MODULE 1 - CHEMISTRY & ITS BRANCHES.ppt

https://media.istockphoto.com/photos/molecular-structure-on-book-picture- id175237348  Module Learning Outcomes After studying the module, you should be able to: 1.appreciate the central role of chemistry in psychology; 2.show significant knowledge and understanding on the concepts...

https://media.istockphoto.com/photos/molecular-structure-on-book-picture- id175237348  Module Learning Outcomes After studying the module, you should be able to: 1.appreciate the central role of chemistry in psychology; 2.show significant knowledge and understanding on the concepts, principles and ideas related to chemistry and its branches; 3.apply the steps in the scientific method in conducting experiments; 4.identify methods in separating mixtures; and 5. define and identify the different laboratory instruments that can be used to study chemistry. https://sciencenotes.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/02/ PeriodicTableNeonBW2017.png  HEMISTRY FOR PSYCHOLOGY In this module, we will study chemistry beginning with its role or importance in society and in the field of psychology, its definition, branches, and scientific method. Since chemistry is a laboratory science, safety measures in the laboratory and laboratory apparatuses and their uses are also included in the study.  Importance of Chemistry in Psychology hemistry plays an important role in psychology, especially in understanding the biological basis of behavior and mental processes. Chemistry relates to psychology because chemicals affect moods and behavior of human beings.  What is Chemistry? hemistry is a branch of natural science that deals with the study of matter, its properties, how and why substances combine or decompose or change to form other substances and how substances interact with energy involves in this changes. It is the science that describes everything we touch, see and feel: the shampoo we used this morning and the plastic container that holds most of our goods. Chemistry is important basis in order to produce a work force of open minded professionals, able to adapt to scientific and technological innovations. http://clipart-library.com/clipart/ zTXr9ApTB.htm  Organic Chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds. It is also called the study of life. Organic chemistry plays an important part in our daily life because of food, clothes, medicines, shampoo, gasoline, lotion, repellents, nail polish remover, coal, solvents, fertilizers, vitamins, natural gas, asphalt, candles and many more are common products that make use of organic chemistry. Whether a perfume fragrance comes from a flower, the molecules we smell are organic compounds.  Organic chemists are often the ones who device experimental methods to isolate or synthesize new materials or study their properties. Some examples on the work they do include formula a conditioner that keeps hair soften, developing a better drug for headaches and creating a non-toxic home cleaning product.  Organic chemistry includes: Stereochemistry study of the 3-dimensional structure of molecules Medicinal chemistry deals with designing, developing, and synthesizing pharmaceutical drugs Organometallic chemistry study of the chemicals that contain bonds between a carbon and a metal Physical organic chemistry study of the structure and reactivity in organic molecules  Inorganic Chemistry deals with the study of the reactions and properties of chemical compounds that do not contain or involve a carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bond. These compounds are called inorganic compounds that are used as catalysts, pigments, coatings, surfactants, fuel and can be classified as acids, bases, salts, and oxides. Inorganic compounds like sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium are essential for nerve function and neurotransmission. These compounds play an important role in neurobiology. Inorganic chemistry includes: Bioinorganic chemistry a field that examines the role of metals in biology Coordination chemistry study of coordination compounds and interactions of ligands Geochemistry study of earth’s chemical composition, rocks, minerals and atmosphere Inorganic technology synthesizing new inorganic compounds Nuclear chemistry study of radioactive substances Synthetic inorganic chemistry Study of materials used in manufacturing  Analytical Chemistry deals with the study of matter to determine what it is, how much of it there is, and isolating specific compounds. It teaches students how to measure and analyze chemical substances accurately. Two main branches of analytical chemistry: Qualitative analysis Quantitative https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vectorstock.com%2Froyalty-free-vector%2Fblack-weighing- scale-vector- employs methods analysis helps to 10441776&psig=AOvVaw09obFcrdBGEmSpML0UYMxj&ust=1591800925810000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEw jtpJTX_vTpAhXMAqYKHbOhC1cQr4kDegUIARCgAQ or measurements identify how much of to help determine each component is the components of present in a substances. substance.  Physical Chemistry is a branch of chemistry that applies physics that commonly includes the application of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics in the study of chemistry. It helps students in understanding how molecules interact with each other and providing knowledge for comprehending the biochemical processes in the brain that influence behavior and mental processes. https://previews.123rf.com/images/luchschen/ luchschen1708/luchschen170800178/83213867- instruments-in-the-laboratory-of-physical-chemistry.jpg Physical chemistry includes Chemical kinetics study of the process speed such as chemical reactions, diffusion and the flow of electrical charges in electrochemical cells Chemical spectroscopy study of spectra of light or radiation Electrochemistry study of the interaction of atoms, molecules, ions and electric current Photochemistry study of the chemical effects of light: photochemical reactions Thermochemistry Study on how heat relates to chemical change Quantum chemistry study of quantum mechanics and how it relates to Biochemistry on the other hand, deals with the study of chemical processes that occur inside the living organisms. It aids in understanding the genetic factors that influence behavior. https://f0.pngfuel.com/png/610/169/ sunitinib-molecule-molecular-biology- biochemistry-alk-inhibitor-png-clip-art.png Biochemistry includes: Enzymology study of enzymes Endocrinology study of hormones Clinical biochemistry study of diseases Molecular biochemistry study of biomolecules and their functions What is Scientific Method? Chemistry and other sciences use scientific method. Scientific method is an essential element of modern scientific investigation and procedure. It is an organized way involving experimentation and observation to acquire new knowledge, solve problems, and answer questions.  Scientific method is made up of certain well- defined steps that are expected to know for any science class:  Step 1: PROBLEM  Step 2: RESEARCH  Step 3: HYPOTHESIS  Step 4: EXPERIMENT  Step 5: ANALYSIS  Step 6: CONCLUSIONS  In the Scientific method:  observations lead to questions that require answers  the hypothesis is a testable statement proposed to answer a question  experiments are devised to test hypothesis  analysis of the results of an experiment will lead to the hypothesis being accepted or rejected  What are the laboratory techniques in separating mixtures? The components in a mixture are not chemically combined so they can be separated by using different techniques or methods. Some of these methods are:  filtration  decantation evaporation  magnetic separation  distillation  Methods of Separating Mixtures: Filtration- is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass. Oversize solids in the fluid are retained. It is simply a process of straining the precipitate through a fine sieve or the filter paper.  Filtration is a technique used for two main purposes: to remove solid impurities from a liquid to collect a desired solid from the solution from which it was precipitated  The test tube is kept Decantation is a process near a 45 0 angle to allow free flow of the to separate mixtures. liquid past the solid or denser liquid. Decanting is done to separate particulates from a liquid by allowing the solids to settle to the bottom of the mixture and pouring off the particle-free part of the liquid. Another method is to allow two immiscible liquids to separate and the lighter liquid is poured off.  Evaporation- the process by which any substance is converted from a liquid state into, and carried off in, vapor; as, the evaporation of water. Evaporating dish - used to evaporate excess solvents, most commonly water - to produce a concentrated solution or a solid precipitate of the dissolved substance. Magnetic separation is the process of separating components of mixtures by using magnets to attract magnetic materials. Separating nails from woodchips Separating filings from sulfur powder Distillation is the process of separating the component substance from a miscible fluid mixture by means of evaporation and condensation. A Distillation Set up  What are the some of the laboratory apparatus and. their uses? There are many laboratory apparatus used in Laboratory experiments. Some of these are safety goggles, beakers, graduated cylinders, triple beam balance, crucibles, tongs, funnels, watch glasses, bunsen burners, test tubes, all with their own uses and coming from different sizes. Knowing the proper use will ensure safe laboratory practices.  Reagent bottles  are containers made of glass, plastic, borosilicate or related substances, and topped by special caps or stoppers and are intended to contain chemicals in liquid or powder form for laboratories and stored in cabinets or on shelves. Triple beam balance  used to determine object mass  for precise mass measurements  its parts are base and pan, triple beams, pointer counter masses and scale Beaker  a cylindrical container used to store, mix and heat liquids  made of glass, but other non-corrosive materials, such as metal and heat-resistant plastic, are also used.  usually have a flat bottom and a lip around the top. Droppers  used for measuring and transferring liquids in small amounts  consist of a long plastic or glass tube with an opening at the end and a rubber bulb at the top.  Graduated cylinder  used to measure the volume of liquids  accurately measures the volume of chemicals for use in reactions. Watch glass  used in chemistry as a surface to evaporate a liquid, to hold solids while being weighed, for heating a small amount of substance and as a cover for a beaker. Burette  used in quantitative chemical analysis to measure the volume of a liquid or a gas  consists of a graduated glass tube with a stopcock (turning plug, or spigot) at one end. Pipette  commonly used in chemistry, biology and medicine to transport a measured volume of liquid, often as a media dispenser. Iron stand with ring Florence Flask  Used to hold or clamp laboratory glassware a type of flask used as an item and other equipment in place, so it does of laboratory glassware not fall down or come apart.  as a container to hold liquids.  has a round body, a long neck, and often a flat bottom. Thermometer Glass rod  used to measure temperatures  used to mix chemicals and liquids for laboratory purposes  made of metal or glass and  are usually made of solid glass, about strengthened through thermal the thickness and slightly longer than a tempering or annealing. drinking straw, with rounded ends. Mortar and Pestle Evaporating Dish  mortar is a vessel in which substances are ground or  used for the evaporation of solutions crushed with a pestle and supernatant liquids  pestle is a tool used to crush,  use in evaporating solvents to make a mash or grind materials in a mortar solution more concentrated and drying precipitates produced  mortar and pestle is often used to prepare reactants for a solid state synthesis Spatula Clay Triangle  used for scraping, transferring, or  used in the process of heating applying powders and paste like chemicals or treatments substances by a Bunsen burner to support a crucible when it's  resistant to acids, bases, heat, and being heated solvents, which make them ideal for use with a wide range of compound. Crucible and Cover Test Tube Holder  used in the laboratory to contain chemical compounds when heated to  used to hold test tubes extremely high temperatures. available in several sizes and typically come  used for holding a test tube in place with a correspondingly-sized lid. when the tube is hot or should not be touched Alcohol Lamp Bunsen Burner  an alcohol burner or spirit lamp is a  produces a single open piece of laboratory equipment used to gas flame, which is used for produce an open flame heating, sterilization, and  can be made from brass, glass, combustion. stainless steel or aluminum.  used natural or a liquefied petroleum gas, such as propane, butane, or a mixture of both. Tripod Wire Gauge  a three-legged platform used to a sheet of thin metal that has net- support flasks and beakers like patterns or a wire mesh  usually made of stainless steel or aluminum  placed on the support ring that is  Often a wire gauze is placed on attached to the retort stand between top of the tripod to provide a the Bunsen burner and the glassware flat base for glassware. to support the beakers, flasks, or other glassware during heating.  Crucible Tongs Funnel  are large pincers made of welded steel  used for guiding liquid or powder into a that are used to grasp and take a small opening hot crucible out of a fire or furnace, or to move a crucible from one location to usually made of stainless steel, another. aluminum, glass, or plastic.  used for safety in laboratory What are safety measures in the laboratory? assume that all chemicals of unknown toxicity are highly toxic use equipment only for its designated purpose clothing made of synthetic fibers should not be worn while working with flammable liquids never leave containers of chemicals open avoid wearing jewelry no contact lenses should be worn avoid adding solids to hot liquids  If you have some questions concerning the concepts in the module, please bring them up with your professor through the INBOX on your Canvas.  e e n ds th This Meet. lesson xt time. e you n nk y ou Tha