Mock Exam 2023 Preparation Material PDF

**Changes and Challenges** **Finnes på skolestudio:** You can't spell *challenge* without *change*. Every change a person must endure or go through comes with its own challenges. Moving to a new place, learning a new language, coping with identity and sexuality, getting a new sibling, discovering...

**Changes and Challenges** **Finnes på skolestudio:** You can't spell *challenge* without *change*. Every change a person must endure or go through comes with its own challenges. Moving to a new place, learning a new language, coping with identity and sexuality, getting a new sibling, discovering hair in your armpits, or trying to keep a New-Year's resolution are all examples of changes individuals may or will encounter. Even societies sometimes go through changes that can be challenging. They may have to learn to be more inclusive of new arrivals and citizens, create possibilities for coping with and overcoming climate change, react to hostile actions of neighbouring countries, or figure out how to handle an increasingly older population. For a society, relying on its citizens is vital for overcoming challenges and growing as a community. Even though changes can hurt and be difficult to live through, they can also be rewarding. Going through difficult times is hard, but making it through to the other side stronger, more confident and surer of yourself is what makes it worth it. What changes have you met and overcome in your life so far? Take a look at the pictures below. What do you see? What do they make you think of? How do these pictures communicate "changes and challenges"?    ### In War, the Truth is the Biggest Loser When fighting in a war, all parties will try to spread information about, for instance, the reasons for the war, who attacked whom first, and how well the warfare is going. The aim of this strategy is to collect sympathy from their surroundings and to influence how the war is perceived. #### An exaggerated truth Parties involved in a war need support from their own people and from allies to keep fighting. They may, for instance, receive aid from other countries in the form of money, soldiers or weapons. How, then, do the fighting parties evoke sympathy and gain support? No one will ever proclaim that they want war, dictatorship, power or violence. But what does it really mean when someone says that they are fighting for freedom, democracy, peace or equality? #### Lies and false rumours It is common for false rumours to start circulating in a war. As no one can really trust the information they're given, it is impossible to know what is actually true. False rumours about the enemy can be used to evoke anger, insecurity or support among citizens. Fighting parties may lie about anything to present themselves in a good light. We should therefore all be sceptical when given information about death numbers, conquered territories and use of torture or dangerous weapons. #### Images and videos can lie You have probably experienced how easily a photo can convey a false impression of a situation. The photo may be edited or show only parts of what happened, or it could depict something different than you think. This is also true for images from war zones. They too can lie. #### All information needs to be verified How then, can you know whether the information you are given about a war is true? The most important thing you can do is to find the source of the information. Information provided by mainstream media could be true, but it needs to be verified by other independent sources. The most trustworthy sources are independent journalists who are not affiliated with any of the parties in the conflict. These journalists work for news media that are not paid by nor work for the country's government. Independent journalists investigate whether information provided by authorities in the fighting countries is true or not. When doing so, they will try to establish contact with many different people affected by the war. The journalists will speak to inhabitants, refugees and people from humanitarian organizations, and they will examine documents, images and videos. ​ - Do you know any examples of truth being the biggest loser in war? Think about the second world war or other wars that you know about. ​ - How can journalists report the truth about a war? - - Find examples of how wars in other countries have been covered on radio, TV or in newspapers in Norwegian or international media. Listen to, watch, or read the coverage. - How do journalists use literary devices such as explanations, pictures, sounds and interviews to give the listeners, watchers and readers a true depiction of the war? ### The Adolescent Years The adolescent years are a time of change. Your body, feelings and thoughts are changing, and you are becoming an independent person. The pressure of other people's expectations can be hard to deal with during this time. On the other hand, you now have more freedom than ever to choose your own life. During puberty, your body changes both inside and out. One noticeable change is that your genitals and pubic hair grow. You may also notice changes in the way you think and feel but find it difficult to understand and explain how. You are also supposed to fill new roles, and it might be hard to know what is expected of you. What, for instance, makes a person a good boyfriend or girlfriend? Puberty is the process in which you evolve from a child to having an adult body.  #### The teenage brain  Your brain changes just as much as the rest of your body during puberty. Maybe even more. One of the changes that happens is that you become more aware of how your surroundings react to what you say and do. Your parents, friends, celebrities, and influencers all send you different signals about how you should be. Amid all this, you have to try to figure out what is right and important to you.   Your brain keeps developing until you are in your mid-twenties. It has two halves. The right side of your brain controls creative skills, and the left controls logical thinking. As a teenager, you are not only more aware of what those around you think of you. You are also more inclined to go your own way. At the same time, your ability to see the consequences of your actions is one of the last parts to develop in your brain. Therefore, many teenagers take risks without considering what could go wrong. This can lead to some bad choices along the way, but we probably do need a little extra courage to edge away from our family and find our own role to play in the world. ### Actions for a healthy planet The Sustainable Development Goals spell out how we can protect our environment and slow climate change, from forests to oceans to everywhere in between. Think about your electricity use and your travel. Check your dinner table. Reuse whatever you can. The possibilities for action are many -- and add up fast. Greenhouse gas emissions per person vary greatly among countries. In the United States of America, emissions in 2020 (the latest available data) were 14.6 tons of CO2-equivalent per person -- more than double the global average of 6.3 tons, and six times the 2.4 tons per person in India. Here are some actions to reduce your impact on the environment.  Save energy at home Much of our electricity and heat are powered by coal, oil and gas. Use less energy by reducing your heating and cooling use, switching to LED light bulbs and energy-efficient electric appliances, washing your laundry with cold water, or hanging things to dry instead of using a dryer. Improving your home's energy efficiency, through better insulation for instance, or replacing your oil or gas furnace with an electric heat pump can reduce your carbon footprint by up to 900 kilograms of CO2e per year. #### Walk, bike or take public transport The world's roadways are clogged with vehicles, most of them burning diesel or gasoline. Walking or riding a bike instead of driving will reduce greenhouse gas emissions -- and help your health and fitness. For longer distances, consider taking a train or bus. And carpool whenever possible. Living car-free can reduce your carbon footprint by up to 2 tons of CO2e per year compared to a lifestyle using a car.  #### #### ####  #### Switch to an electric vehicle If you plan to buy a car, consider going electric, with more and cheaper models coming on the market. In many countries, electric cars help reduce air pollution and cause significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions than gas or diesel-powered vehicles. But many electric cars still run on electricity produced from fossil fuels, and the batteries and engines require rare minerals which often come with high environmental and social costs. Switching from a gasoline or diesel-powered car to an electric vehicle can reduce your carbon footprint by up to 2 tons of CO2e per year. A hybrid vehicle can save you up to 700 kilograms of CO2e per year. #### Consider your travel Airplanes burn large amounts of fossil fuels, producing significant greenhouse gas emissions. That makes taking fewer flights one of the fastest ways to reduce your environmental impact. When you can, meet virtually, take a train, or skip that long-distance trip altogether. Taking one less long-haul return flight can reduce your carbon footprint by up to almost 2 tons of CO2e.  #### Reduce, reuse, repair and recycle Electronics, clothes, plastics and other items we buy cause carbon emissions at each point in production, from the extraction of raw materials to manufacturing and transporting goods to market. To protect the climate, buy fewer things, shop second-hand, and repair what you can. Plastics alone generated 1.8 billion metric tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 -- 3.4 per cent of the global total. Less than 10 per cent is recycled, and once plastic is discarded, it can linger for hundreds of years. Buying fewer new clothes -- and other consumer goods -- can also reduce your carbon footprint. Every kilogram of textiles produced generates about 17 kilograms of CO2e. #### Eat more vegetables Eating more vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, and less meat and dairy, can significantly lower your environmental impact. Producing plant-based foods generally results in fewer greenhouse gas emissions and requires less energy, land, and water. Shifting from a mixed to a vegetarian diet can reduce your carbon footprint by up to 500 kilograms of CO2e per year (or up to 900 kilograms for a vegan diet). #### Throw away less food When you throw food away, you\'re also wasting the resources and energy that were used to grow, produce, package, and transport it. And when food rots in a landfill, it produces methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. So purchase only what you need, use what you buy and compost any leftovers. Cutting your food waste can reduce your carbon footprint by up to 300 kilograms of CO2e per year. #### Plant native species If you have a garden or even just a plant or two outside your home, check for native species. Use a plant identification app to help. And then think about replacing non-natives, especially any considered invasive. Plants, animals and insects depend on each other. Most insects will not eat non-native plants, which means birds and other species lose a food source. Biodiversity suffers. Even a single tree or shrub can offer a refuge -- just remember to skip insecticides and other chemicals.  #### Clean up your environment Humans, animals and plants all suffer from land and water contaminated by improperly discarded garbage. Use what you need, and when you have to throw something out, dispose of it properly. Educate others to do the same, and participate in local clean-ups of parks, rivers, beaches and beyond. Every year, people throw out 2 billion tons of trash. About a third causes environment harms, from choking water supplies to poisoning soil. #### Speak up Speak up and get others to join in taking action. It\'s one of the quickest and most effective ways to make a difference. Talk to your neighbors, colleagues, friends, and family. Let business owners know you support bold changes -- from plastics-free products and packaging to zero-emissions vehicles. Appeal to local and world leaders to act now. Climate action is a task for all of us. And it concerns all of us. No one can do it all alone -- but we can do it together. #### **Jenny Kiss'd Me** Jenny kiss'd me when we met, ​ Jumping from the chair she sat in; ​Time, you thief, who love to get ​Sweets into your list, put that in! ​Say I'm weary, say I'm sad, ​Say that health and wealth have miss'd me, ​Say I'm growing old, but add, ​ Jenny kiss'd me. *by Leigh Hunt* ### Invictus The poem below was a great comfort to Nelson Mandela while he was imprisoned for 27 years in South Africa during the Apartheid regime. The title, Invictus, means "unconquerable" or "undefeated" in Latin, and it was written by the British poet W.E. Henley in 1875. #### #### **Invictus** *By William Ernest Henley* Out of the night that covers me, ​ Black as the Pit from pole to pole, ​I thank whatever gods may be ​ For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance ​I have not winced nor cried aloud. ​ Under the bludgeonings of chance ​My head is bloody, but unbowed. Beyond this place of wrath and tears ​Looms but the Horror of the shade, ​ And yet the menace of the years ​ Finds, and shall find, me unafraid. It matters not how strait the gate, ​How charged with punishments the scroll, ​I am the master of my fate: ​I am the captain of my soul.