Music Appreciation Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Music Appreciation Final Exam Study Guide ♫ Music = Sounds that are organized in time. ♫ Four Main Properties of Musical Sounds 1.) Pitch (the highness or lowness) 2.) Dynamics (loudness or softness) 3.) Timbre (tone color - quality) 4.) Rhythm (duration) ♫ Sound = Sounds are...

Music Appreciation Final Exam Study Guide ♫ Music = Sounds that are organized in time. ♫ Four Main Properties of Musical Sounds 1.) Pitch (the highness or lowness) 2.) Dynamics (loudness or softness) 3.) Timbre (tone color - quality) 4.) Rhythm (duration) ♫ Sound = Sounds are made when an object vibrates. ♫ Pitch = How high or low a sound is. ♫ Dynamics = How loud or soft music sounds. ♫ Tone = A sound that has a definite pitch. ♫ Interval = Distance between two pitches. ♫ pp = very soft (pianissimo) ♫ p = soft (piano) ♫ mp = moderately soft (mezzo piano) ♫ mf = moderately loud (mezzo forte) ♫ f = loud (forte) ♫ ff = very loud (fortissimo) ♫ Four Main Properties to Rhythm 1.) Beat 2.) Meter 3.) Accent 4.) Tempo ♫ Beat = Regular repeating pulse that divides music into equal parts. ♫ Meter = The organization of beats into regular groups. 1 ♫ Measure = A group with a fixed number of beats. ♫ Downbeat = First, or stressed, beat of a measure. ♫ Accent = To play the note louder than the other notes around it, just as we stress certain words in sentences when we are talking. ♫ Syncopation = Happens when an accent falls on a beat when we don’t expect it. ♫ Tempo = Speed of a beat. ♫ Three Common Female Voices 1.) Soprano 2.) Mezzo-Soprano 3.) Alto ♫ Three Common Male Voices 1.) Tenor 2.) Baritone 3.) Bass ♫ Most music of the 1600s was vocal music. ♫ Six categories of instruments in Western Music. 1.) Strings 2.) Woodwinds 3.) Brass 4.) Percussion 5.) Keyboards 6.) Electronic ♫ Melody = Series of notes that add up to recognizable musical whole. ♫ Harmony = When two or more notes are played at the same time. 2  ♫ Six Stylistic Periods of Western Music 1.) Middle Age (450 – 1450) 2.) Renaissance (1450 – 1600) 3.) Baroque (1600 – 1750) 4.) Classical (1750 – 1820) 5.) Romantic (1820 – 1900) 6.) Twentieth Century (1900 – Present)  Middle Age (450 – 1450) ♫ Notate = To write down music. ♫ Gregorian Chant = Official music of the Roman Catholic Church. = Around the 700s, monks began to write down their music. = A chant is a single melody (monophonic texture) set to a Latin text. ♫ Three Social Classes of the Middle Ages 1.) Clergy 2.) Nobility 3.) Peasantry ♫ Notated music in the Middle Ages  Notes were diamond and rectangle shaped in the Middle Ages and oval (round) today. The staff had only four lines (five today).  Renaissance (1450 – 1600) ♫ Composer = a person who writes music. ♫ Word Painting = Making a musical “picture” of the text. ♫ Sacred Music = Music meant to be played in church. ♫ Secular Music = Music outside the church and meant to entertain. ♫ Madrigal = A secular piece performed by several solo voices. 3  ♫ Renaissance composers did not write for specific instruments because they were not readily available. Composers wrote music that could be played on an instrument.  Baroque (1600 – 1750) ♫ All Baroque art is characterized by action and movement. ♫ Composers were hired by churches, courts, opera houses, and others to write music for specific occasions. ♫ Composers wrote a lot of music because they were being paid to do so and because the public demanded new music for every occasion. ♫ Opera extremely popular. ♫ J.S. Bach was the greatest musician of the Baroque period. ♫ Rhythm was expressed with repeating patterns that gives Baroque music energy, drive, and a feeling of constant motion. ♫ Baroque melodies are difficult to sing because they are elaborate making them complicated and they are not easy to remember. ♫ Terraced Dynamics = Sudden change in volume. ♫ Concerto Grosso = Soloist playing and then an entire ensemble playing. ♫ Program Music = Music that is associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene. ♫ Suites = Music composed for dancing. ♫ Oratorio = like an opera except there is no acting, scenery, or costumes. = written for a chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra. ♫ Chorus = large group of singers 4  Classical (1750 – 1820) ♫ The term classical comes from a desire to return to the “classic” art and architecture of the Greek and Romans. ♫ Three Master Composers of the Classical Era 1.) Haydn 2.) Mozart 3.) Beethoven ♫ The middle class had an impact on the music of this time period as they wanted to see live performances and play music at home. ♫ Composers used folk and popular melodies in their music and they poked fun at the rich, that pleased the middle class. ♫ Vienna, Austria = The center of musical activity. ♫ Classical rhythm was very flexible in that is changed a lot in a piece of music while Baroque rhythm was in a constant motion. ♫ Syncopation = Where an accent falls on an unexpected beat. ♫ A classical medley is tuneful and easy to remember. ♫ Composers used crescendos and decrescendos as well as sudden shifts in dynamics. ♫ The piano was invented around 1700. It quickly replaced the harpsichord as the preferred keyboard instrument. ♫ The piano was more flexible in that it could play both loud and soft, hence the name “piano-forte” literally “soft-loud” and shortened to “piano.” ♫ Prodigy is a child who has extraordinary talent. 5 ♫ Joseph Haydn ♪ Composed 107 symphonies. ♪ He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the piano trio. ♪ His contributions to musical form have earned him the epithets "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet". ♪ Hayden taught both Mozart and Beethoven. ♫ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ♪ Could sight read any music placed in front of him. ♪ Could play violin and harpsichord by age 6. ♪ Wrote a symphony at age 8. ♪ Wrote an opera at age 12. ♪ Could perform musical “tricks” such as playing upside down or blindfolded. ♪ Could compose music effortlessly and without the aid of a piano. ♫ Ludwig van Beethoven ♪ Beethoven was born in 1770 and died when he was 57 years old. ♪ Beethoven began to lose his hearing at 29. ♪ Helped transition music from Classical to Romantic era. ♪ Symphony No.5 most famous and recognizable works. 6