Untitled Quiz

Introduction to the Study

• The study focuses on minor discomforts during pregnancy
• These discomforts impact various body systems due to hormonal, metabolic, and other changes during pregnancy.

Supervisors

• Dr. Fatima Hoseny
• Dr. Hend Aweis
• Dr. Asmaa Mohamed

Prepared and Presented Topics

• Nausea and Vomiting
• Shortness of Breath
• Fatigue
• Edema
• Constipation
• Backache
• Dizziness

Study Outline

• Introduction
• Classification
• First Trimester Pregnancy
• Second Trimester Pregnancy
• Third Trimester Pregnancy
• Endocrine Changes
• Breast Changes
• Psychological Changes

Introduction - Detailed

• Most pregnant women experience minor discomforts
• Every system of the body can be affected
• These discomforts are caused by hormonal changes, accommodation, and metabolic changes.

Classification

• First trimester (1-13 weeks): Nausea and vomiting; Dizziness; Fatigue; Constipation
• Second trimester (14-27 weeks): Heartburn; Skin changes
• Third trimester (28 weeks through labor): Shortness of breath; Edema; Backache

Nausea and Vomiting (First Trimester)

• Morning sickness, affecting up to 70% of pregnant people
• It can occur any time of day
• Various home treatments include diet and lifestyle changes
• Some doctors recommend over-the-counter medication
• Symptoms usually improve by the second trimester

Nausea and Vomiting (Complications)

• Can last several hours daily
• Vomiting more than 4 times per day is a condition called hyperemesis gravidarum
• Leads to dehydration (no or dark-colored urine, dizziness)
• Weight loss of 10 pounds or more

Dizziness (Possible Causes)

• Hormonal Changes: Increased blood volume leading to sudden drops in blood pressure, low blood sugar
• Other Factors: Dehydration; Low blood pressure in pregnancy; Stress and anxiety; Certain medications.

Dizziness (Preventive Tips)

• Try not to rest on your back, especially after the second trimester
• Don't skip any meal
• Wear comfortable clothes
• Take iron supplements (as advised by doctor)
• Stay hydrated, avoid stepping out in hot weather
• Take your time when getting up from lying or sitting
• Don't stand for too long

Physical Changes (Causes of Dizziness)

• Pressure on Vena Cava: Growing uterus can put pressure on the vena cava, reducing blood flow to the brain.
• Changes in Blood Flow: Blood flow shift to the fetus can negatively impact blood flow to the brain.
• Anemia: Iron deficiency anemia can lead to fatigue and dizziness.

Management of Dizziness

• Rest (lie down on your left side)
• Drink plenty of fluids
• Eat regularly
• Avoid standing still for long periods
• Wear supportive shoes
• See a doctor if dizziness is severe or accompanied by headaches or blurred vision

Hormones Role on Progesterone in Pregnancy

• Progesterone is crucial in pregnancy maintenance
• Relaxing blood vessel effects increasing blood flow to the uterus and placenta
• Combined effect on blood volume causing decreased blood flow resistance
• Progesterone helps maintain healthy blood pressure levels

Preeclampsia

• While progesterone helps regulate blood pressure during pregnancy
• Preeclampsia is a serious condition with high blood pressure and protein in the urine after 20 weeks of gestation
• It is important to monitor blood pressure and report concerns to the doctor

Fatigue (Causes and Symptoms)

• Causes: Hormonal changes (increase in progesterone), physical demands of pregnancy, emotional changes, sleep disturbances (frequent urination, discomfort, or anxiety), nutritional deficiencies (iron, vitamins, or minerals).
• Symptoms: Persistent tiredness, difficulty concentrating, irritability, decreased motivation, physical weakness.

Fatigue (Management)

• Rest and Sleep: Prioritize quality sleep, establish a regular sleep schedule, and consider naps.
• Balanced Diet: Eat a nutrient-rich diet with adequate iron, protein, and complex carbohydrates.
• Hydration: Drink plenty of water.
• Regular Exercise: Engage in light to moderate activities like walking or prenatal yoga.
• Stress Management: Use relaxation techniques like deep breathing and meditation.
• Consulting a Doctor: Seek a healthcare provider's advice if fatigue is severe or persistent.

Constipation (Causes and Symptoms)

• Causes: Changing hormone levels, iron in prenatal vitamin, and weight of fetus on the bowel.
• Symptoms: Difficulty in emptying the bowels, straining, and possibly bleeding.

Constipation (Recommendations)

• Increase fiber intake (whole grains, fruits, vegetables)
• Drinking plenty of fluids (water, fruit juices).
• Regular exercise.
• Discuss constipation with your provider about safe medications.

Heartburn (Second Trimester Causes and Symptoms)

• Causes: Changing hormone levels affecting the muscles of the digestive tract, increased progesterone levels causing the valve to relax and stomach acid to enter the esophagus.
• Symptoms: Burning or pain in the chest or throat, fullness, heaviness, bloating, sour taste in the mouth, cough, or sore throat.

Heartburn (Factors that Increase Heartburn and Management)

• Factors: Fatty foods, spicy foods, chocolate, citrus juices, complications like nausea and vomiting
• Management: Eat several small meals, eat slowly; Avoid fried, spicy and rich, fatty foods. Don't smoke or drink alcohol, drink lightly while eating, and don't lie down directly after eating.

Backaches (Third Trimester Causes and Symptoms)

• Causes: Relaxin hormone loosening ligaments in the pelvic area and spine, muscle separation (rectus abdominis muscles), stress causing muscle tension, hormonal imbalance.
• Symptoms: Lumbar pain usually located above/around waist in center of back. Pain may radiate to other parts of legs or feet,
• Management: Correct body mechanics, avoid bending, lifting heavy objects; Wear supportive shoes; Exercise (walking, swimming, prenatal yoga, and/or specific back strengthening exercises), and rest as needed.

Shortness of Breath (Causes and Symptoms)

• Causes: Increased uterine size pressing on the diaphragm (breathing muscle), increased blood volume placing pressure on the heart and lungs, anxiety, and stress.
• Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, feeling breathless while simple activities are being done.

Shortness of Breath (Management)

• Sit up straight (upright position or leaning slightly forward)
• Practice breathing exercises (inhale through nose, exhale through mouth slowly)
• Avoid strenuous activities, prioritize rest
• Sleep in a comfortable position (using extra pillows)
• Limit heavy meals before bed
• Consult a doctor if shortness of breath persists or worsens.

Edema (Causes and Symptoms)

• Causes: Increased blood volume to support the fetus, hormonal changes (progesterone increasing permeability of blood vessels allowing leakage into tissues), Pressure from growing uterus on blood vessels in legs, reduced mobility contributing to fluid retention, dietary factors (high sodium intake).
• Symptoms: Noticeable swelling in lower extremities (feet, ankles, and hands), puffiness around eyes, sudden weight gain, feeling of tightness in affected areas, pain or discomfort in swollen areas.

Edema (Management)

• Elevate legs above heart level when resting
• Stay active (walking)
• Limit salt intake
• Wear supportive garments (compression socks).
• Avoid prolonged standing or sitting
• Apply cold compresses to swollen areas.
• Monitor weight gain and discuss it with your doctor.