Media & Information Literacy PDF

MEDIA & INFORMATION LITERACY INFLUENCE OF MEDIA & INFORMATION IN COMMUNICATION and MEDIA, INFORMATION, AND TECHNOLOGY LITERACY Media really plays an important role in our daily life. It helps us...

MEDIA & INFORMATION LITERACY INFLUENCE OF MEDIA & INFORMATION IN COMMUNICATION and MEDIA, INFORMATION, AND TECHNOLOGY LITERACY Media really plays an important role in our daily life. It helps us accomplish our tasks easily and helps us communicate with each other. But how do we define and describe media? Media are the physical objects used to communicate including mass media (radio, television, computers, film, etc.). Traditionally, media are sources of credible information in Icons courtesy of: which contents are provided through an editorial process https://www.featurepics.com/online/Communi determined by journalistic values and where editorial cation-Icons-1392498.aspx accountability can be attributed to an organization or a legal person. In more recent years the term '’media'’ is often used to include new online media. Communication, on the other hand, is an essential skill that a man should enrich. Through communication, people can express their thoughts, positions, and feelings; individuals can share ideas and views. According to Cambridge Academic Content dictionary, communication is the process by which messages or information is sent from one place to another or the message itself. It can also be the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding. Simply put, it is the process of sharing messages between human beings. The Communication Process. Image from: https://www.uptrennd.com/post-detail/what-is- Communication transfers information through communication~NzY1Njc5 a medium or media. The intended audience will receive this information and process it and eventually turns it into knowledge that is useful to build and develop people and communities. Now, how does communication is influenced by media and information? MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  They are one way of communicating information, although their role is much broader than that. For the purpose of the MIL curriculum, media are defined (irrespective of the nature and technologies used) as sources of credible and current information created through an editorial process determined by journalistic values whereby editorial accountability can be attributed to a specific organization or a legal person. To the extent that media are an important part of every society’s communication system, their institutional make-up can mesh with a variety of non-media information providers, such as libraries, museums, archives, Internet information providers, other information organizations and citizens who produce their own content. Image from: https://all-free- download.com/free- vector/download/communication-and- Media play several roles. They: media-icons-set_311269.html ▪ act as channels of information and knowledge through which citizens communicate with each other and make informed decisions ▪ facilitate informed debates between diverse social actors ▪ provide us with much of what we learn about the world beyond our immediate experience ▪ are means by which a society learns about itself and builds a sense of community ▪ function as a watchdog of government in all its forms, promoting transparency in public life and public scrutiny of those with power through exposing corruption, maladministration and corporate wrong-doing ▪ are essential facilitators of democratic processes and one of the guarantors of free and fair elections ▪ are a vehicle for cultural expression and cultural cohesion within and between nations ▪ function as an advocate and social actor in its own right while respecting pluralistic values The Role of Media and Information in Effective Communication Most households have televisions, cars have radios, many take their morning coffee with a newspaper, everybody has a smartphone, and computers are everywhere. Indeed, the media has become a constant in the lives of everyone. It is not surprising that because of this, media and information plays a vital role in effective communication. It makes the world a smaller place Today, at any given point in time, a person can be connected to anyone else in the world. Communication between two parties from the opposite sides of the world is now possible. Social media platforms brought people from different locations, background, culture, and race together. MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  Dating websites have even made love possible across continents. Apart from direct communication, today's media created bridges between countries. If one needs information about a place they've never been to, all he or she needs to do is look it up on the web. Even news channels are now broadcasting internationally. Photo courtesy: Image on the left from: https://www.synthesio.com/blo g/social-media-usage-statistics/ Image on the right from: https://www.vectorstock.com/r oyalty-free-vector/global-social- media-connection-around- world-vector-19433670 It makes communication convenient Gone are the years where people send telegrams and snail mails to one another. Now two people communicate with another without the long wait for replies or the worry that their messages won't be received in a timely manner. With the existence of email and various messaging sites and apps, communication has become faster and easier. It shapes public opinion In his book Setting the Agenda, Maxwell McCombs explained that mass media shapes public opinion. Owing to its wide reach, not to mention the perceived credibility of the media, they can sway the opinion of their audience according to the message they convey. This is perfectly illustrated in surveys conducted before elections. When a TV network broadcasts the results of a recent survey, they do more than just inform the public where their candidates currently stand. They also affect the decision-making process of their listeners in the upcoming elections. For example, a person who is already thinking about voting for 'candidate A' might suddenly switch to candidate B', if he or she hears that the latter is leading in polls. This classic case of jumping on the band wagon proves the extent of mass media's influence on public opinion.. MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  MEDIA LITERACY, INFORMATION LITERACY, AND TECHNOLOGY LITERACY Media Literacy The National Association for Media Literacy Education (NAMLE USA) defined Media Literacy as the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and communicate information in a variety of forms, including print and non-print messages. According to Yale University, this involves the ability to encode and decode the symbols transmitted via media and the ability to synthesize, analyze and produce mediated messages. Media literate individuals are better able to figure out the complex messages we get from television, radio, internet, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, music, and all other forms of media. Information Literacy The Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL USA) defined information literacy as a set of abilities requiring individuals to "recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use the needed information effectively." An Information Literate Person is able to: 1. Determine the extent of information needed. 2. Access the needed information effectively and efficiently. 3. Evaluate information and its sources critically. 4. Incorporate selected information into one's knowledge base. 5. Use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose. 6. Understand the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information, and access and use information ethically and legally. MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS Technology Literacy The New York State Education Department (NYSED) defines technology literacy as the understanding of the concepts behind computing equipment, network connectivity, and application software; the skills to responsibly use appropriate technology to access, synthesize, evaluate, communicate, and create information to solve problems and improve learning in all subject areas; and the ability to acquire new knowledge for on-going and lifelong learning in the 21st century global workplace. Technology literate individuals are able to: 1. Problem-solve 2. Communicate 3. Locate, use and synthesize information found using technology. 4. Develop skills necessary to function in the 21st century. Individuals can benefit in being a media and information literate. Through media and information literacy, individuals can attain the following: 1. Significant improvement in the quality of life 2. Greater political participation 3. Better economic opportunities 4. Improved learning environment 5. Developed and unified social units References: Gonzales, E. (2016). Media and Information Literacy: A K-12 Compliant Textbook for Senior High School. pp. 4, 15-16 Pitagan, F. et. al. (2016). Media and Information Literacy: A Teaching Guide for Senior High School.Published by Commision on Higher Education. pp. 11-12 Revano Jr., T. (2016). Media and Information Literacy for Senior High School. pp. 2-5 Online References: United Nations Alliance of Civilizations. (2022). Media & Information Literacy for Teachers – International, multimedia and multi-language media and information literacy teaching resources. Retrieved from https://unesco.mil-for-teachers.unaoc.org/modules/module-1/unit-1/ MIL_Q1_M2_Introduction to media and information literacy. (n.d.). Scribd. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/471868297/MIL-Q1-M2-Introduction-to-Media-and-Information- Literacy?fbclid=IwAR1deHSGn5dZl48rrvT3F3nhX76vSjVyCYiK28lc6kon_ClsjJ1wSpipVDI MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  MEDIA & INFORMATION LITERACY EVOLUTION OF MEDIA & TYPES OF MEDIA Social media changed us. People’s ways of living are the reflection of a boundless limitation of media from prehistoric age down to the digital age. Media evolution can be described through four ages. 1. Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s) - People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron. Examples: Cave paintings (35,000 BC) Dibao in China (2nd Century) Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC) Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC) Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century) Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC) MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD) 2. Industrial Age (1700s-1930s) - People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing press). Examples: Printing press for mass production (19th Punch cards century) Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640) Telegraph MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  Motion picture photography/projection Telephone (1876) (1890) Commercial motion pictures (1913) Typewriter (1800) Motion picture with sound (1926) 3. Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)- The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long distance communication became more efficient. MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS Examples: Transistor Radio Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704 (1960) Television (1941) Personal computers - i.e. Hewlett Packard 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976) OHP, LCD projectors Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC 4. Information Age (1900s-2000s) - The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social network. People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We are now living in the information age. Examples: MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Video: YouTube (2005) Explorer (1995) Portable computers- laptops (1980), Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality netbooks (2008), tablets (1993) Blogs: Blogspot (1999) Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo (1995) LiveJournal (1999) Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts (2013) MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  Wordpress (2003) Smart phones Social networks: Friendster (2002), Wearable technology Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004) Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007) Cloud and Big Data MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  As time passes by, media evolved. Nevertheless, its primary role remains unchanging. Its development from traditional to new media brought us so much convenience. When we speak of Traditional Media, it refers to the traditional means of communication and expression that have existed since before the advent of the Internet. New Media refers to content organized and distributed on digital platforms. The image below shows the difference between traditional and new media. Image source: http://raymondjohnty.blogspot.com/2017/12/activity-2-evolution-of-traditional-and.html?m=1 MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  INFORMATION LITERACY Source: Why Searching Your Name And Googling Yourself Is Source: Why Searching Your Name And Googling Yourself Is Crucial. Crucial. (2024). BrandYourself.com; HelloPrivacy LLC, DBA (2024). BrandYourself.com; HelloPrivacy LLC, DBA BrandYourself. BrandYourself. https://brandyourself.com/google-my-name https://brandyourself.com/google-my-name Whether you like it or not, people are googling you and searching your name online. And it’s up to you to shape what they find. Consider the frequency of online searches for your name throughout your career. Whether people are searching your name informally because they’ve just met you, or conducting a formal online screening with a third-party company - your online presence is powerful. Most people let negative or irrelevant content dominate the first page of Google search results for their name. However, you don’t want to stay in this category for long. For those of you that already have a strong, positive online presence - congrats! But you still need to actively maintain and build in order to get the most out of it. Information vs. Data vs. Knowledge The Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary defines information as knowledge that person gets about someone or someone. It can be intelligence, news, data, or facts. Whenever you search online, only few results (primarily those in the first or second pages) will be relevant; the succeeding pages are only connections to varied websites. Being able to determine which of the information one has to consume is one skill necessary amid the expansion of available information in the society- information literacy. As illustrated in the figure, data refer to unstructured facts and figures that create the least impact on the receiver (Thieraud, 1999). Information, therefore, is data organized with relevance and purpose, made meaningful by a person. Knowledge, on the other hand, refers to the human understanding of a subject matter derived from experience, learning, and thinking. MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS Information Literacy A set of abilities that enables an individual to recognize when information is needed; and locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information (The Association of College and Research Libraries, 2000). TYPES OF MEDIA Becoming an Information Literate individual includes understanding the different mediatypes. These are the three types of media: Print, Broadcast, and New or Digital Media. I.PRINT MEDIA This type of media involves usage of a physical medium, such as paper, and is printed anddistributed by a publishing company. In this type of media, publications involve two main divisions:Reporting and Editing. Print media is considered to be more trustworthy when it comes to information credibility. Since the survival of the publishing companies (newspapers, magazines, journal articles, etc.) rely on its reputation and credibility, all information to be released have to undergo the rigorous process of verification, editing, fact-checking, among others. Here are some examples of print media: Newspapers These cover major stories in a more detail manner compared to television. These also provide greater chances of retention. Three Basic Functions: ✓ To inform readers about the current trends and issues. ✓ To comment on the news in order to bring the developments into focus. ✓ To provide the means whereby persons with goods and services to sell, can advertise. Magazines Scope and Structure of the Magazine Industry 1. Trade, professional and business magazines These carry stories, features and ads which aimed at people in specific professions and are either distributed by the professional organizations themselves. 2. Industrial, Company & Sponsored Magazines These are produced by companies specifically for their own employees, customersand stockholders, or by clubs and associations specifically for their members. MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  3. Consumer Magazines These magazines are sold by subscription and at newsstands, bookstores and otherretail outlets including supermarkets, garden shops and computer stores. Webzines Webzines or online magazines have recently emerged, made possible by the internet. II. BROADCAST MEDIA This type of media transmits information immediately to the widest possible audience. Classified as the most convenient and practical way of communicating information to a wide audience, although it has lesser or weaker credibility compared to print media since news and information contents are transmitted immediately with lesser time for verification. Here are someexamples of broadcast media: Radio ○ Radio is local. ○ Radio is fragmented ○ Radio is specialized. ○ Radio is personal. ○ Radio is mobile. Television Scope and Nature of the Television Industry This is dominated by a few centralized production, distribution and decision-making organizations. How a Program Gets on the Air 1. An independent producer has an idea. 2. The idea is then “shopped” to one of the big commercial networks. 3. If the network is persuaded, it buys the option and asks for a written outline inwhich the original idea is refined 4. If still interested, the network will order a full script. 5. If it approves that script, it will order the production ofa pilot. 6. That one episode will be subjected to rigorous testing by its own and independentaudience research organizations. 7. Based on this research, networks will often demand changes, for example, MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  writing outcharacters who tested poorly or beefing up story lines that the test audiences particularly liked. Film Three Component Systems: production, distribution and exhibition Production o Production is the making of movies. o It refers to the tasks that must be completed or executed during the filming orshooting. o This includes tasks such as setting up scenes, the capture of raw footage, andusage of set designs. Distribution o supplying movies to television networks, cable and satellite networks,and makers of videocassettes and videodiscs. o The sheer scope of the distribution business ensures that largecompanies will dominate. Exhibition o This is the retail branch of the film industry. o It involves not the production or the distribution of motion pictures, but their public screening, usually for paying customers in a site devoted to such screenings, themovie theater. The Studios ✓ Studios are the heart of the movie business and increasingly are regaining controlof the three component systems of the industry. ✓ There are major, mini-major and independent studios. III.NEW MEDIA What is new media? This is the type of media that now uses the newest means of communication, digital technology. Internet, the main gateway for accessing such information is considered to be the easiest way of gaining information. The internet provides connection with people all over the world, making transmission of information through conversation and connection possible with people of different cultures. New media are highly interactive digital technology. Some examples are; Blogs ○ nested under categories, and users can navigate posts by a specific categoryor tag or via a search MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  Virtual Reality ○ simulate an environment along with the user’s physical presence andsensory experience. ○ delivers a highly interactive, immersive experience that places the user ina lifelike or fictional environment. Social Media ○ relies heavily on the participation of users to provide value. Online Newspapers ○ blend multiple types of media and are easily accessed and searched. Users canalso interact with some online newspapers via a comment feature. Digital Games ○ unique type of new media. ○ They are also noteworthy for how they build interaction and community. MEDIA CONVERGENCE It involves the merging of the three types of media: Print, Broadcast and New Media. As time continues to pass, media has become progressively more advance creating the New Media today. As the New Media continues to advance, the older types of media, Print and Broadcast are slowly being left behind. Due to the influence of the new media to the current generation, media convergence commenced. MIL MASTERY TEST HANDOUTS (SY 2023-2024) NDDU-SHS  MEDIA & INFORMATION LITERACY WEEK 5: LEGAL, ETHICAL, & SOCIETAL ISSUES IN MEDIA & INFORMATION The internet has shared a lot of good things to the humanity yet using it may also lead us to possible dangers and issues. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) defined Intellectual property as creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names, and images used in commerce. These creations were protected by law for inventors to be recognized and provided with financial benefits. In the Philippines, to ensure the protection of one’s work/invention, Republic Act 8293 also known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines was created to combat illegal use and owning of original work without legal permission. In particular, Section 172.2 of this Act states that “works are protected by the sole fact that their creation, irrespective to their mode or form of expression, as well as of their content, quality and purpose”. The Intellectual Property Law covers the following types of intellectual property: copyright, patent, trademark, industrial design, and geographical origin. TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 1. Copyright It is a legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works. Works covered by copyright range from books, music, paintings, sculpture and films, to computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps, and technical drawings. MIL WEEK 5 HANDOUTS NDDU-SHS  2. Patent This is an exclusive right granted for an invention. 3. Trademark This is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. The trademark symbol (TM) is a mark that companies often use on a logo, name, phrase, word, or design that represents the business. The registered trademark symbol (R) represents a mark that is a registered trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). 4. Industrial Design It constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article. May consist of three- dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color. Source: https://www.pinterest.fr/pin/43839734 4957383550/ MIL WEEK 5 HANDOUTS NDDU-SHS  5. Geographical Indications These are signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that place of origin. Source: https://world.openfoodfacts.org/product/071622 1050587/cebu-dried-mangoes-profood- international-corp Furthermore, another concern raised on the violation of Intellectual Property is Plagiarism. Auraria Library (2020), defines Plagiarism as “one form of academic dishonesty. It is claiming, or appearing to claim, another’s work as your own by not acknowledging it.” In an article titled “What is Plagiarism?” by p.org published on May 2017, the following activities are considered plagiarism. Copying media (especially images) from other websites to paste them into your own papers or websites. Making a video using footage from others’ videos or using copyrighted music as part of the soundtrack. Performing another person’s copyrighted music (i.e., playing a cover). Composing a piece of music that borrows heavily from another composition. Violation of intellectual property law is called Infringement and is punishable by law. Another common problem associated with the violation of Intellectual property is Piracy. It refers to the unauthorized use, copying, reproduction or distribution of products that have IP rights protection. It may include stealing, transmitting, selling, and copying without the express consent and/or written approval. It may also involve not paying royalties to the rights owned. To protect oneself from violating the use of copyrighted works, Fair use and Creative Commons were introduced. MIL WEEK 5 HANDOUTS NDDU-SHS  FAIR USE It refers to the use of copyrighted material without a license only for certain purposes. These include: Commentary, Criticism, Reporting, Research and Teaching. The following are guidelines to be considered for Fair use: ▪ A majority of the content you create must be your own. ▪ Give credit to the copyright holder. ▪ Don't make money off of the copyrighted work. CREATIVE COMMONS It is an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. They released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the public. Creative Commons Guidelines: Attribution: You must credit the creator. Non-Commercial: You can't make a profit. No Derivative Works: You can't change the content. Share Alike: You can change the content, but you have to let other people use your new work with the same license as the original. MIL WEEK 5 HANDOUTS NDDU-SHS  DATA PRIVACY ❖ RA 10173 (Data Privacy Act of 2012)- an act protecting individual’s personal information in information and communications systems in the government and the private sector. Kindly click the link below to read more about the implementing rules and regulation of the act. https://www.privacy.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/IRR-of-the-DPA.pdf The media and information age has been the subject of much legal, ethical, and societal controversies. While its overall implications are undeniable, there are issues that come along with it. In your previous module, you learned about different legal and ethical issues related to media and information particularly the issues about intellectual property. In this module, you will be reviewed and/or refreshed of the different societal issues in media and information. Digital Divide Digital divide is an economic inequality between groups in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge of ICT. The divide within countries (such as the digital divide in the United States) can refer to inequalities between individuals, households, businesses, and geographic areas at different socioeconomic (and Image Source: other demographic) levels. https://sites.psu.edu/lydiakeller504/2017/09/03/module-2-a-new- digital-divide/ The Global digital divide designates countries as the units of analysis, and examines the divide between developing and developed countries on an international scale. In addition, Benjamin Company defines Digital divide as the disparities in access to telephones, personal computers, and the internet across certain demographic groups. Different segments have varying levels of access to digital developments due to a number of factors. This can include but are not limited to, race, gender, age, employment, income, location, and religion. MIL WEEK 5 HANDOUTS NDDU-SHS  For example, a 20-year-old millennial may be more active online, than a 70-year-old war veteran. This is because the former grew up with the internet developments while the latter has been introduced to the World Wide Web era way after their formative years. However, this doesn't mean that the elderly does not have "access" per se; they are simply not as comfortable with the Image Source: https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/12/16/155240/t internet as their younger counterparts resulting to their he-unacceptable-persistence-of-the-digital-divide/ limited presence online. Another example would be between rural and urban settlers. Due to their distance from major cities, their relatively small population size, and their low-income, private digital service providers do not often invest in far-flung provinces. Since the cities hold more promising opportunities, they choose to devote their resources to their digital services in urban areas. Advancements like LTE coverage and fiber optics are available mostly in major commercial districts only while small towns in rural areas still struggle with the basic 3G connection. Cyberbullying, on the other hand, is a form of bullying that takes place online, or using electronic technology such as cell phones, computers, and tablets over communication tools including social media sites, text messages, chat, and websites. Source: https://youthincmag.com/cyberbullying-a- growing-threat-to-teenagers Republic act no. 10627 (also known as Anti-Bullying Act of 2013) is an act requiring all elementary and secondary schools to adopt policies to prevent and address the acts of bullying in their institutions. Examples of cyber bullying are text messages or emails composed to insult or demean; rumors or false statements spread by email or posted on social networking sites, and humiliating photos, videos, websites, or fake profiles deliberately shared across social media. Cyberbullying, or bullying through electronic means, is one of the many problems brought about by advancements in technology. With the existence smartphones, tablets, laptops, and 24/7 access to the internet, cyberbullying, can happen to anyone, anywhere, and at any time. This may involve exposing Source: https://www.childsafenet.org/cyber-bullying MIL WEEK 5 HANDOUTS NDDU-SHS  embarrassing content about someone or sending messages with the intention of hurting the receiver emotionally or mentally. One good example would be the infamous incident that involved a college student and a security guard at a train station. After a video of the college girl shouting and insulting the guard went viral, she became the most hated person on social media. She was subjected to ridicule, received hateful messages, and even received threats. It became too much that she decided to delete her social media accounts and even refused to leave her home. While it can be argued that she deserved to be admonished by her actions, the cyberbullying that ensued was too harsh of a punishment. This story proves how easy it is to bully someone online. Somehow the veil of anonymity provided by the cyberspace makes a cyber bully even more concerning than the traditional big bully kid in class. Computer/ Internet addiction It is the excessive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with daily life. This excessive use may for example interfere with work or sleep, result in problems with social interaction, or affect mood, relationships, and thought processes. Source: https://www.childsafenet.org/internet-addiction Addiction is defined as an overdependence on something or a damaging need to do something. While it is commonly associated with substances like recreational drugs, the digital age has now ushered an addiction that is gradually raising concerns in industries and society as a whole. Thanks to smartphones and mobile internet data services, media information is now widely available and constantly present in peoples' lives. More and more individuals are now developing a heightened dependency with media and information. Nowadays, smartphones have become a necessity, something any average person couldn't live without. In fact, wherever one goes, be it at a restaurant with friends or within the confines of one's own bedroom, everyone feels the need to connect online. This addiction according to the Huffington Post has been linked to poor sleep quality, anxiety, and even depression. The www.addictioncenter.com enumerated some subcategories of specific types of computer and internet addictions. MIL WEEK 5 HANDOUTS NDDU-SHS  Cybersex Addiction A Cybersex addiction is one of the more self- explanatory internet addictions. It involves online pornography, adult websites, sexual fantasy/adult Source: https://www.dianova.org/opinion/when-sex-on-the- chat rooms, and XXX web-cam services among internet-becomes-addiction/ others. An obsession with any of these services can be harmful to one’s ability to form real-world sexual, romantic, or intimate relationships. Treatment options are available for those with cybersex addictions, typically in the form of intervention followed by ongoing inpatient or outpatient therapy. Net Compulsions Net compulsions concern interactive activities online that can be extremely harmful, such as online gambling, trading stocks, online auctions (such as E- bay), and compulsive online shopping. These habits can have a detrimental impact on one’s financial Source: https://sellercentral.amazon.com/forums/t/add-to- cart-button-is-now-black-rather-than-orange/459871 stability and disrupt job-related duties. Spending or losing excessive amounts of money can also cause stress in one’s relationships. With instant and easy access to online casinos and stores, it is easy for those who are already susceptible to a gambling or spending addiction to get hooked online. Cyber (Online) Relationship Addiction Cyber or online relationship addicts are deeply involved with finding and maintaining relationships online, often forgetting and neglecting real-life family and friends. Typically, online relationships are formed in chat rooms or different social networking sites but can occur anywhere you can interact with people online. Often, people who pursue online relationships do so while Source: concealing their real identity and appearance – this https://satoriworldmedical.wordpress.com/tag/cyber- modern phenomenon led to the creation of the term relationship-addiction/ “catfish.” After being consumed by an online social life and persona, a person may be left with limited social skills and unrealistic expectations concerning in-person interactions. Many times, this leads to an inability to make real-world connections, in turn, making them more dependent on their cyber MIL WEEK 5 HANDOUTS NDDU-SHS  relationships. Counseling or therapy is typically required to treat this addiction and ensure lasting behavioral changes. Computer or Gaming Addiction Computer addiction, sometimes referred to as computer gaming addiction, involves on- and offline activities that can be done with a computer. As computers became more widely available, games such as Solitaire, Tetris, and Minesweeper were programed into their software. Researchers quickly found that obsessive computer game playing was become a problem in certain settings. Office employees would spend excessive amounts of time playing these games causing a notable decrease in productivity. Today, not only are these classic games still available, but so are thousands of new ones. Computer Source: https://www.123rf.com/photo_8444320_compu addiction is the oldest type of internet/computer addiction, and ter-addiction-young-man-immersed-himself-in- it is still prevalent and harmful today. virtual-world-merged-with-computer-vector- illustrat.html MIL WEEK 5 HANDOUTS NDDU-SHS  MEDIA & INFORMATION LITERACY Week 6 – MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSE Etymology of MOOC The word “MOOC” came from a course from the University of Manitoba called “Connectivism and Connective Knowledge”. This word was first used by Dave Cormier, an educational activist and a researcher from the University of Prince Edward Island. It is pronounced just like the word kook with the long oo sound. Oxford online dictionary added it last August 2013. WHAT IS MOOC? ▪ It is a free “distance-learning program” that can be taken through the internet by large numbers of people for additive learning. ▪ It is an online course that is being offered by private companies and universities, mainly in America, for additional knowledge, and for new learning experience. ▪ The number of students that can enroll, for a specific course is basically no limit. ▪ Some universities in America collaborated with private companies once had a single course having 50,000 students enrolled on it. 1  ▪ Some websites that provide the MOOC services are: Coursera, edX, Udemy, Udacity, HarvardX, BlackBoard, NPTEL, iversity, NoveEd, Stanford OpenEdx, Janux, EdCast, and many more. MOOCs provide participants with course materials that are normally used in a conventional education setting - such as examples, lectures, videos, study materials and problem sets. MOOCs are a recent and widely researched development in distance education, first introduced in 2006 and emerged as a popular mode of learning in 2012. 2 Here are some courses provided by the said websites: 1. 3D Printing Software 2. Accounting of Business Decision Making: Measurement and Operational Decisions 3. Advanced Content and Social Tactics to Optimize SEO 4. Advanced Learning through Evidence-based STEM Learning 5. Algorithms of Graphs 6. Business English for Cross-cultural Communication 7. Data Collection: Online, Telephone and Face-to-Face Not only in college are these courses available. Some schools of higher education schools offer MOOC courses. But these courses cannot be accepted as credible; it will only be considered as an activity and will receive a statement of accomplishment or a certificate. 3 HAPTIC TECHNOLOGY - requires realistic visual touching to perform a specific function Examples: the vibration of your cell phone ultrasound used by gynecologists Morse Code used by the deaf-blind for access to the web recent smartphones with no buttons CONTEXTUAL AWARENESS - a device system’s ability to collect information based on the user’s environment combined with algorithmic preferences Examples: navigational application, Waze video suggestions on YouTube or Netflix VOICE AND TONE RECOGNITION - a device system’s ability to identify a particular person through speech and tone Examples: voice ID authentication services of banks Siri and Alexa INTELLIGENT ROUTING TO DEVICES - collects information on a certain location Example: Navigational applications can report issues on the road. 4 EYE TRACKING TECHNOLOGY - measures eye activity. This can be found in the medical, marketing, gaming, and education industry. INTERNET GLASSES - wearable computer glasses Examples: Google Glass and Oculus Rift 5