Module 4-6 (Liferiz) PDF

**MODULE 4** **Rizal's Novels** This deals with the two famous novels of Jose Rizal, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterimo published in 1887 and 1892 respectively in Europe. These two novels are instrumental good to resolve the difficulties people have been experiencing for a long period of time....

**MODULE 4** **Rizal's Novels** This deals with the two famous novels of Jose Rizal, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterimo published in 1887 and 1892 respectively in Europe. These two novels are instrumental good to resolve the difficulties people have been experiencing for a long period of time. It is a prescription of Jose Rizal with end view of curing the malady in the society **"Noli Me Tangere"** - The title, in Latin meaning Touch me not, pertains to scriptural verse of John 20:17 in the Bible (King James Version) as Mary Magdalene tried to touch the newly risen Jesus, He said \"Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father. - JOSE RIZAL opted that the prospective novel narrates the backward, anti-progress and anti-intellectual way Filipino culture was. - completed writing Noli Me Tangere in December 1886. - foreseen the novel might not be printed. - Thru Máximo Viola's monitorial assistance, the novel is printed in Berliner Buchdruckerei Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin, Germany **[Primary Characters in Noli Me Tangere]** **Crisostomo Ibarra** - Son of a Filipino businessman, Don Rafael Ibarra, he studied in Europe for seven years and also María Clara\'s fiancé. **Maria Clara** - raised and treated by Capitán Tiago as his only daughter girl - an illegitimate daughter of Father Dámaso. **Capitan Tiago** - real name is Santiago de los Santos and his nickname Tiago and the poblacion chieftain or cabeza de barangay of San Diego. - Maria Clara's de facto father **Padre Damaso** - was a Franciscan friar and the former parish curate of San Diego - a cruel priest who was publicly known for speaking unbecoming of a priest. **Elias** - Ibarra\'s mysterious savior and friend - dreamed of liberating the society from Spanish tyrannical governance using violence. **Don Anastacio** - same with Elias 'dream of liberating the country from the tyrannical reign via nonviolent way- using a cryptographic alphabet that someday generation in the future can uncover the meanings. A bit similar to Rizal in the use of pen to awaken the sleeping minds of the people to the oppression by the colonial government. **Doña Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña** - Filipina trying to upgrade herself as a Spanish in almost in many ways such as clothings, dialects and make-up on her face **Narcisa or Sisa** - mother of Crispin and Basilio who became mentally ill out of intense thinking of serious problem. **Crispín** - is Sisa\'s 7-year-old son. An altar boy, he was unjustly accused of stealing money from the church. - After failing to force Crispín to return the money he allegedly stole, Father Salví and the head sacristan killed him. It is not directly stated that he was killed, - but the dream of Basilio suggests that Crispín died during his encounter with Padre Salvi and his minion. **Basilio** - is Sisa\'s 10-year-old son. An acolyte tasked to ring the church bells for the Angelus, - he faced the dread of losing his younger brother and the descent of his mother into insanity. - At the end of the novel, Elías wished Basilio to bury him by burning in exchange of chest of gold located on his death ground. He will later play a major role in El Filibusterismo. **El Filibusterismo** - El Filibusterismo is a sequel of Noli Me Tangere - Rizal had to define the word filibustero to his German friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, who did not understand his use of the word in Noli Me Tangere. In a letter, Rizal explained: - "The word filibustero is little known in the Philippines. The masses do not know it yet. I heard it for the first time in 1872 when the tragic executions took place. " - "The Filipinos belonging to the educated class fear the reach of the word. It does not have the meaning of freebooters; it rather means a dangerous patriot who will soon be hanged or well, a presumptuous man." - The El Filibusterismo is dedicated to the three martyred priest execution on the year 1872. They were wrongly implicated as having involved in the planning and execution of the mutiny in Cavite in 1872.They were Father Mariano Gomez, (85 years old ), Father Jose Burgos (30 years old) and father Jacinto Zamora (35 years old). - They were executed on February 28, 1872. A **[Some points Comparison and Differences between Noli and El Filibusterismo]** 1\. Noli is a social novel, while El Fili is a political novel 2\. Noli is inspired by the heart, while El Fili is propelled by the head 3\. Noli injects color and freshness, while El Fili it provokes hatred and bitterness 4\. Noli is composed of 63 chapters, while El Fili has 39 chapters 5\. Noli is printed in Berlin, Germany while El Fili is printed in Ghent, Belgium **[5 characters present in both Noli Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo]** 1\. Ibarra, turned Simoun 2\. Basilio 3\. Padre Salvi 4\. Padre Sibyla 5\. Capitan Tiago **Rizal's Novel** - Worth pointing is the seemingly analogous of what Rizal mentioned in one of the verses in the Mi Ultimo Adios: " I am to die just when I see the dawn break " and that of the one of last statements uttered by the dying Elias in the Noli novel-"You, who have it to see, welcome it, forget not those who have fallen during the night I die without seeing the dawn brighten over my native land! \" - Upon completing El Filibusterismo Rizal wrote to Blumentritt: - \"I have not written in it any idea of vengeance against my enemies, but only for the good of those who suffer, for the rights of Tagalogs\.... " **[The Most Important Literary Works by Jose Rizal]**  To the Filipino Youth  Goodbye to Leonor  To the Young Women of Malolos  Kundiman  Junto Al Pasig  Noli Me Tángere  El Filibusterismo  Mi último adiós **[Rizal's important literary works]** **To The Filipino Youth** - written by Rizal as an entry to the 1879 literary contest sponsored by the Liceo Arstistico Literario de Manila and garnered the grand prize - is a classic in the Philippine Literature, being the first remarkable poem written in Spanish by a Filipino radiating the tenets of nationalism - under that poem Rizal was the first to call the country his motherland **El Consejo de los Dioses** - Rizal's entry in the literary contest held on 1880 - an allegory in praise of Cervantes as co-equal of both Homer and Virgil - a proof contradicting the superiority of the Spanish over the Filipinos in this field **Junto Al Pasig** - a one act play composed by Rizal in response to the request of the Jesuits to be performed during the celebration of the Feast Day of Immaculate Conception. - according to Guerrero this play can be understood as a prophecy of continuing revolution, or continuation of Rizal's pleading before the Filipino youth to child foreigner for bringing misery in life or a religious allegory. **Mi Ultimo Adios** - titleless, last poem made by Rizal Primary messages of the poem are: - farewell address, last will of Rizal, pleading of Rizal for Filipinos not to forget him and his proposal or wish in the interest of the motherland and timeline of Rizal's life **Goodbye to Leonor** - A melancholic poem written by Rizal for his childhood sweetheart, Leonor Rivera, who married Henry Kipping, a British railway engineer. - Rizal was only 13 years old when they met in Dagupan **A Las Flores de Heidelberg** - Written thru the inspiration of different beautiful sceneries of Heidelberg by Rizal on April 12, 1886 - thematic message of the poem is his intense love of his love of country and inculcation to his fellowmen to love their country **Letter to the Young Women of Malolos** - request of Marcelo del Pilar to honor the women Malolos in their fight for their right to self-improvement - objectives of the letter are: rejection of the spiritual dominancy of the friars, qualities of Filipino mothers need to possess including their duties and responsibilities to their children, husbands and young women in the selection of their future husbands. **Through Education The Country Receives Light and The Intimate Alliance Between Religion And Education People** - two poems of Rizal dealing with his concepts of education - the first poem makes education analogous to lighthouse that can guide people in the courses of action, can tragic the youth to the attainment of rectitude and virtue and can transform the country into progress - the second poem, highlighted Rizal belief at that time that education not Godcentered is not true education. **[The Indolence of the Filipino People]** - longest written essay by Rizal. **\> Cause of Filipino indolence imputed to Spanish colonizers** 1\. wars and internal orders resulting from conquest 2\. Pirates\' attacks on the lives and properties of the inhabitants 3\. Policy of force-labor 4\. Missionaries' doctrine of the poor getting easier access to heaven 5\. Friars landed estate 6\. No support system in agriculture and other commercial industries 7\. Bureaucratic policies 8\. Human dignity is not respected **\> Cause of Indolence attributed to the Filipinos themselves** 1\. Bahala na mentality 2\. Inferiority syndrome within the Filipinos 3\. Lack of self-confidence 4\. Lack of sense of nationalism **Rizal's Annotation** - This part will present annotations by Rizal of the history book written by a Deputy Governor-General Dr Antonio de Morga assigned in the Philippine archipelago. - It is published on the year 1609 at Mexico. **Rizal's Annotation of Succesos de las Islas Filipinas** - he made a prior survey of historical account about the Philippines archipelago by Pigafetta, Chirino and other Spanish chroniclers and historian - he made a conclusion is a non-biased historical account of the history of Philippine archipelago and the culture of the native therein - it took four solid months of both research and writing and one year to have the manuscript of this annotation printed. - Blumentritt made the preface of the annotation. - consisted of eight chapters. **[reasons for annotating Morgas's Successos de las Islas Filipinas]** 1\. to awaken the consciousness of the Filipinos' culture 2\. to rectify the distorted and falsified description of Pre-Spanish Filipinos' culture like that of stereotyping natives as very uncivilized. 3\. to show proof that Filipinos were civilized prior to entry Spanish conquistadores **[Other reason is:]** - To reconnect this annotation to his two novels, Noli and Fili. - Morgas' annotation may be constructed as the past or pre-colonial period, Noli as the present colonial era and Fili as the future or post colonial era. **[he received criticisms from Blumentritt of his annotation of Successos de las Islas Filipinas]** 1\. appraising events against the present standards 2\. attacks on the church are unfair and unjustified - he dedicated the annotation to the Filipino people in order that they may know their glorious past - It was printed on 1890. Other alleged, it came of the press as early as 1889. **[Rizal's tripartite view of the country 's conditions in his annotation ]** 1\. Pre-Spanish period or pre-conquest past, where the country experienced progress 2\. Spanish period or the colonial stage , where the progress in the Pre-Spanish era began to collapse or stop 3\. Rebirth of Progress, which can be traced to the beginning of the Filipinos' consciousness of nationalism. - It can be further explored that the annotation of Morgas' Successos may refer to the past state of the archipelago, the Noli is the present state of the nation and the Fili is the future state of the nation. **1. Proposed Educational Measures** - Rizal seconded to the ideals of the society advanced by Plato that mass education is important to its advancement as embedded in the part Noli Me Tangere which says " The school is the basis of society. The school is the book in which it is written the future of the nation. Show us the schools of the people and we shall tell you what people are." - In particular the pressing educational reforms Rizal presented during his exile at Dapitan is the establishment of a school of arts and trade in every given provincial capital which has more than 16,000 residents. - Rizal advocated for a balanced-curriculum with end of producing enlightened, patriotic, civic-minded, and law-abiding citizens. - Rizal pointed the inefficiency of the colonial system of education in terms of the ff: - mass and popular education - religion centered as to the contents - absence of economic freedom 2\. **Rizal's Economic perspectives** - Is livelihood of the people in industry or economic activities where the nation will fit into. He moved for the building of trade or craft schools to train residents in order to engaged themselves in a gainful employment. - He had already foreseen that economic policy of inclusive growth of both domestic industries including agricultural plantation and the workers therein. - Included thereto is Rizal's prescription of support system via incentives provided both to businesses and their workers and curbing of bureaucratic practices in the government among others **3. Rizal's Political Perspectives** - he believed the basic purpose of the government is to serve for the general welfare of the people - he supported those freedom, liberty and freedom enshrined in the bill of rights - he believed the assimilation policy of the colonial government - he was revolutionary in thought or ideas - he was an anti-imperialist zealot - he saw the globalization processes coming in the future - he prescribed re-organization of the administrative instrumentalities - he advocated for religious freedom & separation of church & state **[Rizal's other historical commentaries are:]** 1\. Ma-yi , written on December 6, 1888 2\. Tawalisi of Ibn Batuta, written on January 7, 1889 3\. The Philippines within a century, published in La Solidaridad in 1889-1890 4\. The Indolence of the Filipino People, published in la Solidaridad in 1890 5\. La Politica Colonial on Filipinas 6\. Manila in the month of December 7\. History of the Rizal Family of Calamba 8\. The people of the Indian archipelago **[The Plays of José Rizal]** - Satire was an effective rhetorical device for Rizal\'s political message. His plays often portray absurd situations that directly echoed Rizal\'s criticism of the political state of the Philippines. - El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods) - Junta Al Pasig (Along the Pasig) - San Euistaquio, Mártyr (Saint Eustache, the martyr) - Por Telefono (By Phone) **Poems by José Riza**l - \"To the Child Jesus,\" written by Rizal at age 14, notes the writer\'s early interest in Christianity and social inequity. - His poems often reflected the dual beauty and cruelty of his country, leading to Rizal\'s final poem written just before his execution, \"Mi último adiós\" (\"My Last Farewell\"). - The poem was named posthumously by fellow activist Mariano Ponce after the writing was found in Rizal\'s cell. *\"Farewell to 1883\"* *\"Por la Educación Recibe Lustre la Patria\" (Through Education Is the Nation* *Glorified)* *\"Sa Aking mga Kabata\" (To My Fellow Youth)* *\"Mi último adiós\" (My Last Farewell)* *\"Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo\"* *\"Felicitation\"* *\"Flower Among Flowers\"* *\"Goodbye to Leonor\"* *\"Himno Al Trabajo\" (Dalit sa Paggawa; Hymn to Labor)* *\"Himno Al Talisay\" (Hymn to Talisay)* *\"Kundiman\"* *\"Mi Retiro\"* **Musical Compositions** - When José Rizal wasn\'t practicing medicine or leading a political revolution, he was composing music. He often transformed his poems into musical lyrics. - Some of Rizal\'s compositions have been adapted into longer pieces by later generations. *Kundiman ni Rizal* *Alin Mang Lahi* *Leonor* **Speeches and Petitions** - In 1880s and 1890s Philippines, art and politics went hand in hand. Rizal belonged to a group of activist artists that spoke up against tyrannical rule with their writing, music, and art. - His speeches honor his friends and compatriots who fought alongside Rizal for Filipino freedom. - *In honor of two Filipino painters, Rizal\'s toast to Luna and Hidalgo* - *Rizal\'s speech delivered at Cafe Habanero* - *Petition of the town of Calamba* - *Order of the Marquis of Malinta* **Historical Commentaries** - Rizal was an adept historian and could read in Spanish, Italian, English, German, French, and Tagalog. His numerous commentaries on historical works provide a fascinating look at the Philippines just before the 20th century. *Ma-Yi* *Tawalisi of Ibn Batuta* *Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años (The Philippines A Century Hence)* *Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinas (The Indolence of the Filipino)* *Manila en el mes Diciembre, 1872 (Manila in the Month of December, 1872)* *Historia de la Familia Rizal de la Calamba (The History of the Rizal Family of* *Calamba)* *Los Pueblos del Archipelago Indico (The People of the Indian Archipelago)* *La Politica Colonial on Filipinas (Colonial Policy in the Philippines)* *Rizal\'s Annotations to Morga\'s 1609 Philippine History* **Letters and Petitions** - Rizal\'s correspondence was no less prolific than his literary or political writing. Many scholars believe that the best way to understand Rizal as a political figure and personality is by reading his extensive letters and petitions. - He wrote back and forth with fellow activists, family members, friends Ferdinand Blumentritt and Leanor Rivera, and his love, Josephine Bracken. *Tribute to Blumentritt (written on the day of Rizal\'s execution)* *Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos (To the Young Women of Malolos)* *A los Filipinos (To the Filipinos)* *Rizal\'s Letters (composed of correspondence to Blumentritt, Father Pablo Pastells,* *Marcelo del Pilar, and other activists)* **Articles and Essays** - Most of José Rizal\'s body of writing can be found in his articles and essays. Published in reform newspaper La Solidaridad and as political circulars, Rizal\'s essays did not shirk from expressing his admiration for the Filipino people and his scorn for their Spanish oppressors. It was these works that caught the attention of the Spanish government, who ultimately imprisoned Rizal for writing rebellious works *\ * **MODULE 5** **Rizal, the Doctor** - It recounts Rizal's excellent practice of being both a physician and an ophthalmologist during his exile at Dapitan including his medical practice in Calamba and in Hongkong. **Rizal, the Doctor in Dapitan** - despite the limitations in the facilities and medical equipment, he gained a lot of patients - he built small lodging houses known as "Casitas de Salud" designed for patients who came from far places. - Method of charging professional fees is "quantum merit", according to the financial means. Poor patient does not pay professional fee and entitled to free medicine - Rizal manufactured the prescribed medicine out of the medicinal plants and herbs. - his practice of his ophthalmology is his "Visa" to his wife, Josephine. - he performed a successful eye operation on his mother, Teodora RealondaAlonzo in 1893. - he treated the eye ailment of George Taufer, Josephine's foster parent. **[Two situations evidencing his palabra de honor to colonial government:]** 1. one of his patients from the Katipunan emissary tried persuading to join the revolution during the course of his medical practice including offer to rescue him. 2. treated fictitious patient who was a spy from the colonial government. Rizal, the Doctor in Calamba - Rizal practiced ophthalmology, mainly in Calamba (August 1887-February 1888) in Calamba in 1887, Rizal finally began to fulfill his lifelong dream of caring for his mother\'s eyesight. - He may have operated on his mother there, possibly performing an iridectomy as a preliminary to cataract extraction. **Rizal, the Doctor in Hongkong** - Rizal practiced ophthalmology in Hong Kong (November 1891-June 1892) - In Hong Kong in 1892, he successfully removed the cataract from his mother\'s left eye. - Several months later, he sent her glasses with instructions to cover the right lens until he could operate on that eye. **[Rizal, the Doctor ]** *"I have operated on Mother with much success, and she could see with much clearness immediately after. The post-operative course went well for three days, but encouraged by this, she did not follow my instructions, and she got up and lay down alone, removed and put back the eyepad, always telling me that nothing was going to happen until her eyes became so inflamed (she suspected that during the night she received a blow.... The operative wound gaped, the iris prolapsed and now there is violent inflammation. Nothing can quiet her and she reads and goes to bright lights and rubs her eyes.... Now I can understand why it is prohibited for one to treat members of his family"* **Scientist Rizal** - It deals about Rizal's contribution to the realm of Science as he navigated the jungles, coast and forest of Dapitan with aim of finding specimens of different animals including insects, snakes, birds, snakes and various kinds of plants. - introduced a collection of Conchology comprising of 346 shells representing 203 species (Jose Rizal The First Filipino,Rogelio B. Magigad, Estrellita T. Muhi and Isabal Anicoche-Victorino, Libro Filipin0,2004) - Uncovered rare specimens which were named in his honor like Rhacophoorus rizali (rare toad), Draco rizali (flying dragon) and Apogonia rizali (a beetle) - thru extensive exploration of Dapitan, he sent specimens to Ateneo Museum and to Dresden 68 crustaceans, 45 reptiles, 13 species of birds and fishes and 9 mammals - thru his knowledge of pharmacology, he discovered the medicinal values of plants and other herbs including tuber otherwise known as "nani" to the native inhabitants. - he taught how to manage and treat properly the tuber including the inimical effect in certain cases. - Going the Botanist way, he built a herbilarium, where characteristics or features of every plant specie is closely and regularly observe to determine the purpose it may serve whether for medicinal or aesthetic. - he discovered a new species of Ilang-ilang or the Canagium odatorum. - he conducted survey studies in Ethnography, Anthropology and Archeology and communicated this to his students and his colleagues in Europe. Rizal as an Engineer - This portrays Rizal's application of modern system of agriculture he had seen in Europe and other Western Country. - Rizal pioneered the introduction of the water work system in Dapitan. - He had applied his knowledge of surveying to design a water system in Dapitan. - he introduced the town water system which was completed in 1895 thru the help of the people and his students using bricks, bottles, stones and used roof tiles as material to build dam, pipes and the foundation system. - Talisay Water System- the water system made by Rizal to give clean water to the citizens of the city where he lives. - Rizal included a Jesuit named JOHN COSTA in water system planning. - Rizal saw it on a mountain near his home in TALISAY DAPITAN, this mountain is called LINAW. - Rizal provided a waterway made of bricks to flow down the mountain, two kilometers down to a village now called **Barangay SINONOC**. - At the end of the tube he made was a sculpture of the lion and at the mouth of the lion the water came out of the mountain **Relief Map of Mindanao** - He built at the plaza in front of St. James Church, also known as Dapitan Church. - He was said to be assisted by Fr. Francisco Paula de Sanchez, his Jesuit friend and mentor. - Rizal used this as an aid in teaching history and geography to the locals. - It was made and shaped from a molded soil and planted with grass. - 900 square meter land area of the relief Map of Mindanao **Community Projects for Dapitan** - He wrote to Fr. Pastells: \" I want to do all I can do for this town. \"Aside from constructing the towns first water system, he spent many months in draining the marshes in order to get rid of malaria that infested Dapitan. The P500 which an English patient paid him was used by him to equip the town with its lighting system which consist of coconut oil lamps placed in dark streets of Dapitan. **Houses in Dapitan** - In his letter to Blumentritt on 19 December 1893, Rizal described his houses in Dapitan: "*I have three houses; one square, another hexagonal, and a third octagonal, all of bamboo, wood and nipa. In the square house we live, my mother, sister Trinidad, a nephew and I; in the octagonal live my boys or some good youngsters whom I* *teach arithmetic, Spanish and English; and in the hexagonal live my chickens.* **Water Tank in Dapitan** - On 15 January 1895, Rizal wrote to Blumentritt that he was "going to build a water-tank on my land. I have 14 boys whom I teach languages, mathematics, and how to work, and as we have no work I have decided to construct a dike of stone, brick, and mortar so that they may learn." - On 20 November of the same year, he wrote that he "made a wooden machine for making bricks" and that he could "make at least 6,000 a day". He eventually built an oven for the bricks. Rizal as an Engineer - An American engineer, **H. F Calderon** was amazed by Rizal's engineering prowess when he saw that water system in Dapitan ten years after it had been completed. He specifically praised the materials used in that structure and its craftmanship. **The Multi-talented Hero** - This present the list of talents, abilities and skills of Jose Rizal. Aside from those enumerated in this presentation, there are still more that can be attached to our national hero. Thus, becoming what we call as the "Multi-Talented Hero". **[Rizal, Talent/Skills]** **Actor** - He acted as a character in one of Juan Luna\'s paintings and acted in school dramas. **Anthropologist** - He made researches on the physical and social make up of man. **Archeologist** - Rizal studied monuments and antique currency everywhere he went. He drew most of the monuments he saw. **Book lover** - He had a big library and brought many books abroad. **Cartographer** - He drew maps of Dapitan, the Philippines and otherplaces he visited. **Chess Player** - He played chess and bear several Germans and European friends and acquaintances. **Commentator** - Rizal always expresses and publishes his personal opinion. **Economist** - He knew how to allot his scarce resources **Farmer** - His total land holdings reached 70 hectares containing 6,000 hemp plants, 1,000 coconut trees, and numerous fruit trees, sugarcane, corn, coffee and cacao. - He devoted his time to agriculture and was able to bought about 16 hectares of land in Talisay. There he was able to plant cacao, fruit trees, sugarcane, corn and coconuts. - \"We cannot all be doctors; it is necessary that there would be some to cultivate the soil.\" **Fencer** - He fenced with Europeans and Juan Luna and other friends in Europe. Fencing - a sport practiced at that time only by the llustrados Inteligencia **Freemason abroad** - He was member of La Solidaridad Lodge in Spain **Grammarian** - \"Estudios Sobre la Tagala\" (a birthday gift for his former instructor, Father Sanchez who visited Rizal in Dapitan) **Historian** - His annotation of Antonio de Morga\'s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas entitled him as one. **Horticulturist** - He experimented on and cultivated plants in Dapitan. **Humorist** - There are many humorous incidents in the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. **Ichthyologist** - He collected 38 new varieties of fish in Dapitan. **Inventor** - He invented a cigarette lighter, which he called sulpakan, and sent it to Blumentritt in 1887 as a gift. **Japanophile** - His admiration of Japanese traits and his knowledge of the Japanese language proved he was one. **Journalist** - He authored several published articles in Spanish and English. **Judoka** - Rizal was the first Filipino and Malay to have practiced and in fact, taught martial arts sport. Jiguro Kano taught him the \"Way of ju\" which means the truth of the universe. **Laboratory worker** - He was employed in the clinic of Dr. L. Wecker in Paris. **Linguist** - He spoke over 22 languages including: Tagalog, Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanon, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French, German, Arabic, Malay, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish, and Russian. **Magician** - Since early childhood Rizal had been interested in magic. - When he attained manhood, he continued his keen predilection for magic. - In chapter XVII and XVIII of his second novel, El Filibusterismo, he revealed his wide knowledge in magic. **Mythologist** - Rizal used mythology in his Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo novels. **Newspaperman** - He wrote and published articles in many publications and was one of the organizers. Of the La Solidaridad **Philosopher** - Rizal not only loved wisdom but also regulated his life and enjoyed calmness of the life at all time. **Physical culturist** - Rizal maintained a good health by exercising all parts of his body and eating proper foods. **Plant lover** - As a child, Rizal spend most of his time in the family garden which was planted with fruit trees, shrubs and decorativetrees. - His diaries contained detailed description and sketches of plants, flowers and fruits he saw in the places he visited. **Poet** - Rizal wrote over 35 poems including his famous Mi Ultimo Adios, To The Philippines, Our Mother Tongue, Memories of My town, Hymn to Labor, Kundiman, A Poem That Has No Title, Song of Maria Clara, To the Philippines Youth, To Josephine, Education Gives Luster to the Motherland, To the Virgin Mary, Sa Aking mga Kabata **Politician** - Although Rizal did not engage in politics, he exposed the evils of the political activities of the Spaniards in the Philippines through his writing. **Polyglot** - Rizal spoke and wrote in 20 languages. **Proofreader** - In Germany, he worked as a part-time proofreader of his livelihood. **Propagandist** - As a reformer, Rizal encourages the recommendation of improving the government entities and discourages abuses on publishing articles. **Researcher** - Being a wide reader, he compared the old. And new practices in life. **Sharp shooter** - He could hit a target 20 meters away. **Sociologist** - In Rizal's study of Philippines social problems, he always encouraged and introduced solutions. **Sodalist** - He always joined fraternities, associations and brotherhood, for self-improvement. **Translator** - Christmas message (Hebrew to Spanish) - William Tell and Andersen Fairy Tales (German to Tagalog) - The Rights of Man (French to Tagalog) - Zend-Avesta (Arabic to Spanish) **MODULE 6** **Apolinario Mabini** - The preface of the \"Noli me Tangere\" states the purpose of its author, which was no other than to expose the sufferings of the Filipino people to the public gaze, as the ancients did with their sick so that the merciful and generous might suggest and apply a suitable care. **Rhod Nuncio, Philippine Studies Professor** - This is the richness of literary creations because there is an interface and exchange of ideas, learnings, values and creativity. Historical novels are among the best way in this context. When it speak of nationalism or patriotism, the intellectual readers react and reflect. Furthermore, comprehending historical facts about the revolution, say, the 1896 uprising could be experienced as long as the reader or the individual intermingled with character, time, events and setting imaginatively. Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo require such. **Peter Jaynul V. Uckung, Writer** - When Rizal wrote the Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, he dramatized as no one before had done, the bitterness and alienation of the people. His reformatory approach to social change was to exercise influence within established institutions rather than fighting institutions from the outside. It did not work out. During the American regime, people shifted in strategy, perhaps remembering the futility of the propaganda movement, and used legislation and court litigation to secure constitutional rights. Later on, there were direct action techniques, utilizing the potential power of the masses along political and economic lines. Example of this was mass civil disobedience, which will create the kind of social dislocation that would bring attention and remedial actions from the government. **Saturnina Rizal ni Hidalgo, Sister of Rizal** - Sa hang̃ad na ang mg̃a librong NOLI ME TANGERE at FILIBUSTERISMO, na kinatha ng̃Dr. Jose Rizal ay maunáwa at málasapang magaling ng̃catagalugan, ang mg̃a doo\'y sinasabingnagpapakilala ng̃tunay nating calayaan at ng̃dapat nating gawiin, at nacapagpapaálab, namán ng̃ning̃as ng̃ating puso sa pag-ibig sa kinamulatang lupa, minatapat cong ipalimbagang isinawikang tagalog na mg̃a librong yaon, sa dahilang sa bilang na sampòng millong(sampong libong libo) filipino, humiguit cumulang, ay walang dalawampong libo ang tunay na nacatatalos ng̃wicang castila na guinamit sa mg̃a kinathang yaón. Cung pakinabang̃an ng̃aking mg̃a calahi itong wagás cong adhica, walang cahulilip na towa ang aking tatamuhin, sa pagca\'t cahit babahagya\'y nacapaglicod acó sa Inang-Bayan. **Jacob Schurman, Chair, First Philippine Commission** - While serving on the staff of the first U.S. Commission to the Philippine Islands, my attention was called to the life and writings of Dr. José Rizal. I found in his novel, "Noli Me Tangere," the best picture of the life of the people of those islands under Spanish rule, and the clearest exposition of the governmental problems which Spain failed to solve, and with which our own people must deal. It occurred to me that an English translation of Rizal's work would be of great value at the present time. My first intention was to reproduce the entire novel as it was written, but, after careful consideration **Makamisa, the third novel of Rizal** - In Hong Kong in 1892, Rizal began a novel in Tagalog but gave up and started again in Spanish. These drafts were inaccessible in the vault of the National Library. Worse, the papers were mislabeled as the borrador (or drafts) of the "Noli." Correcting a simple cataloguing error led to the revision of the Rizal canon that now accepts "Makamisa" as his third, albeit unfinished, novel. -Ambeth Ocampo **Marriage to Bracken** - In one of the last letters to his family, Rizal left specific instructions on where and how he wanted to be buried. He closed this letter with an appeal: "Tened compassion a la pobre Josefina \[Have pity on poor Josephine\]." Two hours before he calmly walked to Bagumbayan for his appointment with destiny, Rizal left a small souvenir, a book dedicated to his "dear and unhappy wife Josephine." -Ambeth Ocampo **Sa Aking kabata** - Raselis is alleged to have received a copy of this poem from Rizal himself, a token of their close friendship. Unfortunately, Raselis' name does not appear in Rizal's voluminous correspondence, diaries or writings. When Jaime C. de Veyra established the definitive canon of Rizal's poetry in 1946 with a compilation published in the series "Documentos de la Biblioteca Nacional de Filipinas" (Documents from the National Library of the Philippines) "Sa Aking Mga Kabata" was not published in the original Tagalog but in a free Spanish translation of the Tagalog by Epifanio de los Santos as "A mis compañeros de niñez." -Ambeth Ocampo **Rizal was in favor of the Revolution?** - We presume Rizal chose reform over revolution in 1887, by killing off Elias rather than Ibarra. To make up for this twist in the "Noli," we have Simoun in "El Filibusterismo" (1891). Simoun incited violence and the persecution of his people to move them to revolt. He failed---not because Rizal was against the revolution, but because he reflected on the anger and bitterness in his heart following the agrarian dispute in Calamba, and realized that one must start with a good intention to succeed. A poisoned tree cannot produce good fruit. Rizal demanded a pure heart. Purity of intention is the challenge because it is so hard to find both in Rizal's time and ours. -Ambeth Ocampo **Rizal or Bonifacio?** - This situation has led some people to ask: Who is greater then, Rizal or Bonifacio? It is an ideological rather than historical question that finds no resolution, which is why I have always maintained that we should stop comparing and measuring heroes against each other because it is not a boxing match where one emerges the victor, leaving a nation divided. Instead of choosing between Rizal or Bonifacio, we should embrace both as National Heroes for they both figured in the emergence of the nation. - The memorial service in Maragondon makes us look into the way the two heroes lived and died: Rizal was executed by the enemy while Bonifacio was executed by fellow Filipinos. Bonifacio was killed by the very revolution he started. -Ambeth Ocampo **Weakness** - Rizal's weakness, in Constantino's view, lay in his failure to fully understand his people. He failed to empathize with the true sentiments of the people in launching the armed rebellion that made him repudiate it, perhaps due to his belief that violence should not prevail and that reforms must come from above. Following this thought, Rizal in a way unconsciously underestimated the capacity of those from below to compel changes and reforms. **Rizal, a womanizer?** - In an1883 letter to his brother Paciano; "Women abound even more (here in Madrid) and it is, indeed, shocking that in many places they intercept men and they are not the ugly ones either\... With respect to morality there are some who are models of virtue and innocence and others who have nothing womanly about them, except their dress or at most their sex. Rightly it has been said that the women in the South of Europe have fire in their veins. However, here prostitution is a little more concealed than at Barcelona, though not less unrestrained.\" **Segunda Katigbak** - Segunda Katigbak, the puppy love. Unfortunately, his first love was engaged to be married to a town mate- Manuel Luz. **Leonor Rivera** - Leonor Rivera was Rizal's love for 11 years and she was the reason he tried not to fall in love with other women during his travels. But, due to Rizal's being a Propagandist and owing to the fact that he was the cause of many political problems in Calamba, Leonor's mother disapproved of the relationship. It is known that Rizal sent many letters and notes to Leonor, all of which her mother hid and never gave to her. This caused Leonor to believe that Rizal no longer had any feelings for her and she decided to agree to marrying a man of her mother's choosing -- the Englishman Henry Kipping. **Leonor Valenzuela** - A tall girl from Pagsanjan. Rizal send her love notes written in invisible ink, that could only be deciphered over the warmth of the lamp or candle. **Consuela Ortiga** - During his stay in Madrid, Rizal and some fellow Filipino's would visit the home of Don Pablo Ortiga. They went there to visit the Don's daughters, but more specifically, Rizal went there to visit Consuela, who was considered to be the prettiest among Don Pablo's daughters. Consuela fell in love with Rizal and he even wrote a poem for her called A LA SENORITA C.O. y R. which became one of his best poems. Yet, keeping in mind that he was loyal to Leonor Rivera, he backed out before the relationship could get any more serious. Also, he knew that his friend --Eduardo de Lete -- was in love with Consuela and he did not wish to destroy their friendship over a girl. **Gertrude Beckett** - While Rizal was in London annotating the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, he boarded in the house of the Beckett family, within walking distance of the British Museum. Gertrude, a blue-eyed and buxom girl was the oldest of the three Beckett daughters. She fell in love with Rizal. Tottie helped him in his painting and sculpture. But Rizal suddenly left London for Paris to avoid Gertrude, who was seriously in love with him. Before leaving London, he was able to finish the group carving of the Beckett sisters. He gave the group carving to Gertrude as a sign of their brief relationship. **O-Sie-San** - During his stay in Japan, Rizal fell in love with his guide, interpreter, and teacher in the Japanese language. It is said that if Rizal did not have a personal mission to accomplish, he would have married O-Sei San and lived in Japan for good. Suzanne Jacoby - In 1890, Rizal moved to Brussels because of the high cost of living in Paris. In Brussels, he lived in the boarding house of the two Jacoby sisters. In time, they fell deeply in love with each other. Suzanne cried when Rizal left Brussels and wrote him when he was in Madrid. **Josephine Bracken** - In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan, Rizal met an 18-year old petite Irish girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair and a happy disposition. She was Josephine Bracken, the adopted daughter of George Taufer from Hong Kong, who came to Dapitan to seek Rizal for eye treatment. Rizal was physically attracted to her.