Highway Development and Planning PDF

HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING By Group 3 HIGHWAY PLANNING Involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. It is one of the most important things before startin...

HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING By Group 3 HIGHWAY PLANNING Involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. It is one of the most important things before starting any project. It is the basic requirement for the development and construction of highways. HIGHWAY PLANNING IMPORTANCE Economic Growth and Development Improved Mobility and Accessibility Environmental Sustainability Safety DAVAO COASTAL ROAD 17.33-kilometer road provides an alternative route along the coastline improve access between the southern and northern parts of Davao City CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS 1. According to Traffic Volume 2. According to Transport Tonnage 3. According to Importance 4. According to Location and Function 5. According to Material Used 6. According to Rigidity 7. According to Topography 8. According to Speed and Accessibility 01 ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC VOLUME Vehicle per No. Types of Road day Very Heavy 1 Above 600 Traffic Road Heavy Traffic 2 251 to 600 Road Medium 3 70 to 250 Traffic Road Light Traffic 4 Below 70 Road 02 ACCORDING TO TRANSPORT TONNAGE Vehicle per No. Types day 1 Very Heavy Above 1524 2 Heavy Traffic 1017 to 1524 3 Medium 508 to 1017 4 Light Traffic Below 508 03 ACCORDING TO IMPORTANCE Class I Roads - international and national roads / expressways and national highways. Class II Roads - region to region or neighboring parts / major district roads. Class III Roads - rural areas and barangays. 04 ACCORDING TO LOCATION & FUNCTION National Highways State Highways Major District Roads Other District Roads Village Roads 05 ACCORDING TO MATERIAL USED Earthen Roads Gravel Roads Murrum Roads Kankar Roads WBM Roads Bituminous Road Concrete Roads 05 ACCORDING TO MATERIAL USED Earthen Roads Gravel Roads Murrum Roads Kankar Roads 05 ACCORDING TO MATERIAL USED WBM Roads Bituminous Roads Concrete Roads 06 ACCORDING TO RIGIDITY FLEXIBLE ROADS RIGID ROADS 07 ACCORDING TO TOPOGRAPHY HILLY ROADS PLAIN AREA ROADS 08 ACCORDING TO SPEED & ACCESSIBILITY Freeways Expressways Highways Arterials Local Streets Collector Roads ROAD PATTERN A road pattern is when the road is constructed in patterns for the proper management of traffic and to interconnect the branch roads with main roads. It is made to reduce the time and distance that a vehicle takes to reach a destination. It increases the response time of normal vehicles as well as emergency vehicles to reach their destination. ROAD PATTERNS 1. RECTANGULAR OR BLOCK PATTERN The whole area is divided into rectangular blocks. Streets or branch roads intersect with each other at a right angle. The main roads always pass through the center and it should be wide enough. Branch roads may be more narrow compared to main roads. The main roads should be provided with a direct approach going outside the city. ADVANTAGE: 1. The rectangular blocks can be further fractioned into smaller blocks to accomodate more buildings. DISADVANTAGE: 1. It is inconvenient since roads are perpendicular to each other which increases accident rates due to poor visibility at a perpendicular junction. ROAD PATTERNS 2. RADIAL OR STAR & BLOCK PATTERN It is a combination of star and block patterns. The entire area is divided into a radial network of roads radiating from the center outwardly with a block pattern network of roads in between the radial main streets. ADVANTAGES: 1. Less risky compared to the rectangular pattern. 2. Reduces the level of congestion at the primary bottleneck location. DISADVANTAGE: 1. Lack of safety appurtenances like rail transitions, crash attenuators and post support bases. ROAD PATTERNS 3. RADIAL OR STAR & CIRCULAR PATTERN The main roads (radial roads) radiate from the central point and are connected with concentric roads (ring roads) that are also radiating outwardly. ADVANTAGE: 1. It is safer compared to previous patterns because vehicles travel in the same direction which makes it more efficient in improving traffic flow. DISADVANTAGES: 1. Providing a good curve during the implementation of this pattern is challenging. 2. It affects driving ability due to decrease in vision. ROAD PATTERNS 4. RADIAL OR STAR & GRID PATTERN A radial network of road radiates from the center outwardly. The main radial streets are interconnected by a grid pattern. ADVANTAGES: 1. It increases the effectiveness of land usage unit density. 2. It improves traffic flow. DISADVANTAGE: 1. High construction cost because of the need for extra traffic signals, road marking, and lighting. ROAD PATTERNS 5. HEXAGONAL PATTERN The entire area is divided into hexagonal patterns. 3 roads meet the boundary of the area formed by the sides of the hexagon. A hexagonal boundary is further split into plots of the appropriate sizes. ADVANTAGES: 1. Travel time and distance are cut down. 2. Reduced traffic congestion. DISADVANTAGE: 1. High construction cost because of the need to implement more traffic signs, pavement markings, and illumination to minimize the risk of accidents. ROAD PATTERNS 6. MINIMUM TRAVEL PATTERN The town is contented by sector centers, suburban facilities, and neighborhood centers by the highway -- all of which are connected to the city center by a highway that can be reached in the shortest amount of time. The shortest roads interconnect the city center with neighboring and suburban centers. The alignment of the road is made straight to shorten it. ADVANTAGE: 1. Potentially dangerous collisions are almost eliminated. DISADVANTAGES: 1. The right amount of traffic signs, pavement markings, and illumination should be in place to alert vehicles to slow down. 2. For senior drivers, intersections may be particularly difficult. 3. ROAD PATTERNS 7. GRID PATTERN A network of intersecting parallel lines, real or imaginary, is referred to as a grid. When seen from above, this pattern is made up of streets that connect at right angles to form squares. ADVANTAGES: 1. Grids benefit pedestrians since there are several routes from point A to point B. 2. Grids benefit restaurants and retail establishments since they provide several corner lots. 3. A grid's navigation is quite simple. DISADVANTAGES: 1. Grids are dangerous for motorists and bicycles because they contain numerous junctions and many potential conflict places. 2. Grids may encourage individuals to take shortcuts through residential areas. 3. Grids don't work well in places with many hills since they result in unnecessarily steep streets. 4. Traffic mayhem may readily occur on a grid that is uneven or unfinished. ROAD PATTERNS 8. LINEAR PATTERN It comprises a road that expands linearly in one direction, potentially due to certain natural resources like the sea or ocean existing on one side of the city. ADVANTAGE: 1. Potentially dangerous collisions are almost eliminated. DISADVANTAGE: 1. The right amount of traffic signs, pavement markings, speed breakers, and illumination should be in place to alert vehicles to slow down. PLANNING SURVEY Planning surveys involve several steps to ensure that the survey meets its objectives and provides accurate and reliable data. The planning must have a forecast for the next several years in order to plan fixed periods for maintenance, renewal, and widening. A highway should be planned according to the volume of daily traffic flow from a particular path. The highways developed must be efficient and safe but at a minimum cost. PLANNING SURVEY ECONOMIC STUDIES Involves understanding the following: The various cost components of highway projects. The economic feasibility of alternative highway projects. The decision on a scheme of investment on a project at its various stages. The funding source and policies for road projects. PLANNING SURVEY ECONOMIC STUDIES The following data should be collected: Details of the existing facilities and their utility Distribution of the existing population in the area Population growth trends Existing products in the agricultural and industrial sectors Future trends of developments in the abovementioned sectors Existing communication and education facilities Per capita income PLANNING SURVEY FINANCIAL STUDIES Involves understanding the following: The financial aspects and the manner in which funds for the project may be mobilized. It generally depends on the sources of income and estimated revenue from taxation on road transport. PLANNING SURVEY FINANCIAL STUDIES The following data should be collected: Sources of funding Estimated revenue from taxes on vehicles Toll tax Vehicles registration tax Indirect benefits of raising living standards of the people due to the proposed road network PLANNING SURVEY TRAFFIC OR ROAD USE STUDIES Involves understanding the following: Information collected during the planning and design phases of a project Impact of phased developments The need for traffic signals Accessibility of service and emergency vehicles on site PLANNING SURVEY TRAFFIC OR ROAD USE STUDIES The following data should be collected: Details of existing road facilities Traffic volume Traffic flow patterns Classes of traffic Loads carried Average speeds Anticipated future trends of traffic growth PLANNING SURVEY ENGINEERING STUDIES Involves understanding the following: Activities involved in the planning and execution of surveys for the location, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of civil and other engineered projects. PLANNING SURVEY ENGINEERING STUDIES The following data should be collected: Details of existing roads Topographic survey Soil survey Road life Drainage networks HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT -The path or route of a highway, including its horizontal and vertical curves and grades. IMPORTANCE OF PROPER ALIGNMENT Safety: Reduces accidents by providing adequate sight distances and curves that are easy to navigate. Efficiency: Minimizes travel time and fuel consumption. Environmental impact: Reduces noise pollution and habitat disruption.  HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT FACTORS INFLUENCING HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT Physical Factors: Topography: Hills, valleys, mountains Soil conditions: Stability, bearing capacity Water bodies: Rivers, lakes Land use: Residential, commercial, agricultural Environmental Factors: Wildlife habitats: Protected areas Noise pollution: Impact on nearby communities Air pollution: Emissions from vehicles Economic Factors: Cost of land acquisition: Price of land for the highway Construction costs: Cost of building the highway, including materials, labor, and equipment Maintenance costs: Cost of maintaining the highway, including repairs, cleaning, and landscaping  HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: CURVES Horizontal Curves Radius: Larger = faster speeds; smaller = slower speeds. Degree of Curve: Smaller radius = sharper turn; larger = gentler turn. Central Angle: Bigger angle = longer curve. Superelevation: Road tilt to prevent slipping. Transition Curves: Smooth entry/exit to curves. Vertical Curves Radius: Larger = gentler slope; smaller = steeper slope. Length: Longer curves improve visibility. Grade Change: Steeper needs shorter curves; gentler allows longer. Sight Distance: -Stopping: Distance to stop safely. -Passing: Distance to pass safely.  HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: GRADES Maximum Grades: Uphill grades: The maximum hill steepness that a vehicle can climb without stalling. Downhill grades: The maximum steepness of a hill that a vehicle can descend without losing control. Design speed: The maximum safe speed for a vehicle to travel up or down the grade. Minimum Grades: Drainage: The minimum slope required to allow water to drain off the road. Aesthetics: The minimum slope required to create a visually pleasing appearance.  HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: SIGHT DISTANCES Stopping Sight Distance: Perception-reaction time: The time it takes for a driver to see a hazard and react. Braking distance: The distance it takes for a vehicle to stop after the brakes are applied. Passing Sight Distance: Perception-reaction time: The time it takes for a driver to see a hazard and react. Braking distance: The distance it takes for a vehicle to stop after the brakes are applied. Passing distance: The distance required for a vehicle to safely pass another vehicle. HIGHWAY SURVEY Highway survey is a professional way of land survey which forms the basic phase in planning a highway or a road project for transportation purpose. The objective of highway survey is to locate a perfect alignment of roadways that serves as a primary source of maximum transportation facilities. A proper highway survey provides an accurate location and contour layout data of road, utilities, drainages, overhead wires, near by structures, buildings, and other features. HIGHWAY SURVEY MAP STUDY Maps show the various topographical features like river, hills, and valleys. With the proper map study at the office, it is possible to obtain the basic details to fix the alignment of roads. Possible alignment can be fixed based on the following details available on the map: 1. Alignment passing through valleys, lakes, and ponds 2. Location of bridges for crossing rivers 3. Availability of a mountain passing a mountain range 4. Joining of two stations at different elevation by taking a suitable ruling gradient 5. Determination of length of the roadway using contour interval and ruling gradient HIGHWAY SURVEY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY To collect the details of obstruction along the route which are not available in the map. To collect geological features of the field. To collect information regarding the availability of local construction material, water, and labor. To determine the approximate values of a gradient, length of gradients and radius of curves of alternate alignments. To locate the obligatory points along the alternative routes. To determine an approximate estimate of the total cost of construction of the road along each route. To determine two or three best possible routes. HIGHWAY SURVEY PRELIMINARY SURVEY To survey along the various alignments found after the reconnaissance and to collect all necessary physical information and details of topography, drainage, and soil. To compare the different proposals in view of the requirements of good road alignment. To estimate the cost of constructing the road including bridges and other construction aspects along each alternative alignment of the road. To finalize the best alignment from construction, maintenance, and traffic operation point of view. HIGHWAY SURVEY LOCATION SURVEY The alignment finalized at the design office after the preliminary survey is to be first located on the field by establishing the centerline. The detailed survey should be carried out for collecting the information necessary for the preparation of plans and construction details for the highway project. To determine the cost of the total road project. HIGHWAY SURVEY ENGINEERING SURVEYS Traffic Survey - To design the road pavement, fixing the number of traffic lanes, geometric design of roads and other economical aspects. Soil and Material Survey - Detailed information on various classifications of soils is collected and various field tests and laboratory test are being carried out for the purpose of their suitability for embankments. Drainage Survey - Required mainly for the purpose of design of cross drainage structure and survey on drainage is quite useful in fixing the gradient or grade lien of the road. HIGHWAY SURVEY TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY Topographic surveys consist of determining the horizontal and vertical locations of objects on the surface of the earth. Topographic surveys show the nature of the ground or profile of ground which is the most essential part for proper road alignment.  SURVEYING METHODS TRADITIONAL & MODERN are based on the use of instruments are based on the use of technologies such as tape measures, levels, such as GPS, GNSS, LiDAR, theodolites, and total stations to photogrammetry, and remote sensing to measure distances, angles, and collect spatial data. elevations.  TRADITIONAL MODERN Generally more cost-effective, Higher initial cost, but can COST especially for small-scale be more efficient for large- projects. scale projects. SURVEYING extensive scope; captures INFORMATION Manual data collection and detailed, high-resolution METHODS GATHERING less detailed information. information TRADITIONAL VS MODERN Prone to human errors, ACCURACY & Higher accuracy and limited accuracy and PRECISION precision. precision. Faster data collection and Time-consuming, especially SPEED processing, leading to for large-scale projects. shorter project timelines.