muscles of lower limb kopyası.pptx

Pelvic Muscles Muscles on the Front of the Hip Iliopsoas m.: It is basically a fusion of iliacus m. and psoas major m. In 40-50% of cases, a third part called psoas minor m. joins the structure of this muscle. Iliacus m.: From the upper parts of the iliac fossa It extends to the lesser trochante...

Pelvic Muscles Muscles on the Front of the Hip Iliopsoas m.: It is basically a fusion of iliacus m. and psoas major m. In 40-50% of cases, a third part called psoas minor m. joins the structure of this muscle. Iliacus m.: From the upper parts of the iliac fossa It extends to the lesser trochanter (trochanter minor) with the tendon of the psoas major muscle. Psoas major m.: It starts from the lateral faces and transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae. It passes behind the inguinal ligament and in front of the hip joint. It joins with the fibers of the iliacus muscle and attaches to the lesser trochanter. Its nerve comes from the lumbar plexus. Psoas minor m. Psoas major m. Quadratus lumborum m. Iliacus m. It works together with the iliacus muscle. It brings the thigh closer to the pelvis. It is the strongest and main flexor of the thigh. It turns the thigh inward. Psoas minor m.: Sometimes absent. 40% on the surface of the psoas major, it is a small muscle. It starts from the lateral sides of T12 and L1 and attaches to the pecten ossis pubis and eminentia iliopectinea. Nerve; It comes from the 1st lumbar spinal nerve. Iliopsoas m. ► It is formed by the fusion of the iliacus and psoas major. ►It is the only muscle that inserts into the lesser trochanter. ►It is the main flexor muscle of the thigh, working antagonistically to the gluteus maximus. ►important postural muscle, lifts the trunk from supine to sitting position. Muscles at the Back of the Pelvis Gluteus maximus m.: It is a large and thick muscle. From the linea glutea posterior of the llium, the posterior aspect of the sacrum, tthe thoracolumbal fascia the sacrotuberal ligament. Most of the fibers go to the tractus iliotibialis, and some adhere to the gluteal tuberosity. Nerve; inferior gluteal n. It is the strongest extensor of the thigh. If its insertion remains constant, it extends the trunk. . External rotation of the thigh. ►It is the thickest muscle in the human body, works as an antagonist of the iliopsoas muscle. ►It is the main extensor muscle of the thigh, assisting in external rotation of the thigh and extension of the leg. ►Mostly used when rising from a sitting position, very active during running, climbing stairs or hills. Gluteus medius m.: It extends between the linea glutea posterior and anterior to the outer surface of the greater trochanter. Nerve; superior gluteal n. It is the strongest abductor of the thigh and its anterior fibers cause internal rotation. It works most strongly when the thigh is fixed. This movement prevents the pelvis from falling to the side of the limb that is off the ground during walking. During walking, it pulls the pelvis to the side of the grounded foot, moving the center of gravity to the side of the grounded foot. It is very important for walking. In paralysis, there is a duck gait. ►It is the strongest abductor muscle of the thigh, it also allows internal rotation. ►In case of loss of function of this muscle, the pelvis falls on the opposite side (trendelenburg symptom - duck-like gait) when the person is standing on the affected side limb, this is seen in hip dislocation, femoral neck fracture and coxa vara. Gluteus minimus m.: It extends between the linea glutea anterior and inferior to the anterior edge of the greater trochanter. Nerve superior gluteal n. Function; Its function is very similar to the function of gluteus med. It makes the thigh do abduction and internal rotation. Tensor fascia latae m.: It starts from the outer edge of the iliac crest, spina iliaca anterior superior. Its tendon (tendon) attaches to the external condyle of the tibia via the tractus iliotibialis. Nerve; superior gluteal n. Its function is to stretch the fascia latae. It helps flexion, abduction and internal rotation of the thigh.. Other Muscles at the Back of the Hip They are located deep in the gluteal muscles. They cause external rotation of the thigh. This is why they are called the external rotator muscles of the thigh. There are 6 muscles. Priformis m. Gemellus superior m. Obturator internus m. Gemellus inferior m. Quadratus femoris m. Obturator externus m. M. priformis M. gemellus superior M. obturator internus M. gemellus inferior M. quadratus femoris M. obturator externus The 6 muscles externally rotate the thigh and fix the hip joint. The priformis and obturator internus muscles also perform abduction. The quadratus femoris and obturator externus muscles also perform adduction. Thigh Muscles Fascia latae and linea aspera covering the thigh. The 3 fascial septa between the fascia latae and linea aspera, which surround the thigh, divide the thigh into 3 compartments: anterior, medial and posterior: Muscles of the Front Face of the Thigh Sartorius m.: The longest muscle It is the longest muscle in the body. It is named after the way tailors sit. It starts from the spina iliaca anterior superior. It attaches to the medial condyle of the tibia by joining with the tendons of the semitendinosus and gracilis muscles. The common tendon formed by the fusion of the tendons of these 3 muscles is called pes anserinus (goose foot). The typical movement is; where you sit crosslegged. Since it crosses the thigh and knee joint, it causes abduction, external rotation and flexion to the thigh. The leg is flexed, and in the flexion position it is rotated inward. Quadriceps femoris m.: It covers the front and side of the femur. It consists of 4 parts: Vastus lateralis m. Rectus femoris m. Vastus medialis m. Vastus intermedius m. Rectus femoris m.: Located on the anterior aspect of the thigh. It has 2 heads. Caput rectum: from SIAI, Caput reflexum: starts from the upper part of the acetabulum. Vastus lateralis m.: The intertrochanteric line starts from the femur and lateral intermuscular septum along a line passing through the outer lip of the greater trochanter, linea aspera. Vastus medialis m.: It starts from the inner end of the intertrochanteric line and the inner end of the linea aspera. Vastus intermedius: It is in front of the femur, behind the rectus femoris muscle. It starts from the 2/3 upper anterior and lateral sides of the femur. Above the knee, the tendons of these 4 muscles join together to enclose the patella. Below the patella, they form the patellar ligament. It is the thickest tendon in the body. It attaches to the tibial tuberosity. The fibers of the vastus muscles are also involved in the internal and external retinaculum patellare. Nerve: femoral n. Function; it gives extension to the leg. The rectus femoris flexes the hip joint. It is the typical movement of the lower limb when kicking a ball. Articularis genus m.: It is a small muscle that separates from the vastus intermedius muscle. It stretches the joint capsule in knee extension. It starts distal to the anterior aspect of the femur and attaches to the knee joint capsule. The nerves tof he anterior muscles of the thigh come from the femoral nerve. Medial Side Muscles of the Thigh They are collectively called adductor muscles because they add to the thigh. M. pectineus M. adductor brevis: M. adductor longus: M. adductor magnus: M. gracilis: Pectineus m.: It is on the inner side of the psoas major. It starts from the pecten ossis pubis. It attaches to the linea pectinea in the femur. Its function is to adduction and flexion of the thigh. Gracilis m.: It runs along the inner edge of the thigh and knee. It is the only adductor muscle that crosses the knee joint. It starts from the body and ramus inferior of the pubis. It attaches to the upper part of the inner surface of the tibia, the pes anserinus. Its function is to make adduction to the thigh and flexion to the leg. ? Adductor brevis m.: It starts from the shaft and ramus inferior of the pubis. It adheres to the upper 1/3 of the linea pectinea and linea aspera. Its function is to adduct the thigh. Adductor longus m.: It starts from the anterior face of the pubis. It adheres to the middle 1/3 of the linea aspera. Its function is to adduct and flex the thigh. Adductor magnus m.: The most posterior fibers are considered hamstrings A small part of the muscle starts from the ramus inferior of the pubis, the rest from the ramus ossis ischii and the tuber ischiadicum. It attaches to the gluteal tuberosity, 2/3 of the linea aspera, medial supracondylar line and adductor tubercle. Between the middle and lower fibers of this muscle, inside the insertion tendon, there is an opening called the hiatus adductorius (tendineus). Through this hole, the femoral vessels pass backwards into the popliteal fossa. Its function is to allow adduction and extension of the thigh. Nerves of the inner lateral muscles of the thigh; except pectineus m. comes from obturator n. The nerve of pectineus is the femoral n. Muscles of the Posterior Face of the Thigh The muscles in this area are collectively called the hamstring group. They start from the same place and are innervated by the same nerve. The muscles cross 2 joints, first the hip joint and then the knee joint. biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus Biceps femoris m.: It is on the posterior-external part of the thigh. Two heads: Caput longum: Tuber ischiadicum Caput breve: outer lip of the linea aspera. It attaches to the caput fibula, collateral fibular lig. and the external condyle of the tibia. Semitendinosus m.: It starts from the tuber ischiadicum. It attaches to the upper part of the inner side of the tibia to form the pes anserinus. Semimembranosus m.: It is located deep in the inner part of the thigh. It starts from the tuber ischiadicum. It ends at the inner condyle of the tibia. The nerves of the posterior group muscles of the thigh come from the tibial nerve except for the short head of the biceps femoris. The short head comes from the common fibular nerve. The posterior thigh muscles are the main extensors of the hip and flexors of the knee during walking. In addition, the biceps femoris muscle causes external rotation of the leg and the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles cause internal rotation.