Multicultural Diversity Prelims PDF

# Espiritu, John Ab H. (BSHM-3F) ## Multicultural Diversity (MR. EMERSON) Hi guys before you start, make sure you know this: - **Title** - **Keyword** - **Supporting details** ## **Cultural Norms** - Serve as guiding principles, dictating acceptable behaviors, rituals, and interactions within a...

# Espiritu, John Ab H. (BSHM-3F) ## Multicultural Diversity (MR. EMERSON) Hi guys before you start, make sure you know this: - **Title** - **Keyword** - **Supporting details** ## **Cultural Norms** - Serve as guiding principles, dictating acceptable behaviors, rituals, and interactions within a community. - Often deeply ingrained and shape an individual's sense of belonging, identity, and self-expression. ## **Intercultural Exchange** - It fosters a melting pot of ideas, values, and traditions, leading to the development of hybrid identities and new forms of cultural expression. ## **Culture** - Is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. - Derives from the Latin term, "colere"- to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture. - Shapes our identity and influences our behavior. - Is our "way of being"(refers to the shared language, beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors) - Is shared, transmitted through learning and helps shape behavior and beliefs. - Is universal among all human groups and even exists among some primates. - Main force that brings people together, creates uniqueness of the cultural group as well as communicates with one another. - Considered as a behavioral manner of different individuals with different backgrounds in the work environment and organization. - It refers to employee's abilities, skill, communication, traditions, behavior and attitudes towards themselves, the work environment, co-workers and their different cultures. ## **Purpose of Culture** - Explain how to live, talk, think and do things. - Give guidelines for one's life to behave in a socially accepted way and value diverse things. - Clarify what is correct, honest, true and important. - Set up rules and regulations to society in order to obtain stability and peace. ## **Culture Wheel** ### **Economics** - Cover how the individuals in said culture earn their living (ex: labor status, forms of money, & skills and technologies they depend on to earn money). ### **Religion** - It speaks for itself. - It should convey the people's beliefs and spiritual practices (myths they believe). ### **Social Institutions** - Conveys the social organization of the (culture). - Educational systems, social laws and customs, marital organizations, and rites of passage. ### **Art** - You'll often find in most culture wheels you come across. - It should give a brief explanation of the art practices of said culture (music, dance, architecture, painting, and drama). ### **Language** - Is an essential part of many culture wheels because it dictates how individuals communicate (non-verbal language and actions). ### **Basic Necessities** - How the individuals in a specific culture live. - Essential to let you determine whether the culture is built on luxurious or poor beliefs (listing of clothing types, food, transportation methods, animal use, and taboos) ### **Government** - Is meant to tell you how the individuals are governed. - Briefly mention who heads the culture and how they manage their hierarchy system. ## **Five Characteristics of Culture** 1. **Culture is Learned** - It is not biological; we do not inherit it. We learn culture from families, peers, institutions, and media. - **Enculturation** is the process of learning culture. 2. **Culture is Shared** - Is a shared tapestry that binds individuals within a community or group, representing the collective norms, values, beliefs, and practices they hold in common. - Fostered through social interactions, passed down through generations, and perpetuated through rituals, language, art, and traditions. - *Despite the shared nature of culture, that doesn't mean that culture is homogenous (the same)*. 3. **Culture is Based on Symbols** - Culture relies heavily on symbols to convey meaning, encapsulating its values, beliefs, and norms through various representations. - **Symbols** are something that stands for something else. - It vary cross-culturally and are arbitrary. - They only have meaning when people in a culture agree on their use (ex: language, money and art). - Serve as a shorthand for complex ideas. - **Language** is the most important symbolic component of culture. 4. **Culture is Integrated** - This is known as holism, or /the various parts of a culture being interconnected. - All aspects of a culture are related to one another. - Web of interconnected elements that collectively shape the way of life within a society or group. 5. **Culture is Dynamic** - Simply means that cultures interact and change. - It continuously evolving and adapting to internal and external influences over time. - **Dynamism** allows cultures to remain relevant, resilient, and responsive to the ever-changing world, ensuring their continuity while embracing new perspectives and experiences. ## **Subcultures** - Smaller cultures within a larger culture. ## **Social Stratification** - Belief that they are somehow inferior to our own or to the larger culture. ## **Class** - Is a social category based on people's economic position in society. - A recent feature of culture. - Not all societies exhibit class differences. - Belief that emphasizes equality among all people in terms of rights, opportunities, and social status. ### **Upper Class** - Are exceptionally rich. - They live in exclusive neighborhoods, gather at expensive social clubs, and send their children to the finest schools. - They also exercise a great deal of influence and power both nationally and globally. #### **Upper-Upper Class** - Those aristocratic and "high-society". - Families with "old money" who have been rich for generations. - These extremely wealthy people live off the income from their inherited riches. - More prestigious than the lower-upper class. #### **Lower-Upper Class** - Includes those with "new money". - Money made from investments, business ventures, and so forth. ### **Working/Middle Class** - Are those minimally educated people who engage in "manual labor" with little or no prestige. - Are the "sandwich" class. #### **Unskilled Workers** - Dishwashers cashiers, maids, and waitresses usually are underpaid and have no opportunity or career advancement. - They are often called the working poor. #### **Skilled Workers** - Carpenters, plumbers, and electricians. - Are often called blue collar workers. #### **Secretaries, Teachers, and Computer Technicians** - They may make more money than workers in the middle class. - Their jobs are usually more physically taxing, and in some cases quite dangerous. #### **White Collar Workers** - Have more money than those below them on the "social ladder," but less than those above them. #### **Upper Middle Class** - Often made up of highly educated business and professional people with high incomes (doctors, lawyers, stockbrokers, and CEOs) #### **Lower Middle Class** - Often made of up less educated people with lower incomes (managers, small business owners, teachers, and secretaries). ### **Lower Class** - Typified by poverty, homelessness, and unemployment. - Few of whom have finished high school, suffer from lack of medical care, adequate housing and food. - The media often stigmatize the as "the underclass". ## **3 Main Types of Stratification of Social Hierarchy in the PH.** 1. **Low-Income Class (Striving for Economic Stability)** - Facing economic challenges and limited access to resources. - This class includes individuals and families with modest incomes, often living below the poverty line. - 2. **Middle-Income Class (Aspirations for Progress)** - Represents a growing sector of the Philippine society. - Individuals in this class generally have more stable incomes, better educational opportunities, access to essential services. - Aspires for upward mobility, seeking to improve their socioeconomic status and provide better opportunities for their families. 3. **High-Income Class (Influence and Prestige)** - Comprises the wealthiest individuals in the country. - They enjoy significant economic privileges, access to exclusive education, and luxurious lifestyles. - Includes influential business tycoons, prominent politicians, and other elite members of society. ## **7 Socioeconomic Status Philippines** * Rich * High income (but not rich) * Upper middle income * Middle class * Lower middle class * Low income (but not poor) * Poor ## **Race as a Culture** ### **Race** - Is the socialy constructed meanings assigned to the perceived differences between people based on physical traits (skin color, facial features, hair types) #### **1. Caucasian Race** - Also Caucasoid or Europid. - Is an outdated grouping of human beings historically regarded as a biological taxon. - Populations from all or parts of Europe, Western Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. #### **2. Mongoloid Race** - Comprises the peoples living in Asia east of the Ob River, the Caspian Sea and the Ganges River. - "Eskimos" are included in Northern America and the European Finns. #### **3. Negroid** - Less commonly called Congoid. - Is an outdated historical grouping of various people indigenous to Africa south of the area which stretched from the southern Sahara Desert in the west to the African Great Lakes in the southeast. ## **Ethnic as a Culture** ### **Ethnic Group** - Refers to people who identify themselves as a distinct group based on cultural features such as common origins, language, customs, and beliefs. ### **Ethnicity** - It is a marker of group membership, can be used to discriminate. ## **Indigenous People as Culture** ### **Indigenous Peoples** - Are groups who have a long-standing connection with some territory that predates colonial or outside societies prevailing in the territory. - Are groups that were in a territory before Europeans or colonists arrived. ### **Native Americans** - Are an indigenous group. - They are frequently called First Peoples and often suffer from discrimination. ## **Gender as Culture** ### **Gender** - Refers to the cultural meanings assigned to the biological differences between the sexes. - Functions as an organizing principle for society because of the cultural meanings given to being male or female. ## **Age as a Culture** ### **Age** - Both a biological fact as well as being culturally constructed. - Is also one aspect of our identity. #### **Asian Cultures** - Getting old is seen as positive because elderly people are respected, and they are cared for by their children. #### **European Cultures** - Not all elderly people are highly respected. - In many cases they may live separated from the younger generation and feel lonely. ## **Builders** Born: 1925-1945 ## **Baby Boomers** Born: 1946-1964 ## **Generation X** Born: 1965-1979 ## **Generation Y** Born: 1980-1994 ## **Generation Z** Born: 1995-2009 ## **Gen Alpha** Born: 2010-2024 ## **Levels of Culture** - Culture operates on various levels each layer contributing to the intricate fabric of human societies. ### **1. Basic Assumptions/Shared Values** - The deepest level. - Comprising fundamental beliefs and values often implicit and ingrained, shaping perceptions and behaviors. - This level refers to the explicit values, norms, and societal expectations that guide people's behavior. ### **2. Norms and Values** - The middle level. - Encompasses more explicit societal norms, standards and collective ideals that guide behaviors and interactions. - This is the foundation of culture, representing the fundamental, often subconscious beliefs and values that shape a society's worldview. #### **Western Cultures** - There is a deep assumption that individualism is valuable. #### **Eastern Cultures** - Collectivism is more deeply ingrained. ### **3. Artifacts and Creations** - The surface level. - Include the physical manifestations of culture - things that can be seen, touched, or experienced. - Includes the visible manifestations of culture tangible aspects like art, language, rituals, and technology. ## **Culture Category** ### **1. Universal** - Everybody belongs to this category. - All nationalities and human with their diverse beliefs, ideas, morals, and values are part of this culture. - Refers to the cultural elements shared by all humans, regardless of their background. ### **2. Civilization** - Is the broadest level of cultural identity that people obtain (Ex: ethnicity and religion). ### **3. Nationality** - Is a more narrow culture. - Can be determined by a country of residence, country of birth, or citizenship. - Refers to the cultural norms, practices, and values associated with a specific nation or country. #### **American Culture** - With its focus on individual rights, freedom, and the "American Dream". #### **Japanese Culture** - Emphasize respect, harmony, and group-oriented behavior. ### **4. Industry** - Focuses on the culture within a particular sector or industry. #### **Hospitality industry** - Customer service, attention to detail, and focus on providing memorable experiences. ### **5. Organizational** - Refers to the culture within specific organizations or companies (company's work ethics, and how employees interact). #### **The Ritz-Carlton** - Respect, service excellence, and creating personalized, luxurious experience. ### **6. Individual** - This is the most specific and unique level of culture. - The personal culture of an individual, shaped by their upbringing, experiences, personality, and values. ## **Layers of Culture** - These layers represent the diverse dimensions that collectively shape and define a society's way of life. ### **1. Cultural Traditions** - The most common layer. - Are passed from generation to generation. - Distinguish a person's specific society (myths, ceremonies, legends and rituals verbally or nonverbally). #### **Shared Language** - Is very visible traditional cultural attribute. - It is learned from parents and other family members who have it. ### **2. Non-National Cultures** - Share values and mental programming. - Diverse societies in which people originate from many parts of the world. - They share cultural traits that set them apart from the rest of their new society. ### **3. Cultural Universal** - Are the last level of culture. - Learned behavior patterns that are collectively shared by everybody. - It does not matter where these people live because everyone has these cultural universal traits. ## **Values and Beliefs** - The most crucial elements of culture. ### **Values** - Are a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society. - Are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs. - Help shape a society by suggesting what is good and bad, beautiful and ugly, sought or avoided. - A person's own set of principles which they consider of great importance. ### **Beliefs** - Are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. - An idea that is accepted as true without any facts. ## **Children** - Represent innocence and purity. ## **Youthful Adult** - Signifies sexuality. ## **Attitude** - A way of thinking or feeling with regards to someone or something. ## **Collectivist** - The welfare of the group and group relationships are a primary value. ## **Norms** - Define how to behave in accordance with what a society has defined as good, right, and important, and most members of the society adhere to them. ### **Formal Norms** - Are established, written rules. - They are behaviors worked out and agreed upon in order to suit and serve the most people (laws, employee manuals). - Are the most specific and clearly stated of the various types of norms. - They are the most strictly enforced. - *People learn informal norms by observation, imitation, and general socialization.* ### **Informal Norms** - Are unwritten rules that are understood by members of a culture. - Often learned through observation and social interaction. - Can vary between different cultural groups. ## **Values** - Are overarching principles that guide a society's priorities and ideals. ## **Beliefs** - Are specific convictions or opinions held by individuals or groups within a culture (encompass religious, moral, or philosophical perspectives). ## **Norms** - Are societal standards or expectations that dictate acceptable behavior within a culture. - Determine how people interact with one another, shaping everything from our social etiquette to our moral codes. ## **Cultural Norms** - Are the standards that govern behavior in a particular society. - These are shared beliefs about acceptable behavior, which can exist as informal expectations or as codified laws. ## **Greetings** - Different cultures greet different people in different ways. - **West** - shake hands. - **Asian** - bow, kiss on the cheek. ## **Family Structure** - Types of families, outline a wide range of different family structures. ## **Table Manners** - There are many norms around eating at the table and they differ between cultures. ## **Personal Space** - Refers to the physical distance that people like to keep between themselves and strangers. ## **Social Hierarchy** - Is a type of ranking system about who is idealized and lauded in a society, and who is less respected. - It is often based on wealth, social skills, or strength. ## **Fashion** - Tends to be seen as a positive form of self-expression. - People dress in ways that cohere with their personal identity. ## **Religion** - Considered a central pillar of the culture, and the two are inseparable. ## **Language** - The dialect, accent, and ways of addressing others. ## **Public Behavior** - Signs telling you how to behave in public. - *Signs all over the trains warning against public displays of affection.*