Media and Information Literacy PDF

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY Communication is a ected by media and information due to the advancement of technology and the COMMUNICATION...

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY Communication is a ected by media and information due to the advancement of technology and the COMMUNICATION availability of di erent communication services. refers to people of groups of people imparting or These allow us to have access to fast and easy forms exchanging messages through speaking, writing, of communication through the use of di erent media gestures, or even using other symbolic forms by platforms and social media sites like Facebook, utilizing a variety of channels for sending or receiving Messenger, Instagram, Twitter, and others. However, them. this form of communication may have a negative e ect on people in terms of personal relationships FORMS OF COMMUNICATION that may be strained by the over-reliance on social 1. Intrapersonal Communication- it is a form of media that are fertile grounds for fake news and communication with oneself using internal hoaxes. Therefore, we should always be mindful in vocalization or re ective thinking (Communication in taking advantage of the use of communication the Real World, 2010). We exercise intrapersonal technology in appropriate ways. We must keep in communication more often than we consciously mind the principle of "Think before you click”. remember. We do it every time we quietly decide on what to when we contemplate on what decisions to MEDIA make, or even make observations or formulate derived from the Latin word medius, which means opinions about the things around us which we keep "middle". It is the plural form of medium, which refer to ourselves. to the tool people use to mediate or facilitate the 2. Interpersonal Communication- is a form of transfer of communication between a sender and a communication between two di erent people who receiver. may or may not have a direct relationship with each other but are mutually and actively part of the MASS MEDIA communication process. Interpersonal a type of media used to reach a large audience.(i.e. communication can be planned or unplanned, but television, radio, and news paper) since it is interactive, it is usually more structured and in uenced by social expectations MEDIA LITERACY (Communication in the Real World, 2010). the ability to "access, analyze, evaluate, respond to a 3. Group Communication- a type of communication range of media." between three or more people interacting to achieve a speci c objective or a certain goal. This WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE MEDIA LITERATE form of communication often happens during team- being media literate means controlling the based tasks mostly done in school works or interpretation of media instead of it controlling you. organizational endeavors. media literacy is not about memorizing facts - rather 4. Public Communication- this is a sender-focused it is learning a skill, a process, of developing a way of form of communication in which one person is critical thinking that allows you to see clearly. typically responsible for conveying Information to an audience. This form is usually seen during WHY IS MEDIA LITERACY IMPORTANT campaigns, speeches, or other public speaking media literacy embodies the critical skills of many events. Among the other forms of communication aspects of literacy in an online world from critical discussed so far, this is the most formal, intentional, thinking about images and texts to ethical and social and goal-oriented type. practices - some examples include: 5. Mass Communication- public communication becomes mass communication when it is Body image in media Exploitation transmitted to many people through print or electronic media. In the past, print media such as Diversity in media Cyber bullying newspapers and magazines and broadcast media like TV and radio have been the most used Violence in media Privacy channels for mass communication. However, in the advent of technology, mass communication has slowly and strategically shifted its medium to the INFORMATION LITERACY internet world through websites and social media. ability to know when there is a need for information, while at the same time, being able to identify, locate 8 ELEMENTS THAT CONSTITUTE THE CREATION and e ectively use sources of information. OF A MESSAGE (Turow, 2009) Information literate people are those who have 1. Source learned how to learn. (American Library Association) 2. Encoding nding the right information & learning how to use it. 3. Transmitting 4. Channels THE INFORMATION LITERATE PERSON 5. Decoding information literate people nd and use information 6. Receiver competently and ethically. 7. Feedback information literacy is a valuable lifelong skill. 8. Noise Interference the information literate person can: identify, nd, evaluate, apply, and acknowledge information. fi ff ff fl fi fl ff ff fi ff ff fi  TECHNOLOGICAL LITERACY FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA The ability to use the appropriate technological tool in Inform citizens of what is happening (Monitoring a responsible manner to communicate, solve a Function) problem, analyze data, and acquire new learning. Educate the audience (Meaning and Signi cance of It is not just a matter of learning to operate a tool. Facts) Provide a platform for public discourse (Public MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY Opinion and Expression of Dissent) Includes information and communication literacy and “Watchdog” role of journalism digital literacy. It is de ned as a set of competencies Channel for advocacy for political viewpoints that empowers citizens to access, retrieve, understand, evaluate and use, create, as well as TECHNOLOGY LITERACY share information and media content in all formats, means you are able to use, manage, and evaluate using various tools in a critical, ethical, and e ective technology in your life. way, in order to participate and engage in personal, Technology Literacy is about taking advantage of professional, and societal activities. technology to communicate, access, use manipulate Refers to the essential competencies (knowledge, compare and store information. skills and attitude) that allow citizens to engage with media and other information providers e ectively and INFORMATION DISORDER develop critical thinking and life-long learning skills Information Disorder refers to the many ways our for socializing and becoming active citizens information environment is polluted - content is fake, used out of context, or weaponized to attack certain Preference- the selecting of someone or something individuals or groups of people. Understanding this over another or others. landscape is the rst step towards better and Habit- a recurrent, often unconscious pattern of responsible use of media and information. behavior that is acquired through frequent repetition. There are three categories of Information Disorder: Lifestyle- a way of life or living of a person or group. Misinformation, Disinformation, Mal-information THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO NEW MEDIA 1. MISINFORMATION Misinformation refers to information that is false, but TRADITIONAL MEDIA the person sharing or disseminating it unknowingly Media experience is limited. perceives it as something true. False connection - One- directional. when headlines or visuals do not support the content. Sense receptors used are very speci c (i.e. print False connection- when headlines or visuals do media- sense of sight, radio- sense of hearing, TV and not support the content. lm- sight and hearing). Misleading content- by cropping photos or choosing quotes or statistics selectively. NEW MEDIA Media experience is more interactive. 2. DISINFORMATION Audiences are more involved and can send feedback refers to content that contains false information with simultaneously. the deliberate intention to mislead or deceive the Integrates all the aspects of old media. audience. False context- when genuine content is MEDIA AND GOVERNMENT recirculated out of its original context. Normative Theories of the Press Imposter content- persons' bylines used along - Authoritarian articles they didn’t write, or organizations' logos - Soviet Media used in videos or images they did not create. - Libertarian Manipulated content- when genuine content is - Social Responsibility manipulated to deceive. Fabricated content- fabricated "news sites" or AN INFORMATION LITERATE PERSON fabricated visual. recognizes the need for information. recognizes that accurate and complete information 3. MAL-INFORMATION is the basis for intelligent decision- making. refers to information that is based on reality but is identi es potential sources of information. used to in ict harm. develops successful search strategies. Examples: accesses sources of information including - Leaks to the press of private information for computer-based and other technologies. personal or corporate interest (e.g., revenge porn). evaluates, organizes, and integrates information for - Using a picture (e.g. of a dead child, with no practical application. context or false context) in an e ort to ignite used in critical thinking and problem solving. hatred of a particular ethnic group. fi fi fl fi fi  ff ff fi fi ff  7 MIL SKILLS THAT YOU SHOULD DEVELOP HOW TO BE A RESPONSIBLE MEDIA The ability & willingness to make e ort to understand INFORMATION USER? content, pay attention, and lter out noise. 1. Be aware of emotions - The quality of our meaning-making is related to 2. Don’t plagiarize the e ort we give it. If you want to see and hear 3. Know your sources quality content, you should have exerted e ort to 4. Avoid sharing personal details look for such and understand it. 5. Be mindful of the rules An understanding of and respect for the power of media messages. THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO NEW MEDIA - We need to be self-aware of the in uence of The term "media" is described as means of media on our lives. Like, how media a ects our communication for people which includes choices in the clothes we wear, the shows we newspapers, radio, televisions, and the internet. In watch, the songs we listen to, the words we use. the advent of the "new normal", the role of media has The ability to distinguish emotional from reasoned been highlighted more than ever. The society relies reactions when responding to content and to act heavily on media and information technology, not only accordingly. for communication, but also for information - Some media products are intentionally shot and dissemination, distance learning, work at home, etc. broadcasted for their emotional impact. However, with the attainment of technological advancement, media consumers must still be able to channel people wondered how media changes throughout this emotional in uence to a reasonable reaction. time and what forms of media exist in di erent ages. Development of heightened expectations of media To answer these queries, let us now discover how content. media have evolved from pre-industrial age to - When we expect little from the content before us, information age. we tend to give meaning-making little e ort and attention. Moreover, expectations lead to pressure PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (Before 1700s) for media outlets to produce factual and quality During pre-industrial age, about 4.5 million years ago, media content. the early hominids discovered re, developed paper A knowledge of genre conventions and the ability to from plants, and built weapons. The prehistoric recognize when they are being mixed. inhabitants used stone tools and metals as part of - Genre is a category of expressions within the their daily activities like hunting and gathering. They di erent media, i.e., "evening news," also used crude stone tools to create things "documentary," "horror movie," or considered rock art. These prehistoric arts such as "entertainment." Meanwhile, genre conventions petroglyphs and pictographs were considered the are distinctive, standardized style elements that earliest forms of traditional media. characterize a particular genre (Example: music, Cave paintings (35,000 BC) style, "tatak"). Knowledge of these conventions is Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC) important because they cue us or direct our Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC) meaning-making. (Example: We would believe Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC) more on documentary lms than Hollywood ones Dibao in China (2nd Century) much like we believe more stories on the evening Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century) news than in the gossip channels). In an e ort to Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD) maximize audiences (and therefore pro ts) or for creative reasons, media content makers mix genre INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700s-1930s) conventions. (Example: ABS-CBN having informal The industrial age occurs during the industrial captions or host being both in the news and revolution in Great Britain. This period brought in entertainment department) economical and societal changes, such as the The ability to think critically about media messages, substitution of handy tools with machines like the no matter how credible their sources. power loom and the steam engine. The - The news media is sometimes referred to as the transformation of the manufacturing industry, and fourth branch of the government, but this does not commercial enterprise for mass production of various mean, however, that we should believe everything products occurred. Also, long-distance they report. It is important to "triangulate" or look communication became possible via telegraph, for other credible sources that may contain the system used for transmitting messages. (Magpile same information. 2016, p. 19-20) A knowledge and appreciation of the internal Printing press for mass production (19th century) language of various media and the ability to Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640) understand its e ects, no matter how complex Each Typewriter (1800) Telephone (1876) medium has its own speci c internal language, and Motion picture photography /projection (1890) this language is expressed in production values - Commercial motion pictures (1913) choice of lighting, editing, special e ects, music, Motion picture with sound (1926) camera angles, location on the page, and size and Telegraph placement of headline. Understanding how media Punchcards creates and shapes various production also encourages the audience to have a deeper appreciation of art through media. ff ff fl ff  fi fi fi fi ff  ff fl fi ff ff ff ff ff  ELECTRONIC AGE (1930s-1980s) Video Games (Digital Games) started when people utilized the power of electricity New Media that made electronic devices like transistor radio and television work. The creation of the transistor piloted NEW MEDIA the rise of the electronic age. The power of transistors digital media that are interactive, incorporate two-way was used in radio, electronic circuits, and early communication and involve some form of computing. computers. In this period, people made use of air Social Media- forms of electronic communication access to communication. (Teaching Guide for Senior (such as web sites) through which people create High School Media and Information Literacy, p. 21) online communities to share information, ideas, Transistor Radio personal messages, etc. Television (1941) Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC (1949) and MASS MEDIA AND MEDIA EFFECTS UNIVAC 1 (1951) Mass Media- refer to channels of communication Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704(1960) that involve transmitting information in some way, Personal computers - i.e. HewlettPackard 9100A shape or form to large numbers of people (1968), Apple 1 (1976) Media E ects- are the intended or unintended OHP, LCD projectors Information consequences of what the mass media does (Denis McQuail, 2010). INFORMATION AGE (1900s-2000s) The information age is a period also known as the MEDIA EFFECTS digital age. This period signi ed the use of the Third-party Theory- people think they are more worldwide web through an internet connection. immune to media in uence than others. Communication became faster and easier with the Reciprocal E ect- when a person or event gets use of social networks or social media platforms such media attention, it in uences the way the person acts as Facebook, Messenger, Instagram, Twitter, among or the way the event functions. Media coverage often others. The rapid technological advancement among increases self-consciousness, which a ects our innovation with the use of microelectronics lead to actions. the development of laptops, netbooks mobile Boomerang E ect- refers to media-induced change phones, and wearable technology. (Teaching Guide that is counter to the desired change. for Senior High School Media and Information Cultivation Theory (George Gerbner)- states that Literacy, p. 21) media exposure, speci cally to television, shapes our Web browsers: Mosaic(1993), Internet Explorer (1995) social reality by giving us a distorted view on the Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), amount of violence and risk in the world. Wordpress (2003) Agenda-setting Theory (Lippmanny/ McCombs and Social media: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), Shaw)- process whereby the mass media determine Facebook (2004) what we think and worry about. Public reacts not to Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007) actual events but to the pictures in our head, created Video: YouTube (2005) by media. Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality Propaganda Model of Media Control (Herman & Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts (2013) Chomsky)- the model tries to understand how the Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo (1995) population is manipulated, and how the social, Portable computers- laptops, tablets, netbooks economic, political attitudes are fashioned in the Smartphones minds of people through propaganda. Wearable technology Cloud and Big Data MTRCB (Movie and Television Review and Classi cation Board) is the government agency TRADITIONAL MEDIA responsible for rating television programs and lms in Media experience is limited. the Philippines. One- directional. Sense receptors used are very speci c (i.e. print media- sense of sight, radio- sense of hearing, TV and lm- sight and hearing). NEW MEDIA Media experience is more interactive. Audiences are more involved and can send feedback simultaneously. PROPAGANDA Integrates all the aspects of old media. ideas or statements that are often false or digital media that are interactive, incorporate two-way exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a communication and involve some form of computing. cause, a political leader, a government, etc. The Essence of Propaganda: Stereotypes are at the TYPES OF MEDIA heart of all propaganda e orts. Their purpose is to Print Media create the perception that our actions are always Broadcast Media ethical and honorable, while those of our opponents Film/ Cinema are always unethical and dishonorable. fi fi  ff ff ff fl fl fi ff  fi fi ff fi  INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE Traditional knowledge are re ection of one’s culture. These information serve as a foundation of communication and survival among our ancestors way back then. Hence, the term Indigenous was associated. Indigenous Knowledge (IK) is the local knowledge – knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society. IK contrasts with the international knowledge system generated by universities, research institutions and private rms. (Warren 1991) INDIGENOUS MEDIA...owned, controlled and managed by indigenous peoples in order for them to develop and produce culturally appropriate information in the languages understood by the community by utilizing indigenous materials and resources, re ecting community needs and interests, visions and aspirations, and independent from vested interest groups. (Indigenous Media, Freedom of Expression and Right to Information: A S E A N S c e n a r i o, 2014) Characteristics: - oral tradition of communication - store information in memories information exchange is - face-to-face - information are contain within the border of the community LIBRARY Aside from books and journals, libraries also house advanced e-resources. Most libraries o er the following services: User services function in linking people to the information they are looking for. Technical services function in gathering, cataloging, and preparing library materials. Computer services function in maintaining databases, software programming, web page design, etc. in the library. Administrative services function in managing the library and services, conveying contracts with sellers, supervising library employees, and preparing budgets. TYPES OF LIBRARY Academic Library- serves colleges and universities. Public Library- serves cities and towns of all types. School Library- serves students from Kindergarten to Grade 12. Special Library- in specialized environments, such as hospitals. TYPES OF SOURCES fi fl fl ff  MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGE can be used between two characters rather than Media and Information Language is the way in which cutting to establish a more energetic connection. the meaning of a media text is conveyed to the - Tilt Shot- Camera tilts are just like pans, only audience. It is conveyed through media code. vertical. Tilt camera movements direct a camera upward or downward. Camera tilts can be used to CODES AND CONVENTIONS give a character dominance in a shot or to reveal Codes- are systems of signs, which create meaning. new information to the audience. Tilts enable Conventions- are the generally accepted ways of lmmakers to capture the verticality of a lm in doing something. moments of awe and spectacle. Sign and symbols in media is ‘polysemic’ meaning - Push In- A push-in moves the camera closer to a they are open to many interpretation. That is why we subject typically with a dolly camera movement or need to use the appropriate signs and symbols in Steadicam. Push-ins can draw the audience's media. These media codes and conventions are attention toward a speci c detail. Filmmakers also educators of genre. push-in toward characters to try and infer what is occurring internally. This can be a reaction, GENRE thought process, or internal con ict. comes from the French word meaning 'type' or 'class‘ - Pull Out- the camera pull out is the exact It refers to a class or category of artistic deaveraging opposite of the push in. A pull out is a smooth a particular form, content, technique or like. camera movement that moves the camera further can be recognized by its common set of away from a subject. This movement causes the distinguishing features (codes and conventions) subject to grow smaller while simultaneously revealing their surroundings. MEDIA CODES AND CONVENTIONS - Tracking Shot- a tracking shot is any shot that It draws the audience in identifying the movie if it is physically moves the camera through the scene horror, action, drama or fantasy lm. Each genre uses for an extended amount of time. Tracking camera di erent codes and convention to make people movement often follows a traveling subject, happy, sad, terri ed and trill. though they can be used to simply show o the scene. TYPES OF CODES - Arc shot- The arc shot orbits the camera around a subject in an arc pattern. Arc shots are typically TECHNICAL CODES used to add energy to a shot in which characters ways in which equipment is used to tell the story have minimal actions. (camera techniques, framing, depth of elds, lighting Audio- Audio can be used to enhance multimedia and exposure, etc.) applications in a number of ways. Camera Works, Audio/sound, Lighting, Editing Camerawork- refers to how camera is operated. SYMBOLIC CODES Camera Techniques show what is beneath the surface of what we see (objects, setting, body language, clothing, color, etc. ) - Setting- is the time and place of a narrative. Your setting must always t you message. - Mise-en-scene- It is the description of all objects within a frame of the media product and how they can be arranged. It includes set design, make- ups, costumes, accessories and props. - Acting- Actors portray characters in media Camera Movement- It is a technique that causes a products and contribute to character change in frame or perspective through the development, creating tension or advancing the movement of the camera. narrative. The actors portrays a character through - Static Shot- has no camera movement at all. It is a p p e a r a n c e , g e s t u re s , m o v e m e n t s f a c i a achieved by locking a camera to a xed-position expressions and vocal delivery. typically with a tripod. The stability of a static shot - Color- Every color has elicits a di erent and makes it non-distracting. This makes it one of the unique emotional response in the viewer thus best camera movements for shot-reverse-shot when you produce a media, you have to be clever dialogue, precise composition, or showcasing an with your color choices. actors’ performance. - Panning Shot- the camera pan directs a camera horizontally left or right. The pan camera movement is typically achieved with a tripod head, but can also be done handheld or with a stabilizer. Pans are often motivated by a character’s actions. They can also be used to reveal new information to the audience. When done quickly with speed, the fast camera movement is known as a whip pan. Whip pans are one of the best camera movements to add energy to a shot. Whip pans fi ff fi fi fi fl fi fi ff fi fi ff  WRITTEN CODES use of language style and textual layout (headlines, captions, speech bubbles, language style, etc. ) Media Conventions- are accepted ways of using media codes. Conventions are closely connected to the audience expectation of a media product. - Form Conventions- Form Conventions are the speci c way we expect the types of media codes to be arranged. In newspapers for example, the most important news will be at the front page while sports news is found at the back page. Newspapers also contain masthead. - Story Conventions- Story Conventions are common narrative structures and understandings that are common in story telling media products - Genre Conventions- Genre Conventions points to the common use of tropes, character, settings or themes in a particular type of medium. It is closely linked with the audience expectations of the genre VIDEO TREATMENT consists of a written condensation of a proposed lm or TV dramatic production written in the present tense, using active language and often read like a short story covers the basic ideas and issues of the production as well as the main characters, locations, and story angles covers the full story sequence, typically contains some key scenes STORYBOARD A storyboard is a graphic representation of how your video will unfold, shot by shot. Think of it as sort of a comic book version of your script. fi fi