for goods.

The living conditions were often overcrowded, unsanitary, and unhealthy due to rapid population growth in cities. Working conditions were harsh, with long hours, low wages, and dangerous machinery.

The Industrial Revolution was driven by new technologies and the need for a larger labor force. However, it caused job losses for artisans and created difficult working conditions. Luddites protested against these changes and destroyed machinery in factories.

The Factory and Mines Acts addressed child labor by prohibiting children under nine from working, setting hours for older children, and preventing women and children from working underground.

The United States began to industrialize due to factors such as its abundant natural resources, a growing population, and the War of 1812 (which spurred domestic manufacturing).

Railroads were critical for transporting goods and people across the country, connecting industries and markets. This led to the growth of new cities and facilitated economic development.

The United States surpassed Britain in industrial production due to several factors: abundant natural resources, a larger workforce, and innovation in industries like steel production.

Continental Europe lagged behind Britain in industrialization due to various reasons, including: political instability, fragmented economies, and a lack of investment in infrastructure.