MODULE 1.pdf

1 MODULE I: INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY What Will You Learn From this? This section introduces Science, Technology and Society (STS) as a f...

1 MODULE I: INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY What Will You Learn From this? This section introduces Science, Technology and Society (STS) as a field of study. After defining science and technology, this section traces the historical roots of STS as an academic field. It also enumerates emerging ethical dilemmas that reinforce the importance of the study of STS in an age of scientific progress and technological development. Learning Outcomes: At the end of this section, you should be able to: 1. define STS 2. discuss the general concepts related to science and technology 3. explain the scope of the study of STS Share What You Know Instruction: Read and answer the questions below based on the quotation. Write your answer as briefly as possible. “If I have seen further than others, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” - Sir Isaac Newton 1. Who is Sir Isaac Newton? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. What do you think Newton has seen? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Who do you think Newton refers to as “giants”? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. What do you think this quote tells you about Newton’s character? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________  2 Let’s Read. Science and technology indeed play major roles in the everyday life. They make difficult and complicated tasks easier and allow people to do more with so little effort and time. Science comes from a Latin word ‘scientia’, meaning ‘knowledge’. It may be defined as the system of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method. Technology, for its part, comes from Greek word ‘techne’ meaning ‘art or craft’ and –logia, meaning a ‘subject or interest’. Taken together, the term has come to mean practical applications of what we know about nature using scientific principles for the betterment of the human situation.. HOW IS SCIENCE USED IN TECHNOLOGY? Science is the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through systematic observation and experiments. Through science, we develop new technologies. Technology is the application of scientifically gained knowledge for practical purpose. Scientists use technology in all their experiments. Nowadays, advancements in science and technology have become pervasive. They are manifested in the activities that humans pursue and the tools they use every day. However, the dynamism and immensity of scientific and technological progress also pose challenges to the way humans live; the introduction of machines that can possibly replace human workforce, the invention of drugs that cured incurable diseases introduced new strains of bacteria and viruses, and the rise of social media that put people’s privacy at risk. As problems in science and technology continue to rise and become more observable in different aspects of human life and how the different aspects of society shape and influence the further development of science and technology is the area of concern of a relatively new academic discipline called Science, Technology and Society. The term society is derived from the Latin ‘societas’, meaning ‘companion, associate, or comrade’. A society is a group of individuals, which is characterized by common interest and may have distinctive culture and institutions. Science, Technology and Society (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture. STS is a relatively young field that combines previously independent and older disciplines, such as history of science, philosophy of science, and sociology of science. In general, STS applies methods drawn from history, philosophy and sociology to study the nature of science and technology and ultimately judge their value and place in society. Figure 1. Interrelationship of Science, Technology and Society HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFFECTS SOCIETY?  3 Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact is growing. By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics, aesthetics, education, and justice; to create cultures; and to improve human conditions. Science influences society through its knowledge and world view. Scientific knowledge and the procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals in society think about themselves, others, and the environment. The effect of science on society is neither entirely beneficial nor entirely detrimental. Let’s Try A. List some of advantages and disadvantages of science and technology in human lives or in society. Advantages Disadvantages B. What are the fields of study that makes up Science, Technology and Society? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Let’s See What You Have Learned Instruction: Fill out the following spaces to complete each sentence. 1. Science is defined as the systematized body of ___________________ which gained from scientific method. 2. Technology came from a Greek word ____________________ meaning art or craft. 3. The use or application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose is known as ____________________. 4. ____________________ is a group of individuals that shares common interest and may have distinctive culture and institutions. 5. The effects of scientific and technological advancements on society, and vice versa is the main concern of ____________________________________, a young field of study.  4 LESSON 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY What Will You Learn From this? This section tackles how social contexts shaped and was shaped by science and technology across three historical periods; ancient period, middle ages, and modern ages. The developments in this field are not just products of people’s imagination or a one-time thought process; they are also brought about by gradual improvements to earlier works. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. discuss the historical antecedents of science and technology across time 2. identify the contributions of Filipino scientists in science and technology 3. show the importance of inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history. Let’s Read. An antecedent is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something. The history of science and technology focuses on how science and technology have changed across time. Also, it explores the impacts of scientific and technological innovations on social, cultural, political and economic context. By understanding how previous generations influenced and were influenced by the developments in science and technology, today’s generation can come up with informed decisions on the proper application of science and technology to daily life. ANCIENT PERIOD The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for advances in science and technology. These advances during the Ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation, self-organization, and of living in general. Cuneiform. One of the major contributions of the Sumerians is the development of the first writing system. They invented cuneiform to allow them to keep records of things with great historical value or their everyday life. The Great Ziggurat. Another engineering and architectural feat of the Sumerians, it Figure 2. The Cuneiform is also called the mountain of god. The structure was constructed using sun-baked bricks. The ziggurat served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only priests were allowed to enter. Sumerian Wheel. These were not made for transportation but for farm work and food Figure 3. The Ziggurat: Ancient processes. With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made easier. Temple to the Gods  5 Potter’s Wheel. A heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an axis. It is believed that the Sumerians invented the potter’s wheel. Figure 4. A Sumerian Wheel Paper. The ancient Egyptians began writing on papyrus, a material similar to thick paper. It is made from the pith of the papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus. With the advent of the Papyrus, documentation and record- keeping became efficient. Figure 5. The Edwin Smith Papyrus Figure 6. Heiroglyphics language Hieroglyphics. A system of writing using symbols developed by Egyptians. They believed that this writing system was provided to them by their gods. Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians. Shadoof. A hand-operated device used for lifting water. It was an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians, who lived near the Nile River. Because of this invention, irrigation and farming became much more efficient. Figure 7. Egyptian’s Shadoof Antikythera mechanism. Discovered in 1902 and retrieved from the waters of Antikythera, Greece. It is similar to a mantle clock, thus it is widely believed that it was used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes. Aeolipile. It is also known as Hero’s engine. A steam-powered turbine which spun when the water container at its center was heated thus makes it practically the first rudimentary steam engine. Figure 9. Hero’s engine Figure 8. A fragment of Antikythera Mechanism MIDDLE AGES Wars were prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production, and health. Heavy Plough. Through the invention of heavy plough, it became possible to harness clay soil. It stirred an agricultural revolution marked by higher and healthier agricultural yields and more efficient agricultural practices. Figure 10. An impression of heavy plough Gun powder. Around 850 AD, Chinese alchemist accidentally invented black powder or gun powder. Since its invention, the gunpowder has allowed for more advanced warfare from fiery arrows to cannons and grenades. Figure 11. A chines warrior using gun powder Paper Money. The first known versions of paper money is similar to stamping. Traders and merchants realized the huge advantage of using paper money because it was easier to transport. Figure 12. The paper money  6 Mechanical Clock. The development of mechanical clocks paved the way for accurately keeping track of time. It changed the way days were spent and work patterns were established, particularly in the more advanced Middle Age cities. Spinning Wheel. A machine used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn and eventually woven into cloth on a loom. Prior to its invention, weaving was done predominantly and it sped up the rate at which fiber could be spun. Figure 13. A medieval mechanical Figure 14. Spinning Wheel clock Printing press. Invented by Johannes Gutenberg for more reliable way of printing using a cast type. Printing press was invented to address the need for publishing books that would spread to many people at a faster rate. Figure 15. Gutenberg’s Printing Press MODERN AGES As the world population increased, people of the modern ages realized the utmost importance of increasing the efficiency of transportation, communication and production. Industrialization took place with greater risks in human health, food and safety, and environment. Compound microscope. Zacharias Janssen is credited for the invention of the first compound microscope in 1950, together with his father Hans. It was capable of magnifying objects three times their size when fully closed and up to ten times when extended to the maximum. Figure 16. Janssen’s compound microscope Telescope. Galileo Galilei’s remarkable technological contribution. It drastically changed the study of astronomy and it became clear that the universe is far larger than previously imagined and the Erath is far smaller compared to the entire universe. Engine-Powered Airplane. Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited for designing and operating the first engine-powered aircraft. They demonstrated this by showing the slightly-tilted wings, which they referred to as aeroplanes. Figure 18. The flight of the Flying Figure 17. Galileo Galilei’s Telescope Television. The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely credited forWright Machine of the Brothers invention of the modern television. Baird successfully televised objects in outline in 1924, recognizable human faces in 1925, moving objects in 1926 and projected colored images in 1928. Telephone. This invention of Alexander Graham Bell became important at that time. More people got connected and can Figure 19. Baird’s television easily maintain these connections with each other in real time. Figure 20. Bell’s Telephone Let’s Try A. Instruction: Answer the following questions briefly. 1. What have you noticed to the scientific and technological developments among the three historical periods?  7 ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 2. How did the developments in science and technology shape human history? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 3. Among the different inventions mentioned on this lesson, which of those gave a large impact or contribute a lot on your daily life? Explain. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Let’s See What You Have Learned A. Instruction: Identify on which each statement is pertaining to. Write it on the blank provided before the number. ______________________1. It is defined as the precursor to the unfolding or existence of something. ______________________2. It is similar to stamping. Traders and merchants realized the huge advantage of using this because it was easier to transport. ______________________3. A hand-operated device used for lifting water. It was an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians, who lived near the Nile River. ______________________4. It was capable of magnifying objects three times their size when fully closed and up to ten times when extended to the maximum. ______________________5. The first writing system invented by the Sumerians to allow them to keep records of things with great historical value or their everyday life. ______________________6. It paved the way for accurately keeping track of time. It changed the way days were spent and work patterns were established. ______________________7. It is a steam-powered turbine which spun when the water container at its center was heated. ______________________8. They invented gunpowder. ______________________9. He invented the telescope. ______________________10. He is largely credited for the invention of the modern television. B. Instruction: Identify the historical period on which each invention were created. Write your answer on the blank. ______________________1. Telephone ______________________2. Gunpowder ______________________3. Hieroglyphics ______________________4. Sumerian wheel ______________________5. Printing press  8 PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS BY FILIPINO SCIENTISTS Filipinos have long been known for their ingenuity. As with all other inventions, necessity has always been the mother of Philippine inventions. Throughout Philippine history, Filipinos are responsible for developing many scientific and technological innovations. The following are some Filipino scientists and their inventions. Dr. Abelardo Aguilar He discovered the widely used antibiotic known as “Erythromycin”. The drug’s propriety name is Hotycin and Ilosone. It was obtained from a species of fungi known as Aspergillus in 1952. Figure 21. Dr. Abelardo Aguilar and the Erythromycin Angel C. Alcala Filipino biologist who was named a National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014. He is the first scientist to develop a project to create artificial coral reefs. He became a Director of the Institute of Marine Biology at the UP. Figure 22. Anglel Alcala and artificial coral reefs Magdalena C. Cantoria She had an extensive education in the field of pharmacy and botany and done basic studies on the pharmacognosy of agar, rauwolfia, datura, mint and Piper species. Figure 23. Magdalena Cantoria, Agar Agar and piper species Fe Del Mundo She invented the incubator and the jaundice relieving device as her contribution to the world of Technology. She made more studies regarding children and helped in building the Children Hospital Center in Banawe, Quezon City. Figure 24. The incubator invented by Dr. Fe Del Mundo Pedro B. Escuro He made significant contributions to rice breeding as plant breeder and a professor. He provided leadership in the development, isolation and release of Nine Seed Board Rice Varieties. Figure 25. Pedro Escuro, and other varieties of rice Agapito Flores He has been acclaimed by some as being the inventor of the first fluorescent lamp. Figure 26. Agapito Flores and fluorescent lamp  9 Dr. Carmen L. Intengan She is a researcher and a science administrator who contributed much to the advancement of nutrition in the country. “Nutrition is definitely the key to a healthy individual. Healthy individuals make a healthy nation.” Figure 27. Dr. Carmen L. Integan Roberto Del Rosario Roberto del Rosario is the president of the Trebel Music Corporation and the inventor of the Karaoke Sing Along System in 1975. He has patented more than twenty inventions making him one of the most prolific Filipino inventors. Figure 28. Roberto Del Rosario Francisco Quisumbing He invented the Quink trademark ink. Quink stands for Quisumbing Ink, it cleans the pen as it writes and dries quickly on paper but remains liquid inside the pen. Figure 29. Francisco Quisumbing and the Quink Geminiano T. De Ocampo He is the most notable ophthalmologist in the country who introduced corneal transplantation in the Philippines and designed a corneal dissector. Figure 30. Dr. Geminiano De Ocampo and the cornea Dr. Ramon Gustilo He is a Renowned Filipino scientist and a doctor with specialization in orthopedic surgery. He invented different hip replacement systems for the hip joints. Figure 31. Dr. Ramon Gustilo and the x-ray of hip joint If this lesson is already clear to you, you may now proceed to a short activity. If it is not, try to read it again or ask for my assistance. Let’s Try A. Instruction: Answer the following questions briefly. 1. Among the different inventions by the Filipino scientist, which of those gave a large impact or contribute a lot on our society? Explain. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________  10 2. If you were an inventor, what would you invent? Think of something that has not been invented yet but is possible to be invented in the near future. Sketch your invention on the box then answer the questions that follow. 2.1 What is your invention? What does it do? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2.2 Why is there a need for this invention? How will this invention make the world a better place to live in? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ B. Instruction: Search for the most significant contribution of other Filipino scientists and inventors. 1. Julian Banzon - __________________________________________ 2. Dr. Arturo Alcaraz - __________________________________________ 3. Felix Maramba - __________________________________________ 4. Eduardo Quisumbing - __________________________________________ 5. Gavino C. Trono - __________________________________________ Let’s See What You Have Learned. Instruction: Match the Column A with the Column B. Write only the letter of your answer on the blank provided. Column A Column B  11 ______ 1. Hip replacement systems for the hip joints a. Dr. Abelardo Aguilar ______ 2. Rice Breeding b. Angel Alcala ______ 3. Corneal Transplantation c. Pedro Escuro ______ 4. Incubator d. Fe Del Mundo ______ 5. Advancement of nutrition e. Magdalena Cantoria ______ 6. Quink f. Carmen Intengan ______ 7. Antibiotic known as Erythromycin g. Agapito Flores ______ 8. Fluorescent lamp h. Francisco Quisumbing ______ 9. Karaoke Sing Along System i. Ramon Gustilo ______ 10. Artificial coral reefs j. Geminiano De Ocampo k. Roberto Del Rosario LESSON 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY What Will You Learn From This? This section reviews the intellectual revolutions that changed the way people perceive the influence of science on society in general which focuses on three most important intellectual revolutions in history: Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian. Learning Outcomes: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. discuss the paradigm shifts throughout history 2. explain how intellectual revolutions transformed the views of society. 3. research on other intellectual revolutions that advance modern science and scientific thinking. Let’s Read In science and technology, intellectual revolution refers to the series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking across critical periods in history. In the words of French astronomer and mathematician, Jean Sylvain Bailley, these scientific revolutions involved a two-stage process of sweeping away the old and establishing the new. These intellectual revolutions are paradigm shifts. It resulted from a renewed and enlightened understanding of how the universe behaves and functions. They challenged long-held views about the nature of the universe. Thus, these revolutions were often met with huge resistance and controversy. Copernican Revolution  12 In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish Mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic model. A model stated by a famous philosopher and astronomer, Claudius Ptolemy. He believed that the Earth was at the center of the solar system; the sun, the moon and other planets moved in a circular motion around the Earth. This concept is known as Geocentrism, this was widely accepted by the people and was one of the greatest discoveries of that time. Figure 32. Claudius Ptolemy and his model of universe Nicolaus Copernicus changed the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept known as Heliocentrism, which suggested that the center of the Solar System was not the Earth but actually the Sun. This was rejected at first by the public but after some time astronomers realized that the Copernican model simplified the orbits for planets. It was eventually accepted by the people, most profoundly Galileo Galilei. Figure 33. Nicolaus Copernicus and Heliocentrism The contribution of the Copernican Revolution served as a catalyst to sway scientific thinking away from age-long views about the position of the Earth relative to an enlightened understanding of the universe. Darwinian Revolution The English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, Charles Darwin is credited for stirring another important intellectual revolution in the mid-19th century. On his book, On the Origin of Species, he introduced the Theory of Evolution which posited that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. He stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive, a process known as evolution. Figure 34. Charles Darwin Figure 35. Evolution of Man Darwin gathered evidence pointing to what is now known as Natural Selection, an evolutionary process by which organisms, including humans, inherit, develop and adapt traits that favoured survival and reproduction. However, this theory became very controversial as people perceived that the source of life is a powerful creator. The theory emerged at a time when most of the population believed and accepted the Biblical version of the Earth’s creation. It even sparked a massive debate between science and religion. It was after some time that people came to understand that Darwin’s theory of evolution was not in fact against the teachings of the church and both can coexist.  13 Freudian Revolution In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of Psychoanalysis – a scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s personality. In his theory, Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behaviour and emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: Id, Ego, and Superego. Figure 36. Sigmund Freud Figure 41. Example of how Id, Ego and Superego works in mind Figure 40. Difference between Id, Ego and Superego Many believed that Freud’s theory had no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it. Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory. Soon enough, people were able to understand the concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying psychology as a science. These three revolutionizing theories are just some of the many scientific ideas that transformed and molded societies and beliefs. The changes they brought to the perspectives of the community and the public are evidence of science and technology’s link to humanity. Through scientific research and experimentations, people will continue to deepen their understanding of the world and the universe. If this lesson is already clear to you, you may now proceed to a short activity. If it is not, try to read it again or ask for my assistance. Just keep going! Let’s Try Instruction: Answer the following questions briefly. 1. Why do you think the most intellectual ideas were controversial? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How do intellectual revolutions transform societies? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Let’s See What You Have Learned Instruction: On the space provided, write True if the statement is correct, and False if it is not. ___________1. An intellectual revolution emerges as a result of the interaction of man and society.  14 ___________2. Intellectual revolutions are necessary in understanding how society is transformed by science and technology. ___________3. Intellectual revolutions are often met with huge support and general acceptance. ___________4. Intellectual revolutions shape science and technology and often spare society from its influence. ___________5. The Copernican Revolution introduced the concept of Heliocentrism. ___________6. According to Copernicus, the Earth is at the center of the solar system. ___________7. The Darwinian Revolution changed the way people understood nature and evolution. ___________8. Charles Darwin received huge support from the church. ___________9. Sigmund Freud introduced scientific approaches to understanding the human subconscious. ___________10. The Freudian Revolution was, in itself, controversial and met with resistance. LESSON 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING What Will You Learn From This? This section situates science, technology and society in the context of Philippine nation building. It traces the historical development and impact of science and technology on the various segments of Philippine society. It also tackles about the programs and developments of the presidents of the Philippines to science and technology. Learning Outcomes: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. explain the role of science and technology in nation building 2. explain how early Filipinos applied scientific principles in their daily living 3. present critical points in the history of science and technology in the Philippines and how these developments affected society and the environment Share What You Know Instruction: Complete the following acronym of different science organizations in the Philippines. 1. DOST 2. PAGASA 3. DENR 4. NAST 5. NFA 6. IRRI 7. PCAARRD  15 Let’s Read PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD Science and technology in the Philippines had its beginnings during the pre-colonial times. During this period, people used herbal plants to treat illnesses. Farming, fishing, mining, and weaving were the first livelihood. Figure 42. Farming during pre-colonial period Figure 43. Fishing, as the first livelihood of A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the Filipinos natives of the Cordilleras when they built rice terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people would be able to cultivate crops on the mountainsides. They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from the forests and mountain tops to achieve an elaborate farming system. It shows the innovative and ingenious way of the natives to survive in their environment. Figure 44. The Banaue Rice Terraces carved into the mountains of Ifugao COLONIAL PERIOD During the Spanish colonial period, science and technology developed through the establishment of formal education. Schools were mandated to teach religion, mathematics, reading and writing, and health and sanitation. Walls, roads, bridges and other large infrastructures were built using some of the engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. Figure 45. Formal education set up during Since agriculture was the major livelihood of the Filipinos, the natives wereSpanish trained era to use innovative approached in farming. In addition, trade was prioritized due to the possible bigger profits. Figure 46. Spanish era houses in Calle Figure 47. The Galleon Trade Crisologo, Vigan, Ilocos Sur POST-COLONIAL PERIOD After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines, under the different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology. Each leadership had its own science and technology agenda. Some Philippine presidents posted more developments in the field than others.  16 During the time of former President Ferdinand Marcos, many agencies in science and technology were established and strengthened. He mandated the Department of Education and Culture, now known as Department of Education, to promote science courses in public high schools. Several agencies and organizations were then established like the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA), National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), National Grains Authority (now the National Food Authority), Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Plant Breeding Institute, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Bureau of Plant Industry, and the National Committee on Geological Sciences. Figure 48. Former President Ferdinand Marcos Figure 49. Logo of different institutions In 1986, President Corazon Aquino, NSTA was renamed Department of Science and Technology (DOST). This was done in order for the science and technology sector to be represented in the cabinet and thus play an integral role in the country’s economic recovery and growth. Figure 50. Department of Science and Technology In 1987, during the presidency of Fidel Ramos, a number of laws related to science and technology sector were mandated such as RA 8439: Magna Carta for Scientist Engineers, Researchers and other Science and Technology Personnel in Government. RA 7687: Science and Technology Scholarship Act of 1994; RA 7479: Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act. 51. Former President Fidel V. Ramos During the administration of President Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo, the science and technology sector were developed to strengthen the education system and to address poverty. Figure 52. Former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Today, in the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte, the science and technology sector is seen to be a priority based on the budget for research and development. The focus of DOST is to put the results of research and development into commercialization in order to gain new intellectual properties. e 53. President Rodrigo Duterte Currently, the Philippines has the Philippine Space Technology Program which launched Diwata-2 in 2018 after the launch of Diwata-1 in 2016, which recently returned to Earth after a four-year journey into space. Besides space technology, the current administration also gives importance to agriculture and disaster preparedness. Figure 54. The Diwata 1 Contributions of Science and Technology in the Philippines and the Environment  17 Science and technology have numerous contributions to society. The mechanization of farming, for instance, is necessary for agriculture, being the number one source of food production. Agricultural development needs to cope with the rapidly and exponentially growing population. It also made possible to produce genetically modified crops, which grow faster and are more resistant to pests. Science and technology has improved transportation by land, air and sea. Communication has also improved through technological advancements. The internet and the rise of social media and information are transmitted easily and rapidly. Learning management systems used in education are now accessible through computers, mobile phones, tablets and other gadgets. Even online learning has also become popular in various disciplines. These contributions of science and technology, however, always come with adverse impacts especially on the environment. One is resource depletion. Wastes are also generated as these technologies are developed. People have also become too dependent on science and technology, making them disregards its consequences that may be damaging to the environment. Let’s Try Instruction: Answer the following briefly. 1. Trace the development of science and technology from pre-colonial times up to present. What have you observed? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. What policies do you want the government to implement in the near future to the development of science and technology in the Philippines? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Let’s See What You Have Learned Instruction: Identify whether the following is present at Pre-Colonial, Colonial, or Post-Colonial period. Write your answer on the blank provided. _________________1. Science and technology developed through the establishment of formal education. _________________2. People used herbal plants to treat illnesses. _________________3. The Philippines continued to pursue programs in science and technology. _________________4. Schools were mandated to teach religion, mathematics, reading and writing, and health and sanitation. _________________5. Walls, roads, bridges and other large infrastructures were built using some of the engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. Science and Technology and Nation Building _________________6. The natives of the Cordilleras built rice terraces by hand. _________________7. The science and technology sector were developed to strengthen the education system and to address poverty. _________________8. Philippine Space Technology Program _________________9. Farming, fishing, mining, and weaving were the first livelihood. _________________10. Galleon Trade was prioritized for bigger profits. 18