Minor Discomfort During Pregnancy - Beni Sueif University PDF

Beni Sueif university Faculty of nursing Minor discomfort during pregnanc y Supervisors: ‫فاطمة حسني‬.‫د‬ ‫هند عويس‬.‫د‬ ‫أسماء محمد‬.‫د‬  Name Preparation Presentation ‫فاطمة أحمد عبد هللا‬ Nausea and Nausea a...

Beni Sueif university Faculty of nursing Minor discomfort during pregnanc y Supervisors: ‫فاطمة حسني‬.‫د‬ ‫هند عويس‬.‫د‬ ‫أسماء محمد‬.‫د‬  Name Preparation Presentation ‫فاطمة أحمد عبد هللا‬ Nausea and Nausea and vomiting vomiting ‫فاطمة أحمد محمود‬ Heartburn Heartburn ‫فاطمة سمير ربيع‬ Shortness of Shortness of breath breath ‫فاطمة سمير سيد‬ Shortness of Fatigue breath/ Fatigue ‫فاطمة سيد راضي‬ Introduction / Introduction / Classification Classification +Word ‫فاطمة سيد شعبان‬ Edema Edema ‫فاطمة شريف السيد‬ Constipation Constipation ‫فاطمة صبحي متولي‬ Backache Backache ‫فاطمة عبدالحميد سيد‬ Fatigue Fatigue ‫فاطمة عبد الحميد‬ Dizziness Dizziness ‫عبد المولي‬  Outlines Introduction Classification First trimester pregnancy Second trimester pregnancy Third trimester pregnancy Endocrine changes Breast change Psychological change  Introduction Most pregnant women suffer from minor discomforts during their pregnancy period, every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy, these minor discomfort are due to hormonal change, accommodation and metabolic change  Classification First trimester Second Third trimester trimester 1-13 weeks 14-27 weeks 28 weeks through labor 1-Nausea and 1- Hart burn 1-Shortness of vomiting 2-Skin breath 2- Dizziness changes 2-Edema 3- Fatigue 3- Backache 4- Constipation  First trimesters Nausea and vomiting Morning sickness is nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It’s a common condition affecting up to 70% of pregnant people in the first trimester of pregnancy (the first three months). Despite its name, “morning” sickness can happen at any time of the day. There are various at-home treatments for morning sickness, including diet and lifestyle changes. Some obstetricians recommend over-the-counter (OTC) medications for nausea. Symptoms tend to improve by the second trimester (beginning at 14 weeks) for most people. Common signs and symptoms of morning sickness include an upset stomach (nausea), loss of appetite and vomiting. Some people describe causes increase in pregnancy hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or estrogen. Changes in metabolism. management Avoid spicy and fatty foods. Eat bland foods such as bananas, rice, dry toast, plain baked potato, gelatin, broth, eggs, or applesauce. Eat nutritious, protein-rich snacks between meals, such as yogurt, peanut butter on apple slices or celery, cheese or nuts. Drink plenty of fluids, especially water, throughout the day. Avoid caffeinated beverages. Always carry a bag of snacks with you when you’re away from home Always seek medical advice if your morning sickness is severe, if you have lost a lot of weight quickly, or if you feel depressed or anxious. Treatment options can include medication that won’t harm your developing baby. complications nausea can last several hours each day and vomiting occurs more than four times per day. This is a condition called hyperemesis gravidarum. Vomiting more than three times a day. Becoming severely dehydrated (signs of which include little to no urine production, dark-colored urine and dizziness with standing). Losing 10 pounds (around 4.5 kilograms) or more. Dizziness Dizziness during pregnancy is a common complaint, and it can be caused by a variety of factors. Here are some of the most common culprits: 1. Hormonal Changes: Increased blood volume: Pregnancy hormones cause your body to produce more blood, which can lead to a drop in blood pressure when you stand up quickly. This sudden drop can cause dizziness. Low blood sugar: leading to dizziness, especially if you haven't eaten recently. 2. Physical Changes: Increased pressure on the vena cava: The growing uterus can press on the vena cava, a major vein that carries blood back to the heart. This can reduce blood flow to the brain and cause dizziness. Changes in blood flow: As your body works harder to deliver oxygen and nutrients to your baby, blood flow to your brain may be temporarily reduced, causing dizziness. Anemia: Iron deficiency anemia is common during pregnancy and can lead to fatigue and dizziness. 3. Other Factors: Dehydration: Not drinking enough fluids can lead to dehydration, which can cause dizziness. Low blood pressure: Some women experience low blood pressure during pregnancy, which can cause dizziness. Stress and anxiety: The emotional and physical changes of pregnancy can lead to stress and anxiety, which can contribute to dizziness. Medications: Some medications, including certain over- the-counter drugs, can cause dizziness as a side effect. Management for dizziness Rest: Lie down on your left side to help improve blood flow to the brain. Hydrate: Drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated. Eat regularly: Avoid skipping meals to prevent low blood sugar. Avoid standing for long periods: Take breaks and sit down if you feel dizzy. Wear supportive shoes: This can help prevent dizziness caused by low blood pressure. Important Note: If you experience frequent or severe dizziness, especially if it's accompanied by other symptoms like headache, blurred vision, or chest pain, see your doctor immediately. Dizziness during pregnancy can sometimes be a sign of a more serious condition. The pregnancy hormone primarily responsible for the increase in blood pressure is progesterone. Here's how it works:  Progesterone's role: Progesterone is a key hormone during pregnancy, playing a crucial role in maintaining the pregnancy and preparing the body for labor. Blood vessel relaxation: Progesterone has a relaxing effect on blood vessels, which helps to increase blood flow to the uterus and placenta. Increased blood volume: As the pregnancy progresses, the body produces more blood to support the growing fetus. Combined effect: The combination of increased blood volume and relaxed blood vessels leads to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance (the resistance to blood flow in the smaller blood vessels). This, in turn, causes a slight decrease in blood pressure during the first and second trimesters. Blood pressure regulation: However, as the pregnancy progresses, the body needs to regulate blood pressure to ensure adequate blood flow to the placenta and fetus. Progesterone, along with other hormones, helps to maintain a healthy blood pressure range. Important Note: While progesterone is a major player in blood pressure regulation during pregnancy, other factors also contribute, including:  Stress: Stress can elevate blood pressure. Diet: A diet high in sodium can contribute to high blood pressure. Underlying medical conditions: Pre-existing conditions like hypertension can worsen during pregnancy. Preeclampsia: It's important to note that while progesterone helps to regulate blood pressure during pregnancy, it doesn't prevent a condition called preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a serious condition characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine, which can occur after 20 weeks of gestation. It's essential to monitor blood pressure throughout pregnancy and report any concerns to your doctor. Fatigue Overview Fatigue is one of the most common complaints among pregnant women, particularly during the first and third trimesters. It can range from mild tiredness to overwhelming exhaustion, impacting daily activities and overall well-being. Symptoms of Fatigue Persistent tiredness that does not improve with rest Difficulty concentrating or focusing Irritability or mood swings Decreased motivation to engage in usual activities Physical weakness or heaviness in limbs Causes of Fatigue in Pregnancy 1. Hormonal Changes Increased levels of progesterone can lead to feelings of drowsiness and fatigue, especially in the first trimester. 2. Physical Demands As the body works to support the growing fetus, it requires more energy, leading to fatigue. 3. Emotional Changes The emotional and psychological adjustments to pregnancy can contribute to feelings of tiredness. 4. Sleep Disturbances Frequent urination, discomfort, or anxiety can disrupt sleep, leading to cumulative fatigue. 5. Nutritional Needs The body requires additional nutrients to support the pregnancy. Insufficient intake of iron, vitamins, or minerals can lead to fatigue. Anemia, which can occur during pregnancy, is a common cause of increased tiredness. 6. Physical Changes Weight gain and changes in body mechanics can contribute to feelings of tiredness and discomfort. 7. Other Health Issues Conditions such as thyroid disorders or sleep apnea may exacerbate fatigue. --- Management of Fatigue 1. Rest and Sleep Prioritize quality sleep by establishing a regular sleep schedule. Napping during the day can also help alleviate tiredness. 2. Balanced Diet Consume a nutrient-rich diet with adequate iron, protein, and complex carbohydrates to provide sustained energy. Consider foods like lean meats, leafy greens, whole grains, and fruits. 3. Stay Hydrated Dehydration can contribute to fatigue, so drinking plenty of water throughout the day is essential. 4. Regular Exercise Engaging in light to moderate physical activity, such as walking or prenatal yoga, can improve energy levels and enhance overall well-being. 5. Manage Stress Practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or prenatal massages can help reduce stress and improve energy. 6. Listen to Your Body Pay attention to your body's signals and rest when needed. Avoid overexertion and prioritize self-care. 7. Consult a Healthcare Provider If fatigue is severe or persistent, it is important to discuss it with a healthcare provider to rule out underlying conditions such as anemia or thyroid issues. Constipation Constipation during pregnancy makes it harder to poop or empty your bowels completely when you go. Changing hormone levels, the iron in your prenatal vitamin and the added weight of the fetus on your bowel can make your bathroom visits strained. You may experience symptoms as early as the first trimester (when there’s an uptick in pregnancy hormones). Most people who experience constipation have it in the third trimester, when the fetus is heaviest. Recommendations Add more fiber to your diet. Foods with fiber, such as whole grain foods, fresh fruits and vegetables, soften stools so they’re easier to pass. Aim for 25 to 30 grams of high-fiber foods each day. Drink plenty of fluids daily. Drink at least 10 to 12 glasses of water and one to two glasses of fruit or prune juice. This number is higher than the standard eight glasses of water, but you need more fluids when you’re pregnant. Exercise daily. Try to get 20 to 30 minutes of moderate- intensity exercise weekly. Ask your provider about safe medicines. Laxatives relieve constipation, but not all laxatives are safe during pregnancy. Ask your provider for a recommendation if you’re constipated and lifestyle changes aren’t doing the trick.  Second trimester Heartburn introduction more than half of pregnant women get serious heartburn particularly during their second and third trimester. heartburn also called acid indigestion. is an irritation or burning sensation of the esophagus ( the tube that carries food and drink to your stomach) it's caused by stomach contents that reflux ( come back up) signs and symptoms of heartburn - feel burning or pain in your chest or throat especially after eating -. have sensation of fullness.heaviness or bloating -. have a sour or bitter test on your mouth - cough or have sore throat - causes - heartburn in pregnancy may happen because of changing hormone levels which affect the muscles of the digestive tract -. increase progesterone levels causes the valve to relax. this allows stomach acid to pass into the esophagus and irritated the lining - increase the uterus size in the third trimester pressure on stomach and intestine this push contents up in the esophagus factors that increase heartburn.fatty food. spicy food. chocolate. citrus orange juices 5- complications of heartburn. severe nausea and vomiting. inflammation of the story.bleeding. irritation. open sore or ulser management of heartburn. Eating several small meals during day. eat slowly. Avoid fried. spicy and rich fatty foods. don't smoke tobacco or drink alcohol. drink less while eating. don't lie down directly after eating Health education for heartburn. don't eat food or drinks that make heartburn symptoms worse. during sitting keep the head of the bed higher than the foot of the bed or put apillow under the back. wear loose fitting clothing. try to avoid constipation  Third trimester Backaches Introduction: One of the most common complaints during pregnancy is back pain. In fact, it's estimated that more than half of all pregnant people have some degree of back discomfort. Most back pain is related to the physical changes that happen during pregnancy, including hormones, changes in the center of gravity, and posture. Unfortunately, it typically gets worse as pregnancy progresses Symptoms. Lumbar pain during pregnancy is generally located at and above the waist in the center of the back, and it may be concurrent with pain that radiates into the woman's leg or foot. Posterior pelvic pain (in the back of the pelvis) is four times more prevalent than lumbar pain in pregnancy. Causes:: Hormone changes. During pregnancy, your body makes a hormone called relaxin that allows ligaments in the pelvic area to relax and the joints to become looser in preparation for the birth process. The same hormone can cause ligaments that support the spine to loosen, leading to instability and painHormone changes. During pregnancy, your body makes a hormone called relaxin that allows ligaments in the pelvic area to relax and the joints to become looser in preparation for the birth process. Muscle separation. As the uterus expands, two parallel sheets of muscles (the rectus abdominis muscles), which run from the rib cage to the pubic bone, may separate along the center seam. This separation may worsen back pain Stress. Emotional stress can cause muscle tension in the back, which may be felt as back pain or back spasms. You may find that you experience an increase in back pain during stressful periods of your pregnancy. Management: Try using correct body mechanics. For example, if you need to pick something up, squat down, bending at your knees and keeping your back straight. Try not to bend over from your waist. Don't do activities that strain the back, like lifting and moving heavy objects.Wear shoes that provide good supportSleep on your side with pillows between your knees for support.Apply heat, cold, or massage to the painful area.Use good posture when sitting or standing and do back-strengthening exercises. Ask your healthcare provider about back exercises that are right for you. Shortness of breath Shortness of Breath is a common symptom that many women experience during pregnancy, particularly in the third trimester. Here’s a more detailed explanation: Causes: 1. Increased Uterine Size: As the pregnancy progresses, the growing fetus increases the size of the uterus, which can put pressure on the diaphragm (the muscle responsible for breathing). This pressure can make it difficult for the lungs to expand fully. 2. Hormonal Changes: Hormonal changes, particularly an increase in progesterone levels, can lead to an increased breathing rate. Women may feel a need to breathe more quickly or deeply. 3. Increased Blood Volume: During pregnancy, there is an increase in blood volume to meet the demands of the growing fetus. This can put additional pressure on the heart and lungs, contributing to feelings of shortness of breath. 4. Anxiety and Stress: Feelings of anxiety or stress related to pregnancy can also contribute to sensations of shortness of breath. When is Shortness of Breath Concerning? While shortness of breath can be common during pregnancy, certain situations require immediate medical attention, such as: Severe difficulty breathing. Chest pain. Rapid heartbeat. Bluish coloration of the lips or nails. Management Shortness of Breath: 1. Sit Up Straight: Sitting in an upright position or leaning slightly forward can help relieve pressure on the diaphragm. 2. Practice Breathing Exercises: Deep breathing exercises, such as inhaling through the nose and exhaling slowly through the mouth, can improve breath control. 3. Avoid Overexertion: It’s important to avoid strenuous activities and to prioritize rest. 4. Sleep in a Comfortable Position: Using extra pillows to support the body while sleeping can help improve breathing. 5. Limit Heavy Meals: Avoiding heavy or fatty meals before bedtime can reduce heartburn and alleviate feelings of breathlessness. 6. Consult a Doctor: If shortness of breath persists or worsens, it is important to consult a healthcare provider for evaluation and to rule out any other underlying issues.  Edema Edema during pregnancy is characterized by swelling, particularly in the feet, ankles, and hands. - signs and symptom: 1. Swelling: Noticeable swelling in the lower extremities, especially by the end of the day. 2. Puffiness: Increased puffiness in the face, particularly around the eyes. 3. Weight Gain: Sudden weight gain due to fluid retention. 4. Tightness: A feeling of tightness in the affected areas, especially in shoes or rings. 5. Pain or Discomfort: Possible mild pain or discomfort in swollen areas. - causes : 1. Increased Blood Volume: The body produces more blood and fluids to support the developing fetus, leading to fluid retention. 2. Hormonal Changes: Hormones like progesterone can cause blood vessels to relax and lead to increased permeability, allowing fluids to leak into surrounding tissues. 3. Pressure from the Uterus: As the uterus expands, it can put pressure on blood vessels, particularly in the legs, affecting circulation and causing fluid buildup. 4. Reduced Mobility: Increased body weight and discomfort can lead to less physical activity, contributing to fluid retention. 5. Dietary Factors: High sodium intake can exacerbate fluid retention. - Complication : 1. Preeclampsia: Severe swelling, especially in the face and hands, can be a sign of preeclampsia, a serious condition characterized by high blood pressure and potential organ damage. 2. Impaired Mobility: Significant swelling can lead to discomfort and difficulty moving, impacting daily activities and overall quality of life. 3. Skin Issues: Persistent edema may lead to skin changes or infections due to stretching and vulnerability of the skin. 4. Blood Clots: Increased swelling can affect circulation, raising the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), especially in the legs. 5. Emotional Distress: Visible swelling can contribute to body image concerns and emotional stress. - Management: 1. Elevate Legs: Raise your legs above heart level when resting to improve circulation and reduce swelling. 2. Stay Active: Engage in regular, moderate exercise, such as walking, to promote circulation and reduce fluid retention. 3. Limit Salt Intake: Reduce sodium in your diet to minimize fluid retention. 4. Wear Supportive Garments: Compression stockings can help improve circulation and reduce swelling in the legs. 5. Avoid Prolonged Standing or Sitting: Change positions frequently to enhance blood flow. 6. Cold Compresses: Apply cold compresses to swollen areas to reduce discomfort and swelling. 7. Monitor Weight Gain: Keep track of weight gain and discuss it with your healthcare provider to ensure it's within normal limits. Health education: 1. Making lifestyle changes to stop smoking or changing your diet. 2. Moving around more often. 3. Elevating your legs when lying down or sitting. 4. Wearing compression socks, sleeves or stockings.