Unit 7 WH

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Questions and Answers

What was one primary reason for the opposition to the factory system?

Promotion of small businesses over large factories

Increased efficiency leading to lower artisan wages (correct)

Support for child labor practices

Improved working conditions for all workers

Which act made it illegal to hire children younger than 9 years old in factories?

Mines Act

Labor Reform Act

Factory and Mines Act (correct)

Factory Act

Which group was known for sabotaging industrial equipment to protest against the factory system?

The Chartists

The Luddites (correct)

The Dressmakers

The Suffragettes

Which statement accurately describes the labor reform movement during the Industrial Revolution?

Laborers sought to improve pay and reduce working hours Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact did the War of 1812 have on the USA's industrialization?

It forced the USA to manufacture goods it once imported Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the situation of corporations in the USA during the Industrial Revolution?

Corporations allowed multiple shareholders to share profits and losses Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the delay of industrialization in continental Europe?

The effects of the Napoleonic Wars Signup and view all the answers

Which region in Germany became notable for industrialization despite the country's lack of unification at that time?

Ruhr Valley Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct consequence of the enclosure movement during the Industrial Revolution?

Creation of large privately owned farms Signup and view all the answers

Which resource was critical for the operation of steam engines during the Industrial Revolution?

Coal Signup and view all the answers

What industry experienced the highest demand during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution?

Textiles Signup and view all the answers

How did railroads impact industries during the Industrial Revolution?

They allowed for quicker and cheaper transportation of goods Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the significant population growth in England during the Industrial Revolution?

Increased food surplus from the Agricultural Revolution Signup and view all the answers

What urban condition emerged as a result of rapid urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?

Unpaved streets with waste accumulations Signup and view all the answers

Who was responsible for inventing the steam engine that contributed to industrialization?

James Watt Signup and view all the answers

What was one effect of the enclosure movement on former independent farmers?

Many moved to urban centers for work Signup and view all the answers

Where did the Industrial Revolution originate?

England Signup and view all the answers

What was the main factor that drove the enclosure movement?

Demand for more efficient farming Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the period of increased food production due to agricultural advancements?

Agricultural Revolution Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method of producing textiles before the Industrial Revolution?

Domestic system Signup and view all the answers

Who invented the steam engine in 1765?

James Watt Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors were essential for industrialization?

Population Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of railroads during the Industrial Revolution?

Transporting iron and coal Signup and view all the answers

What was the main consequence of the growth of industrial cities?

Urbanization Signup and view all the answers

What was the approximate life expectancy in cities during the Industrial Revolution?

17 years Signup and view all the answers

Why were coal mines considered the most dangerous workplaces during the Industrial Revolution?

Exposure to toxic fumes Signup and view all the answers

During the Industrial Revolution, women and children were often paid less than adult males.

True Signup and view all the answers

What was the average working day for laborers during the Industrial Revolution?

14 hours Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason behind the Industrial Revolution's spread to the United States?

Britain's blockade of the United States during the War of 1812 Signup and view all the answers

Who was the individual who played a key role in bringing industrial technology to the United States?

Samuel Slater Signup and view all the answers

What was the main factor that contributed to the growth of new cities in the United States during the Industrial Revolution?

Railroad expansion Signup and view all the answers

What were the primary factors hindering industrialization in Continental Europe compared to Britain?

Napoleonic Wars and lack of a unified nation-state in Germany Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the region in Germany that became a center of industrialization?

Ruhr Valley Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions.

Enclosure movement = The transformation of public land into privately owned farms meant for efficient farming Domestic system = A system of production that involved families making goods at home Steam engine = An invention that provided powerful energy for machinery, revolutionizing industry Urbanization = The rapid growth of cities caused by population shifts from rural areas Agricultural Revolution = A period of significant advancements in farming techniques, leading to increased food production Luddites = A group of workers who protested against the technological advancements of the Industrial Revolution by sabotaging factories Factory and Mines Acts = Legislation aimed at regulating working conditions in factories and mines, particularly addressing child labor Unions = Organizations formed by workers to collectively bargain with employers, such as for better wages or shorter working hours Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason why unions were initially illegal in Britain?

Strikes were seen as a threat to public order. Signup and view all the answers

What type of businesses emerged as powerful entities during the Industrial Revolution?

Corporations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following were major corporations that emerged during the Industrial Revolution in the United States?

Carnegie Steel Signup and view all the answers

The United States began to overtake Britain in industrial production by the early 1800s.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name some of the key inventions of the US Industrial Revolution.

Lightbulb, steel plough, and phonograph Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Industrial Revolution Continued

Factories were more efficient than artisans, leading to lower wages for artisans.
People opposed factory systems due to poor conditions and the threat to small businesses.
The Luddites were opposed to the factory system and sabotaged industrial equipment.
The enclosure movement led to an increased efficiency in crop cultivation and livestock breeding, creating a massive food surplus and causing population growth in England.

Labor Reform

Workers desired safer working conditions, shorter working hours, and limitations on child labor.
The Factory and Mines Act made it illegal to hire children under nine years old and limited working hours for 9-17 year olds.
Working underground in mines was also prohibited for women and children.
Factory conditions were dangerous, poorly lit, unsanitary, and often exposed workers to toxic fumes.

Creation of Unions

Unions were organizations of workers with the same job.
Unions collectively bargained with employers for better wages and shorter hours.
Workers could strike if their demands weren't met.
Unions were illegal in Britain until 1825.
Strikes were seen as a threat to public order.

Industrialization Globally

Britain blockaded the USA during the War of 1812, leading the USA to produce its goods domestically.
Britain restricted the emigration of engineers and mechanics.
Samuel Slater emigrated to the USA, and memorized and implemented machinery designs.
The demand for coal and water, iron ore, navigable waterways, and harbors spurred industrialization.
A stable political environment enabled entrepreneurs to create businesses and invest.
A large population provided a labor force.

Industrialization in the USA

Similar factors led to industrialization in the USA as in other countries.
The textile industry in the Northeast boomed.
Railroads expanded in the USA, causing the growth of cities.
Urbanization followed the growth of new cities in the USA.
Urban centers expanded due to the movement of people into cities caused by demand for factory labor and the enclosure movement.

Corporations

Corporations sold partial ownership as shares.
Shareholders shared in the profits and losses of the company.
Powerful corporations like Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel emerged in the USA.

US Industrial Revolution

Innovations like the lightbulb, steel plough, and phonograph were key to advancements.
The USA began to surpass Britain in industrial output by the end of the 1800s.
A large, resource-rich country, linked by railroads, and with massive corporations contributed to this.
The USA outpaced Britain in innovation and industrialization. By the end of the 1800s, innovations, access to resources, transportation, and large corporations enabled the US to advance its industrial output.

Continental European Industrialization

Europe industrialized later than England due to the Napoleonic Wars.
Industrialization happened in specific regions rich in coal, not across the whole continent at once.
Germany, not yet a unified country at the time, industrialized in areas like the Ruhr Valley.

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Explore the significant changes during the Industrial Revolution and the ensuing labor reforms. Learn about factory efficiency, worker conditions, and the emergence of labor unions. Discover the impact of legislation like the Factory and Mines Act on child labor and worker rights.