THE-ART-OF-MUSIC.pdf

THE ART OF MUSIC A&H 100 – ART APPRECIATION ELEMENTS OF MUSIC Melody A sequence of single pitches that form a musical line or theme The "tune“ of the song or the piece of music For example: The melody of "Happy Birthday to You“ or “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” ELEMENTS OF MUSIC...

THE ART OF MUSIC A&H 100 – ART APPRECIATION ELEMENTS OF MUSIC Melody A sequence of single pitches that form a musical line or theme The "tune“ of the song or the piece of music For example: The melody of "Happy Birthday to You“ or “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” ELEMENTS OF MUSIC Harmony Two or more different musical notes played or sung simultaneously (together) to create a pleasing sound. In layman’s term, this is known as the “second voice.” Example: The “chords” played on a guitar in a pop song. ELEMENTS OF MUSIC Rhythm Refers to the pattern of beats It encompasses the timing, duration, and organization of musical sounds in relation to time. Rhythm is different from BEAT. BEAT is steady, while rhythm is what gives music its sense movement. ELEMENTS OF MUSIC Dynamics Refers to the varying levels of loudness or softness of the sound or music Dynamics can change throughout a piece of music, and these changes are often marked by dynamic markings like "crescendo" (gradually getting louder) or “decrescendo" (gradually getting softer). The use of dynamics allows musicians to convey emotions, create contrasts, and add depth to their interpretation in music. ELEMENTS OF MUSIC Timbre (pronounced "TAM-ber") The tone quality or tone color or the character of a musical sound that distinguishes it from others. Example: The timbre of a saxophone is different from flute. ELEMENTS OF MUSIC Form The structure or organization of a piece of music, including sections like verses and choruses in a song. Example: The AABA form in many popular songs, where the chorus (B) repeats after each verse (A). ELEMENTS OF MUSIC Tempo The speed at which a piece of music is performed, often indicated by terms like "allegro" (fast) or "adagio" (slow). The fastness or the slowness of the music. Example: A fast tempo in a dance track. MUSIC HISTORY Medieval Period (circa 500-1400) An era dominated by Catholic sacred music, which began as simple chant Characteristics: Gregorian chant, plainchant, sacred music dominated, monophonic texture. MUSIC HISTORY (MEDIEVAL PERIOD) Plainchant a form of monophonic liturgical music that developed in the Christian Church during the medieval period plainchant was notated using neumes, which are early musical notations that provided basic information about the contour and relative pitch of the melody Example of NEUMES Neumes are symbolic signs or symbols that indicate the shape and direction of a melody but do not specify exact pitches or rhythms with the precision of modern notation. MUSIC HISTORY (MEDIEVAL PERIOD) Gregorian chant a form of plainchant a type of liturgical music that emerged in the Christian Church during the Medieval Period used in the liturgical worship services of the church monophonic, meaning it consists of a single melodic line without harmonies or accompaniments The texts for Gregorian chants are typically taken from the Bible, liturgical texts, or other sacred sources. MUSIC HISTORY (MEDIEVAL PERIOD) MEDIEVAL MASS vs SECULAR MUSIC Medieval Mass was the central liturgical service of the Christian Church during the medieval period Played a significant role in the religious life during medieval period Medieval secular music refers to the non-religious music that was created and performed outside the context of religious worship during the medieval period in Europe. Secular music played a significant role in the social and cultural life of the time. MUSIC HISTORY (MEDIEVAL PERIOD) MEDIEVAL MOTET Highly versatile and complex form of vocal music that developed during the Middle Ages It was characterized by its intricate structure, polyphony, and use of multiple texts sung simultaneously. Motet featured multiple independent vocal lines, each with its own melody and rhythm. Motets served both sacred and secular purposes. Sacred motets were often used in liturgical settings, while secular motets were performed at courtly gatherings, feasts, and other social events. MUSIC HISTORY Renaissance Period (c. 1400-1600) known for its polyphonic texture, where multiple independent melodic lines are woven together harmoniously. Composers often used imitation, a technique where a musical idea introduced in one voice is repeated and imitated by other voices at different pitch levels. MUSIC HISTORY Renaissance Period (c. 1400-1600) Renaissance composers wrote both sacred and secular music. Sacred music included masses, motets, and hymns for use in church services. Secular music encompassed a wide range of forms, including madrigals, and lute songs. These pieces often featured expressive texts and word-painting, where the music reflected the meaning of the lyrics. Example of Lute MUSIC HISTORY Renaissance Period (c. 1400-1600) Word painting was utilized by Renaissance composers to represent poetic images musically. For example, an ascending melodic line would portray the text “ascension to heaven.” Or a series of rapid notes would represent running. MUSIC HISTORY Baroque Period (c. 1600-1750) characterized by its rich and ornate musical style Baroque music is known for its elaborate melodies and intricate harmony. Composers of this era often used ornamentation, such as trills and grace notes, to embellish melodic lines and add expressiveness. MUSIC HISTORY Baroque Period (c. 1600-1750) The basso continuo was a fundamental component of Baroque music. It consisted of a bass line played by a bass instrument and a keyboard instrument providing harmonic support and filling in the chords. The basso continuo allowed for flexibility and improvisation, with performers elaborating on the written bass line. The numbers seen on the music piece is the BASSO CONTINUO MUSIC HISTORY Baroque Period (c. 1600-1750) Baroque Fugue - highly structured and contrapuntal composition that is characterized by its complex imitative polyphony. The fugue begins with a main melodic theme called the subject. After the subject is presented, another voice (usually the second voice) enters with a new melody called the answer. MUSIC HISTORY Classical Period (c. 1750-1820) Notable Composers: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven Characteristics: Clear melody, balanced structure, the rise of the symphony and sonata. MUSIC HISTORY Classical Period (c. 1750-1820) The predominant texture in Classical music is homophonic, where a single melody line is supported by harmonies in the accompaniment. This contrasts with the contrapuntal complexity of the Baroque period. MUSIC HISTORY Classical Period (c. 1750-1820) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Mozart's operas are known for their extraordinary melodic beauty. His arias and ensembles are filled with lyrical and singable lines with expressive melodies that are emotionally resonant that leave a lasting impression. MUSIC HISTORY Classical Period (c. 1750-1820) Mozart’s symphony Mozart composed a total of 41 symphonies during his lifetime. His themes are often balanced and symmetrical. Mozart's development sections are notable for their inventive use of thematic material, harmonic exploration, and dramatic tension. Mozart infuses each movement with emotional depth and subtlety conveying a wide range of emotions MUSIC HISTORY 20th Century Music (c. 1900-2000) Composers during this era broke away from traditional norms and explored new techniques, styles, and philosophies. Characteristics: Experimentation, atonality, electronic music, minimalism. MUSIC HISTORY 20th Century Music (c. 1900-2000) In atonal music, there is no perceived "home" pitch, or no tonal center, around which the other pitches revolve Use of all 12 Tones features dissonant harmonies and intervals, which can create a sense of tension and instability Atonal composers sought greater freedom of expression by breaking away from the confines of tonality MUSIC HISTORY 20th Century Music (c. 1900-2000) John Cage was a pioneering American composer, music theorist, writer, and artist known for his avant-garde and experimental approach to music. His famous composition "4'33", which instructs the performer(s) to remain silent for four minutes and thirty- three seconds, is an example of this concept. The concept behind "4'33"" is to shift the focus of music from the intentional sounds produced by the performer to the unintentional sounds that occur in the environment. MUSIC HISTORY 20th Century Music (c. 1900-2000) John Williams is an American composer renowned for composing the music for a wide range of films across multiple genres. His filmography includes scores for blockbuster franchises like "Star Wars," "Indiana Jones," "Harry Potter," "Jurassic Park," and "Superman," among many others. His use of leitmotifs (musical themes associated with characters or elements in a film) has become a standard technique in film scoring. MUSIC HISTORY Original Pinoy Music "Original Pinoy Music," often abbreviated as OPM, refers to the diverse and vibrant music created by Filipino artists and composers in the Philippines. OPM often addresses social, cultural, and political issues in the Philippines. Many OPM songs contain meaningful lyrics that reflect the concerns and aspirations of Filipinos (e.g. everyday life and experiences). MUSIC HISTORY Original Pinoy Music Genres Kundiman: A traditional Filipino love song characterized by its lyrical melodies and romantic themes. Manila Sound: A genre popular in the 1970s that combined elements of pop, disco, and rock. Original Pilipino Music (OPM) Rock: A genre that emerged in the 1980s, featuring rock bands like Eraserheads and Rivermaya. Pinoy Pop: A contemporary genre that includes catchy, radio- friendly songs often sung in Tagalog or a mix of Filipino and English. Alternative and Indie: A growing indie music scene in the Philippines that produces experimental and alternative music. Classification of Musical Instruments 2 types: Instrument Families Instrument Classes Classification of Musical Instruments Instrument Families String Woodwind Brass Percussion Classification of Musical Instruments Instrument Families String - These instruments produce sound by vibrating strings. Subcategories include bowed strings (e.g., violin, cello), plucked strings (e.g., guitar, harp), and keyboard instruments (e.g., piano, harpsichord). Classification of Musical Instruments Instrument Families Woodwind - Woodwind instruments produce sound by vibrating a column of air within a tube. Woodwind instruments uses reed, except flute. Classification of Musical Instruments Instrument Families Brass - Brass instruments generate sound by vibrating the player's lips into a cup- shaped mouthpiece. Brass instruments are made of brass. Classification of Musical Instruments Instrument Families Percussion - These instruments produce sound through striking, shaking, or scraping. Categories within percussion include drums (e.g., snare drum, timpani), pitched percussion (e.g., xylophone, marimba), and unpitched percussion (e.g., tambourine, cymbals). Classification of Musical Instruments Instrument Classes Membranophone Chordophone Aerophone Idiophone Classification of Musical Instruments Instrument Classes Membranophone - are musical instruments that produce sound by means of a stretched membrane or drumhead. When the membrane is struck or manipulated, it vibrates, producing sound. Examples: Membranophones include drums such as the snare drum, bass drum, conga drums, bongos, tambourines. Classification of Musical Instruments Instrument Classes Chordophone - are musical instruments that produce sound by vibrating strings stretched between two points. When the strings are plucked, bowed, or struck, they create sound through their vibration. Examples are guitars, violins, cellos, harps, pianos, banjos, and sitars. Classification of Musical Instruments Instrument Classes Aerophone - are musical instruments that produce sound by using air as the primary vibrating medium. The sound is created when the player causes the flow of air through the instrument to vibrate. This can be achieved by blowing air across an edge, through a reed, or into a column. Examples: flutes, clarinets, trumpets, saxophones, bagpipes, harmonicas Classification of Musical Instruments Instrument Classes Idiophone - are musical instruments that produce sound by vibrating the entire instrument itself, without the need for strings, membranes, or external resonators. The sound is generated when the instrument's body or material is struck, shaken, scraped. Examples: xylophones, marimbas, cymbals, gongs, triangles, and various types of bells (e.g., handbells, tubular bells).