Types of Oils (Petroleum Hydrocarbons) - PDF

Types of Oil (Petroleum Hydrocarbons)   Able to explain the various types of oils Session Outcomes  Areas of Knowledge:  What are Oils  Geologic origin of oils  Basis for classification  D...

Types of Oil (Petroleum Hydrocarbons)   Able to explain the various types of oils Session Outcomes  Areas of Knowledge:  What are Oils  Geologic origin of oils  Basis for classification  Determinants of oil types  Different oil types, their relevant properties, fates and weathering processes   Oils are Petroleum hydrocarbons found within the earth.  Varies considerably in density and consistency What are Oils  The colour of Petroleum Hydrocarbons range substantially, from a light golden yellow to a deep dark.  Crude Oil - Natural Material Composition of Crude  hydrocarbon molecules  vary: simple to complex  other substances - O2, N, S, Ni... Oil Products - From the refinery  gasoline and kerosene  fuel oils  lubricants  The Origins of Oil and Gas Oil and Gas – Black Gold! NASA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Moscow_traffic_congestion.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Oil_well.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg Origin (1): Chemistry en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Petroleum.JPG en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Octane_molecule_3D_model.png Hydrocarbon Oil and gas are made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons. As the name suggests these are large molecules made up of hydrogen Crude Oil atoms attached to a backbone of carbon.  cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93510 Plant Animal plankton would fit on a pinhead! 10,000 of these bugs Origin (2): Plankton plankton en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Copepod. Most oil and gas starts life as microscopic plants and animals that live in the ocean.  serc.carleton.edu/images/microbelife/topics/red_tide_genera.v3.jpg Today, most plankton can be Origin (3): Blooms found where deep ocean currents rise to the surface This upwelling water is rich in nutrients and causes the plankton to bloom Blooms of certain plankton called dinoflagellates may © Miriam Godfrey give the water a red tinge Dinoflagellate bloom Origin (4): On the sea bed upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg When the plankton dies it rains down on sea bed to form an organic mush en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nerr0328.jpg If there are any animals on the Sea sea bed these will feed on the bed organic particles  upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg However, if there is little or no Origin (5): Black Shale oxygen in the water then animals can’t survive and the organic mush accumulates Where sediment contains more than 5% organic matter, it eventually forms a rock known as a Black Shale © Earth Science World Image Bank  As Black Shale is buried, it is heated. Organic matter is first changed by the Origin (6): Cooking Keroge increase in temperature into kerogen, n which is a solid form of hydrocarbon Around 90°C, it is changed into a liquid Oi state, which we call oil l Ga Around 150°C, it is changed into a gas s www.oilandgasgeology.com/oil_gas_window.jpg A rock that has produced oil and gas in this way is known as a Source Rock  www.diveco.co.nz/img/gallery/2006/diver_bubbles.jpg Hot oil and gas is less dense than the source rock in which it occurs Origin (7): Migration Oil and gas migrate upwards up through the rock in much the same way that the air bubbles of an underwater diver rise to the surface Rising oil The rising oil and gas eventually gets trapped in pockets in the rock called reservoirs Exploration and Production (1) Oil Traps Impermeable Some rocks are permeable and allow oil and gas to freely pass through them Other rocks are impermeable and block the upward passage of oil and gas Where oil and gas rises up into a dome (or anticline) capped by impermeable rocks Dome Trap it can’t escape. This is one Permeable type of an Oil Trap. Exploration and Production (2) Reservoir Rocks The permeable strata in an oil trap is known as the Reservoir Rock Reservoir rocks have lots of interconnected holes called pores. These absorb the oil and gas like a sponge This is a highly magnified picture of As oil migrates it fills up the pores a sandy reservoir rock (water-filled (oil-filled pores shown in black) Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5innl pores are shown in blue) Exploration and Production (3): Seismic Surveys Drill here! Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5inor Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5inpj Seismic surveys are used to locate likely rock structures underground in which oil and gas might be found Shock waves are fired into the ground. These bounce off layers of rock and reveal any structural domes that might contain oil Exploration and Production (4): Drilling the Well Once an oil or gas prospect has been identified, a hole is drilled to assess the potential The cost of drilling is very great. On an offshore rig, it may cost $10,000 for each metre drilled. A company incurs vast losses en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg for every “dry hole” drilled xploration and Production (5): Enhanced Recovery Although oil and gas are less dense than water and naturally rise up a well to the surface, in reality only 40-50% of the total will do so. To enhance recovery, a hole is drilled adjacent to the well and steam is pumped down. The hot water helps to push the oil out of the rock and up into the well. © California Department of Conservation Exploration and Production (6): Transport Trans-Niger Pipeline Once extracted oil and gas must be sent to a refinery for processing SIZE: SIZE: Population: Population: 112,000 112,000 Sq. 27 27 m Sq. Km million Km illion (9 (9 SStates) tates) Pipelines transport most of the world’s oil Com Commmunities: unities: O Over ver 3,000 3,000 Characteristics: Characteristics: From From sandy sandy coastal coastal OB E N RIVER NIGER OP U A MA S A P E LE ridge ridge barriers, barriers, A MU K P E brackish brackish oror saline saline to to OV H OR dry dry land. land. from well to refinery JON E S C R. OTU MA R A K OK ORI OGU TA S A GH A R A E GW A W. R A P E LE U GH E LLI W. SPDC OILFIELDS E GW A E. OGIN I U B E FA N A FIE S E R E E GB E MA W. E S C R A V OS B A TA N W A RRI R. OD ID I U GH E LLI E. ERIEM U U GA D A E GB E MA SPDC OIL PIPELINES B E A CH A JU JU IS OK O W A RRI OW E H FOR C. Y OK R I A FR E MO OLOMOR O - OLE H SPDC TERMINALS U TOR OGU OS IOK A ASSA CITIES U ZE R E W. EVWRENI OR ON I IB IGW E FOR C A D OS U ZE R E E. OGGS TE R MINA L A D IB A W A N.E. A D IB A W A A H IA Forcados Offshore U B IE Massive Oil Tankers C rude Loading MIN I N TA P latform OTA MINI E TE LE B OU B E N IS E D E OB E LE OGB OTOB O GB A R A N U MU E CH E M N K A LIIMO R IV E R OP OMOY O R U MU E K P E A K ON O AGBADA OP U K US H I N A GB A Y A OP U K US H I E NW HE OB IGB O N. IS IMIR I A JA TITON EA K A NB O E LE LE N W A OB E A K P U TUN U K OLO CR. A JOK P OR I N U N R IV E R A P A RA E B UB U A FA M B U GU MA CR. A K UB A P OR T H A R C OU R T K OR OK OR O B onga TA I OR U B IR I ON N E also play an important B OMU D IE B U C R. A S A R ITOR U A LA K IRI Y OR LA S OK U B OD O W. E K U LA MA A K A S O C A W THOR N E C H. DRY LAND A W OB A K R A K A MA N E MB E C R. U TA P A TE S OU TH B ON N Y B ON N Y OP OB O S OU TH OD E A MA CR. B E LE MA TE R MINA L SWAMP role in distribution K A LA E K U LE H B onny Offshore C rude Loading P latform Exploration and Production (7): At the Refinery Oil refinery Distillation Plant Car fuel Jet fuel Road tar en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Crude_Oil_Distillation.png Before it can be used crude oil must be refined. Hydrocarbons can be separated using distillation, which produces different fractions (or types) of oil and gas  Refining Process... Gasoline C4-C10 (80oC - 150oC) Kerosene/Jet Fuel C11-C13 (150oC - 250oC) Diesel Fuel C14-C18 (250oC - 325oC) Crude Oil Heavy Gas Oil C19-C25 (325oC - 450oC) Lubricating Oil C26-C40 (450oC - 500oC) Residuum >C40 (> 500oC) The various products are characterized by different complex mixtures of the hydrocarbons with differing boiling points, carbon numbers and compositions. Petroleum: mixtures of many chemical constituents API Gravity (°API) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 gas condensate crude oil heavy medium light gasoline fuel oils heavy diesel fuel jet turbine fuel lube oil gear oil 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1/density (cm3/g) Exploration and Production (8): Early History The modern era of oil Abraham Gesner usage began in 1846 when (1797-1864) Gesner perfected the art en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Abraham_Gesner.gif of paraffin distillation. This triggered a massive worldwide boom in oil production. California was centre of en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oilfields_California.jpg activity in the early 1900s, Californian oil gusher famous for its gushers. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lucas_gusher.jpg  CH3 C C C C C C Petroleum Hydrocarbons C CH3 Composition of Crude Oil: Naturally occurring substance derived from organic material buried in sedimentary rock. Complex mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbon compounds. Other constituents include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and metals. Major Classes of Hydrocarbons: Crude oil predominantly composed of three classes of hydrocarbons: cycloalkanes, aromatics, straight or branched-chain alkanes. Two most common elements are hydrogen and carbon (95 wt%). Alkenes (unsaturated) hydrocarbons are less common. Physical Properties of Crude Oils: Most crudes are less dense than water (API Gravity > 10). Viscosity varies considerably. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Alkanes Saturated hydrocarbons - no double or triple bonds. (Paraffins) C C C C C C Hexane Alkenes/ Unsaturated hydrocarbons - double/triple bonds. Alkynes (Olefins) C C C C C C Hexene Cycloalkanes Saturated hydrocarbons with a ring structure. (Naphthenes) Cyclohexane Aromatic Hydrocarbons Arenes Compounds that are composed of a benzene ring with various aliphatic side chains. Benzene Ring of 6 carbon atoms connected C6H6 by double bonds. BTEX: CH3 CH3 Benzene o-Xylene C6H6 C8H11 CH3 CH3 CH3 Toluene m-XyleneCH 3 C7H8 CH2CH3 C8H11 CH3 Ethylbenzene p-Xylene C8H10 C8H11 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons PNA or PAH Compounds that are composed of more than one benzene ring (may have aliphatic side chains). Naphthalene Benzo(a)Pyrene C10H8 C20H12 Phenanthrene Dibenzo(a,h)Anthracene C14H10 C22H14 Pyrene Fluoranthene C16H10 C16H10 Properties of Oil Specific gravity / °API: Density Viscosity: Resistance to flow Distillation characteristics: Ability to be refined Pour point: Temperature below which oil does not flow Volatility: Propensity to evaporate (% boiling off at 200°C) Metal Content: Recorded metallic content Asphaltene: Propensity to emulsify – 0.5% Specific Gravity A measure of Density / Buoyancy. Generally oils have a SG below 1 and so float on water When oils become weathered the SG may increase causing the oil to sink below the surface.  A measure of the resistance to flow Affected by temperature Viscosity Oil with a low viscosity will flow more freely that one with a high viscosity Light Crudes have a low viscosity Heavy Crudes have a high viscosity  The temperature at which the oil begins or ceases to flow Pour point is strongly related to the wax and asphaltene content Pour Point At temperatures lower than the pour point, oil cannot be pumped without treatment or heating first Volatility ( Flash Point) The lowest temperature at which a liquid or solid gives off enough vapour to form a flammable air-vapour mixture Health & Safety considerations – handling and storage, void spaces Product Flash Point oC (oF) Auto Ignition Point oC (oF) Heavy Fuel Oil 55 (131) 220-300 (428-572) Gas Oil (inc. Diesel) 56 (133) 220 (446) Kerosene 38-60 (100-140) 230 (446) Gasoline -40 (-40) 300 (572)  Nickel / vanadium content >15ppm increases tendency of spilled oil to emulsify Metal Content Other metals may have toxic effects on the environment Nickel and Vanadium are found in trace amounts within asphaltenes  Heavy oils have a much greater asphaltene Asphaltene Content content than medium or light oils. Content > 0.5% increases tendency of spilled oil to emulsify The Asphaltene content has the greatest influence on the specific gravity of the oil.  Group 1 - Very light oils – these include: Jet The Four Main Oil Types Fuel, Gasoline, Kerosene, Petroleum Ether, Petroleum Spirit, and Petroleum Naphtha. They tend to be very volatile, evaporating within a few days which in turn evaporates their toxicity levels. Group 2 - Light oils – These include Grade 1 and Grade 2 Fuel Oils, Diesel Fuel Oils as well as Most Domestic Fuel Oils. They are both moderately volatile and toxic. Group 3 - Medium oils – These are the most common types of Crude Oil. They generally have low volatility and a higher viscosity than the light oils which leads to higher toxicity and a greater environmental impact during cleanup. Group 4 - Heavy fuel oils – These include the heaviest Grade 3,4,5 and 6 Fuel Oils along with Heavy Marine Fuels. These are the most viscous and least volatile Crude Oils as well as the most toxic. Comparison of Oil Properties Density, g/ml Viscosity, cst Distillation Pour Point, Characteristics oC (% +/-) Typical crude 0.85 to 0.90 10 to 50 25 -40 to -15 45 Gasoline 0.75 1 100 -- 0 Diesel 0.80 1 to 5 50 -20 20 Heavy Fuel 0.95 to 0.98 5000 to 10 -5 to 15 Oil 100,000 65 Water 1 1 0 Persistence of Spilled Oil Group Specific Gravity (API) 1 < 0.8 > 45 2 0.8 – 0.85 35 – 45 3 0.85 – 0.95 17.5 – 35 4 > 0.95 < 17.5 Source: ITOPF  From this session you now have the ability to: Know the various types oil. Session Review Interpret oil properties. Put any oil in one of the 4 ITOPF oil groups. Classify the types oil based on their properties.