Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering PDF

University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering Module Overview This module provides an intr...

University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering Module Overview This module provides an introduction to transportation engineering, focusing on the role of transportation in society, the structure of traffic systems, the history of Philippine transportation, and the fundamental concepts of transportation demand, supply, mobility, and accessibility. Students will gain insights into the functional classification and hierarchy of roads, along with traffic countermeasures. Learning Objectives By the end of this module, students should be able to: 1. Understand the fundamental function that transportation serves in society. 2. Examine the core components of traffic systems and strategies to mitigate them. 3. Document the historical development of transportation in the Philippines. 4. Differentiate between the different functional classifications and hierarchies of roadways. 5. Analyze the relationship between the demand and supply of transportation. 6. Describe and investigate the notions of mobility and accessibility. 1. Introduction to Transportation Engineering 1.1 Definition and Scope Transportation engineering is a specialized field within civil engineering that focuses on the development and maintenance of transportation systems. These systems include a wide range of infrastructures such as roadways, railways, airways, waterways, and pipelines. The discipline involves several critical processes: ▪ Planning This step involves forecasting future transportation needs and determining the best ways to meet them. It includes analyzing population growth, economic trends, and land use patterns to develop long-term plans for transportation systems. ▪ Design Transportation engineers design the physical components of transportation systems, including roadways, bridges, tunnels, airports, and railway systems. The design process ensures that these systems can handle current and future demands while maintaining safety and efficiency. ▪ Operation This aspect involves managing and controlling traffic flow, ensuring that transportation systems operate smoothly. It includes traffic signal design, congestion management, and the implementation of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) that use technology to improve traffic flow and safety. ▪ Management Transportation engineering also includes the maintenance and management of transportation infrastructure to ensure its longevity and effectiveness. This involves routine inspections, repairs, and upgrades to accommodate changing transportation needs. 1.2 Importance of Transportation Engineering Transportation engineering plays a crucial role in modern society by significantly impacting various aspects of daily life and long-term development. Its importance can be understood through the following key contributions: Facilitates Economic Development by Connecting Markets: o Transportation systems are the backbone of economic growth. Efficient transportation networks enable the movement of goods and services, connecting producers with consumers and markets. This connectivity reduces transportation costs, increases trade opportunities, and promotes regional and global economic integration. o For example, well-designed roadways and railways allow industries to transport raw materials and finished products quickly and efficiently, reducing production costs and increasing competitiveness. Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering 1-1 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering Enhances Social Integration by Improving Accessibility: o Transportation engineering enhances social cohesion by providing people with access to essential services such as education, healthcare, and employment. By improving the accessibility of urban and rural areas, transportation systems help bridge the gap between different social groups, fostering social inclusion and reducing inequalities. o Public transportation systems, such as buses and trains, play a critical role in ensuring that all members of society, regardless of income or location, have access to opportunities that improve their quality of life. Contributes to the Environmental Sustainability of Urban and Rural Areas: o Modern transportation engineering prioritizes sustainability by designing systems that minimize environmental impact. This includes the development of energy-efficient transportation modes, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and the promotion of sustainable urban planning. o Engineers work to integrate environmentally friendly practices, such as the use of renewable energy in public transportation, the development of green infrastructure, and the implementation of policies that encourage the use of non-motorized transport options like cycling and walking. o Sustainable transportation engineering also involves the careful planning of transportation networks to avoid unnecessary environmental degradation, preserving natural landscapes, and reducing the ecological footprint of transportation infrastructure. 2. The Role of Transportation 2.1 Economic Role Transportation is a critical driver of economic activity, serving as the connective tissue between producers and consumers. By enabling the efficient movement of goods and services, transportation systems directly influence the cost and availability of products in the market. The economic role of transportation can be observed in several ways: Enabling Trade and Commerce: o Transportation networks facilitate the exchange of goods, both domestically and internationally. Whether through roadways, railways, shipping lanes, or air transport, these systems ensure that products reach markets where they are needed, thereby driving trade. o Efficient transportation reduces delivery times and costs, making goods more affordable and accessible. This, in turn, encourages consumption, stimulates production, and supports economic growth. Impact on Cost of Goods and Services: o The cost of transportation is a significant component of the total cost of goods and services. For example, high transportation costs can lead to higher prices for consumers, reducing their purchasing power. Conversely, efficient transportation systems lower these costs, making products more competitive in the market. o The availability of reliable transportation also attracts investment, as businesses seek to minimize logistics costs and maximize market reach. This leads to job creation and further economic development in regions with well-developed transportation infrastructure. Overall Economic Growth: o The efficiency and reliability of transportation systems are directly linked to economic productivity. Improved transportation infrastructure, such as highways, ports, and airports, enhances the movement of goods and people, leading to more efficient supply chains and increased economic output. o In developing regions, investment in transportation infrastructure is often a catalyst for economic growth, opening up new markets and enabling more dynamic economic activity. Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering 1-2 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering 2.2 Social Role Transportation systems play a pivotal role in enhancing the social fabric of communities by connecting individuals to essential services and opportunities. The social role of transportation can be seen in how it influences quality of life and social equity: Connecting Individuals to Jobs, Education, and Healthcare: o Access to reliable transportation is fundamental to individuals’ ability to secure employment, pursue education, and obtain healthcare. Public transit systems, in particular, provide a lifeline for those who do not have access to private vehicles, ensuring that they can participate fully in society. o Efficient transportation systems reduce commute times and increase accessibility to vital services, which in turn, can improve overall well-being and social mobility. Improving Quality of Life: o Transportation infrastructure is essential for social interaction and participation in cultural, recreational, and social activities. By reducing physical barriers and connecting people, transportation fosters community cohesion and enhances the quality of life. o For instance, the availability of accessible and affordable public transportation options allows people of all socio-economic backgrounds to engage in social activities, thereby promoting inclusivity and reducing social isolation. 2.3 Environmental Role Transportation has a profound impact on the environment, influencing everything from air quality to land use. Understanding its environmental role is crucial for developing sustainable solutions that minimize negative effects: Environmental Impacts: o The transportation sector is a major contributor to air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and noise pollution. The combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles leads to the release of pollutants that degrade air quality and contribute to climate change. o Transportation infrastructure, such as roads and railways, also affects land use, often leading to habitat destruction, urban sprawl, and the fragmentation of natural ecosystems. Sustainable Transportation Solutions: o In response to these challenges, sustainable transportation aims to reduce the environmental footprint of transportation systems. This includes the promotion of alternative fuels, electric vehicles, and public transportation systems that are less polluting. o Urban planning that encourages the use of non-motorized transportation, such as walking and cycling, as well as the development of green infrastructure, helps mitigate the environmental impacts of transportation. o Policies and innovations that focus on reducing vehicle emissions, optimizing traffic flow, and integrating land use planning with transportation development are key to achieving environmental sustain ability in the sector. Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering 1-3 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering 3. Traffic Systems and Traffic Countermeasures 3.1 Components of a Traffic System A traffic system comprises several interconnected components that work together to facilitate the movement of people and goods while ensuring safety and efficiency. Understanding these components is crucial for effective traffic management and engineering. ▪ Road Users: Road users are the central element of any traffic system. They include drivers, pedestrians, and cyclists, each with distinct behaviors, needs, and levels of vulnerability. o Drivers: The largest group of road users, drivers operate various motor vehicles such as cars, trucks, and motorcycles. Their actions are influenced by factors such as speed, visibility, road conditions, and traffic regulations. o Pedestrians: This group includes individuals walking along or across roadways. Pedestrians are particularly vulnerable to traffic accidents, making pedestrian safety a key concern in traffic system design. o Cyclists: Cyclists, or bicyclists, share the road with motor vehicles and pedestrians. They require specific infrastructure such as bike lanes to ensure their safety and integration into the overall traffic system. ▪ Vehicles: Vehicles are the means by which road users travel. They vary widely in size, speed, and function, from personal cars to heavy trucks, motorcycles, bicycles, and public transit vehicles such as buses and trams. o Cars and Trucks: These are the most common types of vehicles in traffic systems. Cars are typically used for personal transportation, while trucks are primarily used for the movement of goods. o Motorcycles: These are smaller, more maneuverable vehicles that can be used for both personal transportation and commercial purposes. However, they are also more prone to accidents due to their smaller size and lower visibility. o Bicycles: Bicycles are an environmentally friendly mode of transportation that require dedicated infrastructure to ensure their safe coexistence with motor vehicles. o Public Transit Vehicles: Buses, trams, and trains are essential for mass transportation. They help reduce the number of individual vehicles on the road, thereby easing congestion and reducing pollution. ▪ Road Infrastructure: Road infrastructure provides the physical framework within which vehicles and road users operate. It includes highways, streets, intersections, signage, and traffic signals, all of which are designed to facilitate smooth and safe traffic flow. o Highways and Streets: Highways are major roads designed for fast-moving traffic, connecting cities and regions. Streets are smaller roads within cities and towns, often with lower speed limits and more intersections. o Intersections: These are critical points in a traffic system where different roads meet. Properly designed intersections, with clear signals and signage, are vital for preventing accidents and ensuring efficient traffic movement. o Signage and Signals: Road signs and traffic signals are essential for communicating rules, warnings, and guidance to road users. They help regulate speed, indicate direction, and manage the flow of traffic at intersections and other critical points. Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering 1-4 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering 3.2 Traffic Countermeasures Traffic countermeasu0res are strategies and tools designed to improve road safety, manage traffic flow, and reduce the likelihood of accidents. These measures are crucial for maintaining an efficient and safe traffic system. ▪ Traffic Control Devices: Traffic control devices include signals, signs, and road markings that guide and regulate the behavior of road users. These devices are essential for managing traffic flow, reducing congestion, and preventing accidents. o Signals: Traffic signals, such as red, yellow, and green lights, are used at intersections to control the movement of vehicles and pedestrians. Properly timed signals can reduce traffic delays and minimize the risk of collisions. o Signs: Road signs provide important information about road conditions, speed limits, and directions. They help drivers make informed decisions and navigate safely. o Markings: Road markings, such as lane lines, crosswalks, and arrows, guide drivers and pedestrians on where to go and how to behave on the road. Clear and visible markings are crucial for preventing confusion and ensuring safety. ▪ Enforcement: Enforcement involves the application of laws and regulations to ensure that road users comply with traffic rules. Effective enforcement is key to reducing traffic violations and promoting safe driving behavior. o Speed Limits: Speed limits are enforced to control the speed of vehicles, reducing the likelihood of accidents and minimizing the severity of collisions. Speed cameras and police patrols are commonly used to enforce speed limits. o Seat Belt Laws: Mandatory seat belt laws are enforced to protect vehicle occupants in the event of a crash. Seat belts significantly reduce the risk of injury or death in accidents. o DUI Enforcement: Driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol or drugs is a major cause of traffic accidents. DUI enforcement involves roadside checks, breathalyzer tests, and strict penalties for offenders to deter impaired driving. ▪ Education: Education is a proactive countermeasure that involves raising public awareness about road safety through campaigns, training programs, and community outreach. Educating road users about safe driving practices is essential for reducing accidents and enhancing overall traffic safety. o Public Awareness Campaigns: These campaigns focus on educating the public about the dangers of speeding, distracted driving, and driving under the influence. They often use media, social platforms, and community events to spread their message. o Driver Education Programs: These programs provide formal training for new drivers, teaching them the skills and knowledge needed to operate vehicles safely and responsibly. o School-Based Programs: Educating children and young adults about road safety from an early age is crucial for fostering a culture of safety. School-based programs often include practical training, such as pedestrian safety and bicycle handling skills. Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering 1-5 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering 4. History of Philippine Transportation 4.1 Early Transportation Systems Transportation in the Philippines has evolved significantly over centuries, shaped by various colonial influences and the needs of the local population. Understanding the early transportation systems provides context for the development of modern infrastructure. Traditional Means of Transportation: o Boats: The archipelagic nature of the Philippines made boats a primary mode of transportation, essential for inter-island travel and trade. Early Filipinos used various types of watercraft, including balangays and bancas, for fishing, transport, and commerce. o Horses and Carriages: On land, horses were commonly used for transportation, especially in the lowland areas. Carriages, often horse-drawn carts known as "kalesas," were introduced during the Spanish colonial period and became a common mode of transport in urban areas. o Carabao Carts: In rural areas, carabao-drawn carts were a primary means of transporting goods and people. This mode of transportation was slow but vital for agricultural communities. The Evolution of Infrastructure Under Spanish, American, and Japanese Rule: o Spanish Era: The Spanish colonization of the Philippines brought significant changes to the transportation infrastructure. The Spanish introduced roads, bridges, and port facilities to support their administration and the spread of Christianity. The construction of Manila's Intramuros and its surrounding roads exemplifies the infrastructural advancements during this period. o American Period: The American colonial period saw major improvements in transportation, with a focus on modernizing and expanding infrastructure. The Americans introduced the first railway systems, improved roads, and established a more organized public transportation system, including streetcars (tranvias) in Manila. o Japanese Occupation: During World War II, the Japanese occupation caused significant damage to the transportation infrastructure. However, the Japanese also contributed to the development of some roads and airfields, which were later used and expanded upon after the war. 4.2 Modern Developments The modern era of transportation in the Philippines began post-independence, characterized by significant expansions in road networks, railways, and airports, alongside the establishment of institutions dedicated to infrastructure development. The Expansion of Road Networks, Railways, and Airports Post-Independence: o Road Networks: Post-independence, the government focused on expanding road networks to connect remote areas to urban centers. Major highways like the Pan-Philippine Highway (Maharlika Highway) were built to enhance national connectivity. Urban road networks were expanded for the growing population and increasing vehicles. o Railways: Despite challenges, the railway system was revitalized and expanded. The PNR and LRT systems were developed to offer alternative transport and reduce congestion. o Airports: Airport development was crucial for connecting the archipelago globally. Key airports like NAIA and Mactan-Cebu International were expanded to handle growing traffic. The Role of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) in Shaping Current Transportation Infrastructure: ▪ The DPWH has played a central role in the planning, construction, and maintenance of transportation infrastructure in the Philippines. As the primary government agency responsible for public infrastructure, the DPWH oversees the development of roads, bridges, and flood control systems, ensuring that these infrastructures meet national standards and support economic growth. ▪ The DPWH's efforts include the implementation of major infrastructure projects, such as the "Build, Build, Build" program, which aims to modernize and expand the country's infrastructure. This program includes the construction of expressways, bypass roads, and new airport terminals, all of which contribute to a more efficient and connected transportation network. ▪ Additionally, the DPWH works closely with other government agencies, such as the Department of Transportation (DOTr), to ensure that transportation projects align with the broader goals of national development and sustainability. Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering 1-6 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering 5. Functional Classification and Road Hierarchy 5.1 Functional Classification Functional classification of roads is a critical concept in transportation engineering, as it defines the role that each type of road plays in the overall network. The classification helps in the efficient planning, design, and operation of the road infrastructure. Arterial Roads: Definition: Arterial roads are major thoroughfares designed to carry large volumes of traffic across significant distances. These roads are typically the backbone of a transportation network, providing high-capacity connections between different regions and urban areas. Characteristics: Arterial roads prioritize the movement of through traffic rather than access to adjacent properties. They have limited access points, often with controlled intersections or interchanges, to ensure smooth and continuous traffic flow. Examples include highways, freeways, and major city streets. Purpose: The primary function of arterial roads is to facilitate efficient travel over long distances, reducing travel time and congestion. They are crucial for the economic vitality of a region, as they enable the movement of goods and people between key areas. Collector Roads: Definition: Collector roads serve as intermediate connectors within the road network, linking local roads to arterial roads. They balance access to properties with the need to facilitate the flow of traffic between local and arterial roads. Characteristics: Collector roads typically have moderate traffic volumes and speeds. They provide access to residential areas, commercial centers, and local roads while also channeling traffic towards arterial roads. Intersections on collector roads are more frequent than on arterial roads, and they often accommodate a mix of traffic, including pedestrians and cyclists. Purpose: The main function of collector roads is to gather traffic from local roads and direct it towards arterial roads. They ensure that local communities are well-connected to the broader transportation network. Local Roads: Definition: Local roads are primarily designed to provide direct access to individual properties, such as homes, businesses, and small community areas. They are the lowest tier in the road hierarchy, serving short trips within neighborhoods or small towns. Characteristics: Local roads have the lowest traffic volumes and speeds within the road network. They are designed to accommodate vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists, with a focus on safety and accessibility rather than high-speed travel. Local roads often include features such as sidewalks, parking areas, and traffic-calming measures. Purpose: The primary function of local roads is to offer convenient access to properties and facilitate short-distance travel within residential or small commercial areas. They play a vital role in ensuring that communities are livable and well-connected. Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering 1-7 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering 5.2 Road Hierarchy The road hierarchy categorizes roads based on their function and importance within the overall transportation network. Understanding the hierarchy helps in planning and maintaining an efficient and organized road system. a) National Highways Roads of national significance that connect major cities, regions, and ports. They are designed for high-speed travel and usually have multiple lanes. b) Provincial Roads Roads linking towns, municipalities, and cities within a province. These roads serve as connectors between local roads and national highways. c) Municipal and Barangay Roads Roads serving smaller communities, neighborhoods, and rural areas. They are typically narrower and designed for lower-speed traffic. d) Expressways Limited-access highways designed for high-speed traffic with no intersections at grade. They often require toll payments and connect major urban areas. e) Secondary Roads Roads that provide important connections within a province or region but are not classified as national or provincial roads. They facilitate movement between major roads and local roads. f) Feeder Roads Roads that connect small villages, farms, or remote areas to larger, more significant roadways. They are often less developed and serve to link rural areas to the main road network. g) Access Roads Roads specifically designed to provide entry to specific facilities, such as industrial areas, airports, or ports. These roads may vary in design depending on the type of traffic they support. 6. Transportation Demand and Supply 6.1 Understanding Demand Factors Influencing Transportation Demand Transportation demand refers to the desire and need for travel by people or goods over a specific period. Several factors influence this demand, including: ▪ Population Growth: As the population increases, so does the need for transportation, whether for commuting, leisure, or the transportation of goods. ▪ Economic Activities: The level and type of economic activities in an area significantly impact transportation demand. Industrial areas might see a higher demand for freight transportation, while commercial areas might see more commuter traffic. ▪ Land Use Patterns: The layout and organization of residential, commercial, and industrial areas determine travel distances and modes of transport. For instance, urban sprawl typically increases the reliance on personal vehicles, while compact cities may promote public transport and non-motorized modes. 6.2 Understanding Supply The Capacity of Transportation Infrastructure and Services: Transportation supply refers to the availability and capability of infrastructure and services to meet transportation needs. Key aspects include: ▪ Infrastructure Capacity: This involves the physical aspects of transportation systems, such as road width, the number of lanes, rail tracks, and airport runways. The capacity is determined by how well these can accommodate traffic volumes. ▪ Service Capacity: This includes the efficiency and availability of services such as public transit, freight services, and air travel. For instance, the frequency of bus or train services and the scheduling of flights contribute to the overall transportation supply. Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering 1-8 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering 6.3 Balancing Demand and Supply Strategies to Manage Demand: Given the often-limited capacity of transportation infrastructure, managing demand is crucial for minimizing congestion and maximizing efficiency. Common strategies include: ▪ Congestion Pricing: Implementing tolls or fees for using certain roads during peak times to reduce traffic volumes. ▪ Carpooling: Encouraging shared vehicle use to reduce the number of vehicles on the road. ▪ Public Transportation: Promoting the use of buses, trains, and other public transit systems as an alternative to personal vehicles. Enhancing Supply To better meet demand, increasing or optimizing the supply of transportation infrastructure and services is necessary. This can involve: ▪ Infrastructure Improvements: Expanding roads, building new rail lines, or adding airport terminals to increase capacity. ▪ Technological Advancements: Implementing intelligent transportation systems (ITS), such as real-time traffic management and automated vehicle technologies, to optimize the flow of traffic and improve the efficiency of transportation networks. 7. Mobility and Accessibility 7.1 Mobility The ease with which people and goods can move across different modes of transportation within a transportation network. It encompasses several key aspects: Ease of Movement: Mobility is primarily concerned with the efficiency and convenience of traveling from one location to another. This involves minimizing travel time, reducing delays, and ensuring smooth transitions between different transportation modes (e.g., cars, buses, trains, bicycles). Modes of Transportation: Effective mobility often involves integrating various transportation modes to provide seamless connectivity. For instance, a well-designed transit system allows for easy transfers between buses, trains, and other forms of transport. Infrastructure Quality: High-quality infrastructure—such as well-maintained roads, bridges, and public transit facilities— plays a crucial role in enhancing mobility. According to Garber (2015) and Khisty (2003), infrastructure should be designed to accommodate the expected traffic volumes and ensure smooth traffic flow. Traffic Management: Effective traffic management strategies, such as signal optimization and congestion pricing, can improve mobility by reducing bottlenecks and managing demand. 7.2 Defining Accessibility The ability of individuals to reach desired goods, services, and activities within a transportation system. It focuses on: Reachability: Accessibility is concerned with how easily people can access important destinations such as workplaces, schools, shopping centers, and healthcare facilities. This involves not just the physical distance but also the availability and convenience of transportation options. Transport Availability: A well-designed transportation system should provide sufficient options for reaching various destinations. This includes having reliable public transit, pedestrian pathways, and cycling routes, as highlighted by Mannering (2004) and DPWH (2015). Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering 1-9 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering Equity: Accessibility also encompasses social equity, ensuring that all segments of the population, including those with disabilities or lower incomes, have equal opportunities to access essential services. This means considering the needs of marginalized groups and providing adequate transportation solutions. Land Use Planning: Effective land-use planning can enhance accessibility by placing essential services and amenities within easy reach of residential areas. Good planning integrates transportation and land use to minimize travel distances and improve overall accessibility. 7.3 Improving Mobility and Accessibility Strategies to improve Mobility and Accessibility: 1. Enhancing Public Transit: o Expansion and Coverage: Increasing the coverage and frequency of public transit services helps to improve both mobility and accessibility. This includes expanding bus routes, increasing train frequencies, and ensuring reliable service. o Integration: Integrating various public transit modes (e.g., buses, trains, subways) allows for smoother transfers and more convenient travel. 2. Promoting Non-Motorized Transportation: o Pedestrian Infrastructure: Developing pedestrian-friendly infrastructure such as sidewalks, crosswalks, and pedestrian bridges enhances mobility for walkers and ensures safer, more convenient access to destinations. o Cycling Facilities: Creating dedicated bike lanes, bike-sharing programs, and secure bike parking encourages cycling as a viable and efficient mode of transport, thereby improving mobility and accessibility. 3. Better Land-Use Planning: o Mixed-Use Development: Encouraging mixed-use development, where residential, commercial, and recreational areas are integrated, reduces the need for long commutes and improves accessibility to various services. o Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): TOD focuses on developing around transit stations to increase accessibility to public transport and reduce reliance on private vehicles. 4. Technological Innovations: o Smart Traffic Management: Implementing smart traffic management systems can optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and improve overall mobility. o Real-Time Information: Providing real-time transit information through apps and digital signage helps users make informed decisions about their travel routes and times. Discussion Questions 1. How does transportation engineering contribute to sustainable development? 2. What are the most critical challenges in managing traffic systems in urban areas? 3. How has the history of transportation in the Philippines influenced current infrastructure? Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering 1-10 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering Required Reading This module is based on a comprehensive review of the following key references: Introduction to Transportation Engineering Garber, N. J., & Hoel, L. A. (2015). Introduction to Transportation Engineering: Chapter 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering – Overview of transportation engineering and its role. Chapter 2: Transportation Planning and Policy – Historical context and planning principles. Chapter 4: Transportation Systems – Design and operation of transportation systems. Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis Mannering, F. L., & Washburn, S. S. (2012). Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis: Chapter 1: Introduction to Highway Engineering – Basics and significance of highway engineering. Historical Development of Transportation in the Philippines De Guzman, J. S., & Abella, R. G. (2010). Historical Development of Transportation in the Philippines: Chapter 2: Early Transportation Systems – Evolution from early transportation methods. Chapter 4: Modernization of Infrastructure – Development of contemporary transportation systems. Historical Overview of Philippine Infrastructure Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). (2020). Historical Overview of Philippine Infrastructure: Section on Transportation Infrastructure Development – Historical context and development of key transportation infrastructure. Transportation Engineering: An Introduction Khisty, C. J., & Transportation, R. (2003). Transportation Engineering: An Introduction: Chapter 1: Introduction to Transportation Systems – Role and scope of transportation engineering. Chapter 3: Functional Classification of Roads – Classification and hierarchy of roads. Chapter 4: Transportation Demand and Forecasting – Methods and tools for forecasting demand. Chapter 6: Mobility and Accessibility – Definitions and measures of mobility and accessibility. Module 1: Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering 1-11 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering Module 2: TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM and PHILIPPINES TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Module Overview This module explores transportation systems, covering their components, planning processes, classifications, utility, and key departments involved in highway transportation. It focuses on the Philippine transportation system, including its current state, challenges, and development efforts. Students will learn how transportation systems function and are managed, especially in the Philippines. Learning Objectives By the end of this module, students should be able to: 1. Identify and describe transportation system components: modes, infrastructure, and operations. 2. Explain the transportation planning process, from data collection to evaluation, and its role in meeting needs. 3. Classify transportation systems by modes and functions, with Philippine examples. 4. Assess transportation systems' utility based on accessibility, efficiency, safety, and cost, applying these to real scenarios. 5. Recognize the roles of Philippine highway departments and agencies in infrastructure development and management. 1. Transportation System Overview A transportation system refers to the infrastructure, vehicles, and operational procedures that enable the movement of people and goods from one location to another. It is an essential component of modern economies, facilitating trade, social interaction, and access to services. 1.1 Modes of Transportation Land Transportation ▪ Roads and Highways: Used for the movement of both goods and people, roads are the most accessible and versatile mode of transport. Highways connect urban and rural areas, supporting the economic flow by connecting manufacturers to consumers and providing access to social services. ▪ Railways: Rail transport is highly efficient for moving large quantities of goods and passengers over long distances. It is energy-efficient and contributes significantly to reducing congestion on roads. Air Transportation ▪ Airports and Airlines: Air transport is the fastest mode for long-distance travel and shipping. It connects international markets, facilitating global trade and tourism. However, it requires high capital investments in infrastructure and is more energy-intensive compared to other modes. Water Transportation ▪ Ports, Shipping Lanes, and Ferries: Water transport is ideal for heavy and bulk goods such as minerals, oil, and grain. Ports serve as hubs for import and export, playing a crucial role in international trade. Waterways like rivers, seas, and oceans also support ferry services, which are vital for connecting islands and coastal regions. Pipeline Transportation ▪ Pipelines are used to transport liquids and gases, such as crude oil, natural gas, and water. Though less visible than other forms of transport, pipelines are crucial for energy distribution, particularly for industries dependent on petroleum products. 1.2 Key Functions of a Transportation System Moving Goods and People Transportation systems provide mobility, allowing people to travel between homes, work, and leisure activities. They also move goods from production to markets, warehouses, and stores. Supporting Economic Activities Transportation connects businesses to suppliers and customers, ensuring timely delivery of materials and products. Efficient systems boost productivity, supply chains, and overall economic growth. Enhancing Mobility and Accessibility Efficient transportation improves the movement of people and goods while ensuring access to essential services like healthcare, education, and jobs, even in remote areas. Module 2: Transportation System and Philippines Transportation System 2-1 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering 2. Transportation Planning Process Transportation planning is a structured approach to the development of transportation systems. It ensures that transportation infrastructure meets current needs and anticipates future demand. 2.1 Steps in the Transportation Planning Process: 1. Problem Identification Analyzing existing issues like traffic congestion or lack of public transport. 2. Data Collection Gathering data on traffic volumes, population growth, and economic activities. 3. Goal Setting Defining objectives such as reducing travel time or improving accessibility. 4. Developing Alternatives Proposing different strategies to address identified problems, such as building new roads or improving public transportation. 5. Evaluation and Selection Assessing alternatives based on cost, efficiency, and environmental impact, followed by choosing the best solution. 6. Implementation Execution of the selected plan, including construction or policy changes. 7. Monitoring and Feedback Evaluating the effectiveness of the implemented solution and adjusting plans as necessary. 3. Classification of Transportation Systems (Philippines) Transportation systems in the Philippines can be classified by mode, ownership, and use. Each classification plays a vital role in the country's economic and social development, considering the archipelagic nature and varied geography of the Philippines. 3.1 Classification according to Transportation Mode (by Mode) Road Transport a) Buses Provincial buses such as Victory Liner and Ceres Transport provide long-distance travel between cities and rural provinces. City buses operate within urban areas like Metro Manila, connecting commuters to business districts and residential areas. b) Jeepneys The most iconic mode of public transport in the Philippines, jeepneys are used extensively for short- distance commutes, particularly within cities and small towns. c) Motorcycles and Tricycles In rural areas and smaller towns, motorcycles (including "habal-habal") and tricycles are primary forms of transportation for short trips, often serving as last-mile connectors from major roads to remote villages. d) Private Cars and Trucks With traffic congestion being a major issue in urban centers, private vehicles dominate city roads. Trucks are essential for the transport of goods, especially for businesses relying on the movement of products from industrial zones to ports and markets. Rail Transport a) Philippine National Railways (PNR) PNR services connect southern and northern parts of Luzon, providing a key passenger and freight line between Metro Manila and surrounding provinces. However, the system has limited reach and is undergoing rehabilitation. b) Metro Rail Transit (MRT) The MRT, specifically the MRT-3 line, operates along the highly congested Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) in Metro Manila, running from North Avenue in Quezon City to Taft Avenue in Pasay. It serves as a key transport route for daily commuters. c) Light Rail Transit (LRT) The LRT is divided into two lines: LRT-1: This line runs from Baclaran in Pasay to Roosevelt in Quezon City, primarily serving the southern and northern parts of Metro Manila. LRT-2: It connects Santolan in Marikina to Recto in Manila, providing east-to-west service across the metropolis. Module 2: Transportation System and Philippines Transportation System 2-2 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering Air Transport a) Domestic and International Airports The Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) in Manila serves as the country's main gateway for international travel, while regional airports like Mactan-Cebu International Airport, Clark International Airport, and Davao International Airport connect the country domestically and internationally. Smaller airports such as those in Palawan and Siargao play a crucial role in promoting tourism in the islands. b) Airline Philippine Airlines, Cebu Pacific, and AirAsia operate domestic routes connecting urban hubs like Manila, Cebu, and Davao to rural areas, boosting accessibility across the archipelago. Water Transport a) Ferries and Boats Due to the country's island geography, water transport is vital. Companies like 2GO Travel and SuperCat offer ferry services between islands, such as the routes connecting Manila to Cebu or Mindanao. In coastal regions and smaller islands, bangkas (small boats) are used to ferry locals and goods across shorter distances. b) Ports: Major ports like the Manila International Container Terminal and Port of Cebu serve as key points for both domestic and international shipping, supporting the country’s trade and logistics networks. 3.2 Classification according to Ownership (by Ownership) Public Transport a) Government-operated Systems Public transport systems like the MRT, LRT, and buses operated by government bodies, such as the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB), serve millions of Filipinos daily. These systems are critical for ensuring that transportation remains affordable and accessible to the general public. b) Local Public Buses In some provinces, public buses are run by local government units (LGUs), providing essential links between far-flung communities and larger towns or cities. Private Transport a) Privately-owned Vehicles Private cars, motorcycles, and taxis make up a large portion of the road transport system, especially in urban centers like Metro Manila. With increasing traffic congestion, ride-sharing services like Grab have become popular alternatives. b) Freight Services Trucking companies play a significant role in the logistics industry, transporting goods between ports, factories, and distribution centers. Private shipping companies, such as Trans-Asia Shipping Lines, operate domestic cargo services between islands. 3.3 Classification according to Transportation Use (by Use) Passenger Transport a) For Individuals and Groups Public jeepneys, buses, MRT, and LRT primarily serve passengers, moving them across urban centers and rural regions. In rural areas, UV Express services provide long-distance shared rides, often covering routes not serviced by larger buses. b) Tourism-based Transport In areas like Boracay or Palawan, boats and private vans cater to tourists, ferrying them between resorts, airports, and tourist spots. Freight Transport a) Goods Transport Cargo trucks, shipping lines, and air cargo services are essential for moving products across the archipelago. This includes agricultural goods, construction materials, and consumer products. b) Vital for Trade and Industry Water-based freight transport plays a crucial role, especially for inter-island trade, with major shipping companies transporting goods such as rice, fuel, and manufactured products between regions. Module 2: Transportation System and Philippines Transportation System 2-3 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering 4. Utility of the Transportation System The utility of transportation systems lies in their ability to serve various economic, social, and environmental needs. Economic Utility: ▪ Facilitates trade and commerce by enabling the movement of goods domestically and internationally. ▪ Lowers transportation costs, making products more affordable for consumers. Social Utility: ▪ Provides access to jobs, education, healthcare, and social services. ▪ Enhances social mobility by connecting rural areas to urban centers. Environmental Utility: ▪ Sustainable transportation options reduce the carbon footprint. ▪ Encourages the use of renewable energy sources and non-motorized transport modes like cycling. 5. Highway Transportation Departments and Agencies in the Philippines 5.1 Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) Responsibilities DPWH is responsible for constructing, improving, and maintaining national roads, highways, bridges, and flood control systems. It also implements road widening, bridge replacement, and other major infrastructure projects. Involvement Example/s: ▪ Build, Build, Build Program: The DPWH played a significant role in implementing the government’s infrastructure development initiative, which included expressway projects like the Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway (TPLEX) and Cebu-Cordova Link Expressway (CCLEX). 5.2 Department of Transportation (DOTr) Responsibilities DOTr oversees the overall development, coordination, and regulation of land, air, and sea transportation in the Philippines. It ensures efficient, safe, and sustainable transportation systems and infrastructure across the country. Involvement Example/s: ▪ Mass Transit Systems: DOTr is leading the construction of the Metro Manila Subway Project and the North-South Commuter Railway (NSCR), which aim to enhance urban mobility and decongest Metro Manila. ▪ Airport Development: DOTr also oversees the modernization and expansion of airports, such as Bicol International Airport, and regional airports like Clark International Airport. ▪ Sea Transport: DOTr plays a role in promoting the Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo) system, which connects the archipelago through an efficient sea transportation network, facilitating inter-island trade and travel. The DOTr coordinates with other agencies like LTFRB, LTO, and CAAP to implement policies, projects, and programs that impact the entire transportation system of the Philippines. 5.3 Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) Responsibilities LTFRB regulates public utility vehicles (PUVs), including jeepneys, buses, taxis, and ride-hailing services. They issue franchises, set fare rates, and ensure the safety and reliability of public transportation. Involvement Example/s: ▪ Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP): LTFRB oversees the modernization of jeepneys to meet safety and environmental standards. ▪ Ride-hailing Services: LTFRB is involved in regulating transport network vehicle services (TNVS) like Grab, issuing guidelines and licensing operators. Module 2: Transportation System and Philippines Transportation System 2-4 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering 5.4 Land Transportation Office (LTO) Responsibilities LTO is responsible for registering motor vehicles, issuing driver's licenses, and enforcing traffic laws across the country. Involvement Example/s: ▪ Licensing and Registration: LTO handles the annual vehicle registration process and driver's license issuance. It also conducts periodic inspections to ensure vehicles meet roadworthiness standards. ▪ Campaigns on Road Safety: LTO regularly conducts road safety campaigns to promote responsible driving and compliance with traffic laws. 5.5 Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) Responsibilities MMDA manages traffic, enforces traffic regulations, and oversees public transportation systems within Metro Manila. Involvement Example/s: ▪ Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program (UVVRP) or "number coding" system MMDA enforces this program to manage traffic congestion in Metro Manila. ▪ Traffic Command Center MMDA operates a central command center that monitors real-time traffic situations through CCTV cameras, allowing for quicker responses to accidents and congestion. 5.6 Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) Responsibilities PPA manages and operates seaports, ensuring efficient cargo and passenger movements between islands. Involvement Example/s: ▪ Port Modernization Projects: PPA is involved in modernizing ports, such as the Port of Batangas and Manila International Container Terminal, to enhance cargo handling capacity and promote international trade. ▪ Cruise Tourism: The PPA plays a role in supporting cruise tourism by upgrading port facilities to accommodate cruise ships at destinations like Puerto Princesa and Davao. 5.7 Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) Responsibilities CAAP regulates air traffic and airport operations, ensuring safety standards and managing air navigation systems across the country. Involvement Example/s: ▪ Airport Safety and Development: CAAP supervises the expansion of key airports like Clark International Airport and Mactan-Cebu International Airport. ▪ Air Traffic Management: CAAP is responsible for the Philippines' airspace, ensuring safe and efficient air traffic operations through systems like the Communications, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) project. Discussion Questions 1. How does the classification of transportation systems in the Philippines impact the efficiency and effectiveness of transportation planning and development? 2. What are the major challenges faced by highway transportation agencies in the Philippines, and how do these challenges affect infrastructure development? 3. How can transportation planning processes be improved to better address the needs of growing urban populations in the Philippines? Module 2: Transportation System and Philippines Transportation System 2-5 | P a g e  University of Southeastern Philippines College of Engineering CE 312 – Principles of Transportation Engineering Required Reading This module is based on a comprehensive review of the following key references: Transportation System Overview Garber, N. J., & Hoel, L. A. (2015). Traffic and Highway Engineering (5th ed.). Cengage Learning. Chapter 1: Overview of Transportation Engineering Chapter 4: Modes of Transportation – Land, Air, Water, and Pipeline Transport. Transportation Planning Process Khisty, C. J., & Lall, B. (2003). Introduction to Transportation Engineering (3rd ed.). Pearson Education. Chapter 2: The Transportation Planning Process Chapter 3: Forecasting and Demand – Data collection and analysis methods. Classification of Transportation Systems (Philippines) Mannering, F. L., & Washburn, S. S. (2012). Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis (5th ed.). Wiley Chapter 4: Modernization of Infrastructure – Development of contemporary transportation systems. Khisty, C. J., & Lall, B. (2003). Introduction to Transportation Engineering (3rd ed.). Chapter 3: Classification of Transportation Systems Utility of the Transportation System Garber, N. J., & Hoel, L. A. (2015). Traffic and Highway Engineering (5th ed.). Cengage Learning. Chapter 6: Evaluation of Transportation Systems Khisty, C. J., & Lall, B. (2003). Introduction to Transportation Engineering (3rd ed.). Chapter 6: Mobility and Accessibility – Economic, social, and environmental aspects. Highway Transportation Departments and Agencies in the Philippines Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) (2015). Design Guidelines, Criteria, and Standards. Section 1: Roles and Responsibilities of DPWH and Related Agencies Section 6: Case Studies on Philippine Transportation Projects (e.g., Build, Build, Build Program). 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