Honors Global Civilizations Period 4 Midterm Review PDF

Honors Global Civilizations Period 4 Midterm Review Directions: Please be appropriate as you work! I will be monitoring your activity and you will receive a...

Honors Global Civilizations Period 4 Midterm Review Directions: Please be appropriate as you work! I will be monitoring your activity and you will receive a classwork grade! :) -This review guide/presentation should be used when studying for all three sections of your Global Civ midterm. -You will be placed in groups by the teacher to compile and organize the content from a particular unit of study from semester one. -Be sure to complete a detailed analysis of each term listed in your assigned unit of study. Pay attention to what the review sheet says you need to know! Insert slides into the presentation after your section header. Use as many slides as necessary. -Remember: We are helping each other! The more detailed you make this review guide, the more everyone will benefit from it. Short Answer Question #1 Daniel, Luke, DJ Short Answer Question 1: Compare and contrast Ancient Greece and Rome in TWO of the following areas: Religion Gender roles Military conquest Government  Religion Rome: Greece: Polytheistic; started turning mainly Christian later Polytheistic - worshipped Took a lot from Greek religion after conquering Greece multiple gods Roman Empire allowed people to worship According to Greek religion, their own religion as long as they Gods lived on Mount Olympus honored true Roman gods as well The city-state of Athens was Rome did not tolerate Christians as named after Athena, Goddess of they did not worship Roman gods Constantine legalized Christianity wisdom and daughter of Zeus after seeing a “blazing cross in the Greeks made temples and hosted sky” various different festivals to This switch to Christianity introduced honor their gods monotheism - the worship of only one god Gender roles- DJ Rome Greece Women had few rights at In sparta, men and first but gained more women were equal overtime Men were warriors and Women were investors worked in government and would raise the Women were responsible family for raising children Men would work most into strong warriors jobs In Athens even though Only men could run for they were named after a government goddess, women were Some women had very less than men public roles Military conquest- DJ Rome Greece Punic wars City states were often ○ 3 wars at war with each other ○ Rome won Origin for many warfare ○ Launched rome into techniques power Macedonia controlled Largest extent covering all of greece and large all of the portion of the middle mediterranean east and as far as Invaded many celtic and india germanic tribes in Peloponnesian war britain, germany, and mainly between sparta france and athens led to the macedonian invasion Government - Daniel Greece Athens Rome(Empire) Women were excluded from System of law known as politics civil law for citizens Birthplace of democracy Emperor inherited Direct Democracy: Citizens significant power, highest voted on laws and politics official Gave importance to Senate was a branch of education government with around 600 people Sparta Women were excluded from Oligarchy:wealthy group of politics people in control Pax Romana, or “Roman Included women in Peace,” began politics, more valued Focused on military, discipline, and invasion Short Answer Question #2 Gabby, Monika, Renee Classical Age (Greece & Rome) - Renee PT. 1 Art in Greece: Lifelike and idealistic sculptures (gods, goddesses, athletes, famous men) Paintings only survived on pottery (scenes of everyday life) Architecture in Greece: Parthenon: famous building of perfect balance to reflect the harmony +order of the universe - With statues Columns were very common in the architecture Agora (marketplace)/meeting place for citizens to gather + discuss common issues - Important business took place Classical Age (Greece & Rome) - Renee Pt. 2 Art in Rome: Roman Based on Greek + Etruscan art mosiac - But developed into their own styles Imported Greek statues to decorate homes, gardens, public monuments - took on hellenistic style of realism Created portraits in stone + coins to reflect character/expression Pantheon - a temple The rich displauyed frescos = murals on walls that honored all The rich displayed mosaics = chips/pieces of colored stone Roman Gods Architecture in Rome: Lavish mansions resulted from wealth of conquests + Invented concrete COLOSSEUM - public expanding trade - filled with luxuries Developed the rounded area that held Based on Greek architecture: dome to roof larger 50,000 people - Added Roman elements buildings 12-15 stories high - Adopted columns from the Greek Can hold water Emphasized Roman power with immense palaces, temples, stadiums, victory arches Middle Ages (Early) - Monika Art Architecture - Carved Sculptures - Stone cathedrals serving as symbols of wealth and religious - Included portraits, saints, and stories from the bible devotion - Some carved gargoyles and mythical creatures along with - “Romanesque” style buildings plants and animals (both imaginary and reaL) - Roman influence - Stained glass windows - Thick walls and towers - Colorful - Little to no windows - Added splendor to Gothic churches - Churched would be dim and dark - Showed dramatic bible scenes and beliefs - Educated those who could not read about Christianity - Gothic cathedrals - Paintings and Tapestries - “Flying buttresses” (Stone supports that stood outside of the - Decorated altars and churches church) - Houses and churches were richly decorated with these pieces - Allowed for higher, thinner walls - Added color and warmth - Tall windows - Bayeux Tapestry illustrates William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings Middle Ages (Early & High) - Monika Art (Early) Byzantine (high) - Decorated manuscripts were designed and illustrated elaborately by church monks, nuns, and other artisans - Known as illumination - Made of gold and silver - depicted biblical scenes - Showed daily life of all people (peasants, nobles, ect) Art (High) Architecture (High) - Influenced Western styles especially in religious art - Churches and palaces blended Greek, Roman, Persian, and other - Icons (Images evoking the presence of God) became popular with Middle Eastern styles Byzantine artists - Columns, mosaics, domes - Gave a sense of personal contact with sacred beings - Mosaics were used to bring biblical scenes to life Renaissance - Gabby Art Architecture Art in the renaissance reflect humanist concerns at this time TECHNIQUES/STYLES Techniques & Styles - Rejected the Gothic style (THOUGHT IT WAS DISORDERLY) - Representing humans/landscapes realistically - BUILT COLUMNS, ARCHES AND DOMES - Perspective painting (three dimensional world) - MODELED ROMAN AND GREEK BUILDINGS - Used shading (made objects look round) - Drew from live models ARCHITECTS Artists - Albrecht Durer - MICHELANGELO - Techniques of realism and perspective - Drew the designs for St.Peter Cathedral - JAN VAN EYCK - Inspired many buildings - Landscapes and domestic life - Raphael - Symbolism - Studied works of leonardo & Michelangelo - LEonardo da vinci - painter/architect/inventor - Painted the last supper & MOna Lisa - Ideal renaissance man NOT ON MIDTERM BUT GOOD GENERAL REVIEW! Ancient Civilizations Ancient Greece Emma, Grace, liv, Erin T Geography impact of the settlement: The location and surroundings of each city-state influenced its growth, development, and ultimate faith. Greece is made up of many small peninsulas and islands. Greece also has short mountain ranges that cut up the Greek mainland. This allows diversity and separate communities and governments to form and prevents unity. Has lots of small rivers but no great river system like in other civilizations. Greece does benefit from mild climate with good soil and sufficient rainfall which allows them to produce lots of different foods that other civilizations couldn't. Every part of the mainland was close to long coastlines (with good harbors). This provided jobs for people and gave them skills as fishers, sailers, traders, and eventually colonizers. The Polis system: Diversity A Polis is a greek word for a city- state. A Polis system was established of the tribal organization and geography (disunity) A Polis include a fort, city, and government Citizens were very loyal to their Polis and would give ur their lives for it Usually a Polis: is a small size place with a small sized population (fewer than 10,00), only free adult males had all rights, women had no political rights, setting on a hill, meeting place was an Agora  Polytheism, Gods & Goddesses *Polytheistic = Belief in more than one god Greek Gods and Goddesses Was NOT focussed on morality - Had human qualities and personalities - Did not believe that people had - Had weaknesses and wants to be religious to experience - All lived on Mount Olympus blessings and safety in the afterlife - Myths (stories told about good and bad - Bodies were cremated (burned) things done by gods and goddesses) after death were told for people to learn from - Believed that all people went to the “house of Hades” but it was not a punishment - Zeus - Most powerful and king of the gods. Father to some god(esse)s and humans Wanted 3 things from religion - Hera - Wife and sister to Zeus. Protected - Explanation for natural world (thunder, seasons) marriage and women - Explanation for loss of self control (passion) - Poseidon - Brother of Zeus. God of the - A long life full of good fortune sea  Philosophy Famous philosophers (The Stoics): Socrates Plato Aristotle - Socrates’ student - Plato’s most famous - First of the Stoics - Wrote books about him student - Taught Plato - Because of Socrates’ execution, - Developed his own ideas - Created the Socratic Plato didn’t trust democracy about government Method: - Left Athens for 10 years and - Found pros and cons to when he came back he created a monarchy and democracy - Ask questions and - Suspicious of democracy school called the Academy have people - Taught his own ideas - Thought could lead reflect on their - Also taught the importance to mob rule answers of reason - Preferred single, - Wrote The Republic in which he strong leader - Taught others to ask - “Golden mean”- Find a described his ideal state questions and seek - No democracy medium course between truth and self - Government controls every extremes knowledge aspect of citizens’ lives - Started the Lyceum, a - 3 classes - workers, school for all branches - His methods were saw as of knowledge soldiers, and philosophers threatening to accepted (rulers) - Wrote about politics, values and he was ethics, logic, biology, - Philosopher-king literature and more sentenced to death by - Thought some women were superior - First universities in hemlock at age 70 to men and could have equal Europe were based on opportunities his works and ideas Grace Democracy and the Persian Wars Democracy Persian Wars Greek: American: Series of wars against Persia ○ Athenians won battle after Direct Representative Persia attacked them for Democracy Democracy supporting rebels ○ Everyone ○ Citizens Moral boost needed to participate elect officials ○ Another war a greek traitor ○ Restricted to small and showed Persia where greeks were amount of participate Spartans stayed and all people in some No died decisions by Women voting Won battle Open to Open to more ○ Sea battle citizens but people Athens had a very good few were ○ Women and allowed to be navy more people citizens allowed to Athens and Sparta WORKED be citizens TOGETHER Grace Contributions To western Civilization Architecture ○ Parthenon Stem ○ Pythagoras Philosophy Formula showing the relation between ○ Socrates sides of a right triangle Went about town asking people ○ Archimedes Physicist questions Created the Archimedes screw Socrates Method for irrigation ○ Questions that ○ Hippocrates challenge people’s Medical science ideas Hippocratic oath for doctors’ Put on Trial and killed ethical standards ○ Plato Drama and Writing Did not trust democracy ○ Tragedies and Comedies Plays/dramas that tell stories of Created school called the Academy human suffering Emphasized importance of reason Plays/dramas that are meant to be ○ Aristotle funny Favored rule by one leader after Democracy examining types of government ○ The Democracy form Greece evolved into Emphasized importance of trying to democracies used today reach the “Golden Mean”  Emma Peloponnesian War: Results Moran ❖ Disunity and instability of Greece followed the war Peloponnesian War: A devastating war Athens and Sparta = total opposites between the greek city states of Athens and Greece wants unity Sparta due to the Athens flaunting of power Won’t receive it for a generation ❖ Large life loss from plague, war, etc with the Delian league. ❖ Sparta tries to dominate Greece Insufficient rule caused resistance Thebes defeated Sparta in 371, still not very efficient in controlling Greece Philip II would soon take control Continuous wars emerge ❖ Greece remains politically unstable  Alexander the great: Legacy Emma Moran After Philip II was assassinated, one of his many wives’ child inherited the throne. This was Alexander the Great. Alexander’s greatest achievement was successfully conquering Persia at 20 years old, winning his first and greatest victory against the Persians. He then continued to win continuous victories after that. Alexander continued his rule until he passed due to a sudden fever at the age of thirty two. Shortly after his death, his legacy was spread on throughout the Mediterranean world. ❖ A hellenistic civilization lasted for about 1000 years due to his rule Vital new culture emerged, blended Greek, Persian, Egyptian and indian influences ❖ Alexandria Became the new cosmopolitan capital Center of learning ❖ Women were no longer restricted to their homes Ancient Rome Abby, Alex, Katelyn, Riley, Erin M Geography: Impacts on military & economics Located in the middle in the Mediterranean Sea ○ Alps in north, mediterranean in south Location allowed control of east and west halves of Mediterranean Region Apennines Mountains did not affect trade or trade ○ Allowed people to turn inland for trade, not the sea ○ Unity was possible because of this 15 miles inland, protected from sea invaders ○ Peninsula, lots of coastline to protect On the shallow part of Tiber River ○ Easy river crossing and trade route, no warships  The republic was a government in Rome where the public elected officials There are 4 branches of government The highest branch is Senate They were the most powerful in government Consuls Society considered them as elders they were very respected They controlled public funds, foreign policy, and could act as a Elected every one year court if needed Total of 2 councils Could make someone a dictator if there was an emergency Had the ability to veto acts and appoint dictators Censors Praetors-Second in command They were re elected every 5 years (term was 5 years) Acted as protection and police to Rome Helped Consuls They had the ability to grant citizenship to others Incharge of legal system Had the opportunity to become powerful magistrates Roman Army One of strongest armies Soldiers were very devoted to their empire/general Organized into groups Legions - Base of army, 4,000-6,000 soldiers per group - Highly trained - Most important part of army (core) All soldiers were strictly disciplined and went through extreme training Had very high morale and motivated each other in battles Has auxilla units, which was made up of citizens Julius Caesar was a famous general, as well as Mark Antony Punic Wars: Results Lasted from 264-146 BC (3 battles) Equally matched battles ○ Carthage had a great navy and were wealthy ○ Rome had a great army and their land was easy to defend Rome stole navy information from Carthage (captured vessel) ○ Built a navy with their information Carthage's leader couldn’t get any Roman allies ○ they stayed loyal to Rome due to the shared citizenship and the political power they offered The Romans invaded Africa to threaten Hannibal/Carthage ○ Romans ended up winning and becoming the most power force in the Western Mediterranean Romans continued attacking Carthage out of hatred and spite Fall of the Republic/Rise of Empire: Factors Fall Rise Political struggle for power, unstable government RISE OF EMPIRE Gap between rich/poor increased due to inflation ○ Due to the lack of government Rome was in desperate The main factor in the fall of the Republic was the need of leaders Punic Wars Tiberius Gracchus ○ This was a battle between Rome and ○ Elected Tribune in 133 BC Carthage ○ Senators were using the public and power for own ○ After the punic wars they were considered benefits rulers of the mediterranean ○ Proposed legislation to limit the amount of public land Government they could use ○ As a result there was a change in ○ Made him popular with the masses but was clubbed to government death by senators(Killed) ○ Nobles gained more power Gaius Gracchus (brother of Tiberius) Economy ○ Elected Tribune in 123 BC ○ Economy increased as more trade and ○ Introduced measures to use public funds to purchase wealth poured in grain to be sold to poor at low prices ○ Slave based economy ○ Made him popular with the masses but was killed by ○ Power was increased by conquest angry senators and his laws revoked Social structure These brothers were for the people and wanted to make a ○ Agriculture decreased due to the lands change and help out society being destroyed from war  Means “roman peace” Rome was able to maintain authority which allowed them to also maintain peace ○ Strong government Was a peaceful period for over 200 years Peace brought increased trade ○ Luxury items were carried from China (Appian Way) There was a strand of “Good Emperors” for about 100 years ○ Trajan - brought empire to largest size ○ Hadrian - supported arts, Romanized provinces, built fortifications ○ Marcus Aurelius - his death marked end of pax romana Ancient Hebrews: what made them unique Lived in Judea Monotheistic - believed in one God Occasionally revolted from time to time for independence and messiah ○ Messiah - ‘anointed one’ or religious leader Rise and Spread of Christianity Christianity was outlawed because the government saw it as an attack on Roman law Emperor Constantine was the first to accept Christianity ○ He converted to Christianity and spread the religion throughout the empire Christianity was appealing to Romans ○ Their old religions were not comforting Rome accepted Christianity because: ○ Empire was declining because of civil wars ○ It became too big to punish everyone Fall of Rome in the West: reasons, life after Causes Effects Economic Economic Inflation: no money from conquest, gold is scarce Disappearance of trade economic decline, allowed citizenship for tax money No manufacturing to build public buildings, army, and two capitals Roads and bridges fall, making roads Dangerous travel (barbarians + broken roads) = unsafe less trade + manufacturing People left cities Poor rural population: less agriculture, had to sell Social land, artist want to leave but can’t No government to maintain schools Social Libraries destroyed Population decrease (plague) More ignorance and superstition New religions + monotheism Political Political Anarchy - tribal kingdoms set up by Bad government (corrupt and ineffective) barbarians No roman loyalty Barbarian invasions  Geography ○ It covered an area of rome through Southeastern Europe and Asia, down to Egypt, and across North Hagia Sophia Africa ○ The city of constantinople was on a peninsula ○ A famous church which means overlooking Bosphorus allowing them to control “Holy Wisdom” important trade routes Religion Emperor Justinian ○ Icons-images of Jesus and ○ He was an autocratic ruler (a single ruler with religious features complete control/authority) ○ Created a sense that the holy ○ He ruled 527-565 person was actually present ○ His wife was Theodora and she served as co-ruler Most important achievements ○ He created Justinian's Code that is the basis of laws ○ Codification of laws today ○ Building of the Hagia Sophia Nika Revolts ○ Reclaiming the lands in the West ○ Two groups called the greens (lower class) and blue that were lost (upper class) wanted to kick Justinian out due to his rule ○ This resulted in a riot leading to 1,000 people being slaughtered Great Schism/Iconoclast Controversy: reason for the split of Christianity - Iconoclasts rejected God/Didn’t believe - The two churches disagreed on many topics surrounding religion - Had been built up tension for years between the Orthodox Christian Church in the East and the Roman Catholic Church in the West - Some wanted to keep church involved with government while others felt they should be separate - The West had different practices that the East did not agree with - Great Schism is the actual split between the two churches Islam: Islamic Empire Rise and Spread of Islam Islam Began in Arabia (great peninsula) Muhammad is the prophet of Islam ○ Desert plateau with sparse As a trader came in contact with Christians and Jews vegetation (monotheistic)…this attracted Muhammad ○ Environment - Supported Central belief is that there is only one God herders (organized in Holy book = Qur’an tribes ruled by sheikhs) ○ Presents God’s ordinances and teachings as revealed by ○ Trade towns grew in Muhammad coastal areas ( Center of ○ Includes concepts and teachings also found in Torah and World Trade network Bible linking Europe, Asia and ○ Muhammad ACCEPTED Torah and Bible as part of God’s Africa) revelations and he taught a special tolerance for Christians and Jews (“People of the Book”) Relations not always peaceful  5 Pillars of Islam 1. Recite the profession of faith 2. Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca 3. Give alms (money or food) to poor 4. Fast from first light to sunset during month of Ramadan (9th month of Muslim year in which Muhammad saw first vision of Gabriel) 5. Make pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in life Islamic Empire Islamic Empire Divisions in Islam Religion (much like Christianity) is a way of life Early in the history of Islam, disputes for Muslims governing their lives from birth to arose over Muhammad’s successors and death over interpretation of the faith and Qur’an Caliphs were rulers of Islamic government ○ Supreme civil, military, religious leaders Sunnis ○ “Followers of the way” Arab policy toward conquered peoples made ○ Believe that consensus of the conquests easier Islamic community establishes ○ Fierce and fearless in war, Arabs religious and civil authority preferred opponents to yield without battle Shi’ahs ○ They were more tolerant than other ○ “Party of Ali” conquerors (Christians and Jews could ○ Look to Ali’s (former Caliph) either adopt Islam or pay a tax and keep successors (called imams) for sole their own religion) spiritual and secular authority ○ Today they make up about 10% of Organized empire into provinces world’s Muslim community ○ Three main parts: Baghdad (Middle East), Cairo (Africa), Cordoba (Spain) the Middle Ages Anna, Ryan, Jax Jax Social Structure pt.1 ★ The Social structure of the time was called feudalism ○ Feudalism → a political system in which kings Vocab: and powerful nobles granted land to other nobles in return for loyalty, military assistance and other ★ Lord/noble → person who granted land (must services be of nobility) ★ This happened because people needed protection ★ Vassal → person who received land in return from invaders like the Vikings for service and has more responsibilities than ★ Arose out of absence of strong central government the lord (must be of nobility) ★ Church participated in the system because they ★ Fief → GRANT of land (this is contract or owned land and needed military protection governmental unit) ★ Feudalism was built upon relationships of obligation ★ Serf → peasant on manor who paid to use land and gave Lord portion of crops. They farmed and serve for him and paid taxes to him. They worked ★ A knights duties to his lord long hours and lived short lives ○ Provide military service ○ Made up a the largest portion of the ○ Remain loyal (FEALTY) and faithful population ○ Give money on special occasions ○ They weren't considered slaves because ★ A lords duties to his knight they stay with the land, not the lord and ○ Give land cannot be sold ○ Protect from attack ○ Resolve disputes between knights Jax Social Structure pt.2 The Complexities of the Manorial System: Feudal System: ★ The Manorial System → economic system in parts of Europe that works together with Feudalism ★ A person could be both a ★ Manor → large estate including house, fields, and village lord and a vassal at the ○ Considered an economic unit same time ○ Large fiefs sometimes had more than one manor, small ○ Subdivide their fief feifs only had one ★ One knight could serve ★ Manors were self sufficient (produce all needs) because no many lords organized trade or central authority ○ There were no rules ★ Similar to an independent kingdom and feudalism is it’s about accepting fiefs government from more than one ★ They did purchase certain items like wine or iron outside of noble manor ★ Rules guiding feudal obligations were specific to time and place ○ England may have Diagram of different rules than the manorial France system → Jax Social Structure pt.3 The Roman Catholic Church: ★ Christianity was a way of life that governed people from birth to death ★ Touched lives of most medieval people because it functioned as a form of government ★ Art, music, philosophy of medieval period focused on religious themes ★ Political Role ○ Pope was both a spiritual and political leader ○ Church leaders also held positions of power as feudal lords and advisers to kings and nobles ○ Canon law → laws of the church Had own courts and enforced laws through excommunication and interdict (closing churches of entire region… so no marriage, baptism, burials, etc) ○ Tithe → church tax collected through priest, one tenth of persons income Church became ENORMOUSLY wealthy due to this ★ Economic and Social role ○ Moral ideas affected economic life ○ Was against people gaining wealth through exploiting others ○ Considered the family a sacred institution Forbade divorce and took responsibility of widow and orphans Clergy members took care of social work (relief for the poor, help for the sick, hospitals run by the church) Jax Social Structure pt.4 Problems of the Roman Catholic Church: Hierarchy of the Church: ★ Lay Investiture ○ Nobles awarding loyal friends the title of bishop ★ Wordly Lives of the Clergy ○ Clergy lived in luxury and seemed more interested A. Pope → Bishop of Rome in wealth than holy living B. Cardinals → work with the ○ Simony → People could pay to assume high pope positions in the church C. Archbishops → serve over ★ Inquisition several dioceses ○ Heresy → church did not permit anyone to D. Bishops → preside over one question the basic principles that were the diocese, many parishes foundation of the Christian church (threatened E. Priests → service on parish the church) F. Deacons → aid the Priest for ○ Mid 1200s set out to find heretics and anyone mass suspected could be tried in secret and tortured to G. The Laity → the people force a confession… if no confession turned over to civil government and burnt at stake Jax The Crusades pt.1 ★ Christians regarded Palestine (where Jesus lived and taught) as the Holy Land ○ Arabs conquered Palestine in the 600s (but Muslims were usually tolerant of other religions) ★ During the 1000s Seljuk Turks (a warlike Central Asian tribe that adopted Islam) conquered Palestine and attacked parts of the Byzantine Empire ○ When Turks threatened Constantinople and began to persecute Christian pilgrims in Palestine the Byzantine emperor asked the Pope for help The Causes of the Crusades: ★ Pope Urban ll was eager to regain the Holy Land from the Turks ○ Urged powerful feudal nobles to top fighting with themselves and join in one great war to recover the Holy Land for Christians ★ People became crusaders for many reasons… ○ Inspired by faith (religion) ○ If died on a crusade they would go straight to heaven ○ The lure of lands and economic gain in Southwest Asia enticed knights ○ Merchants saw the Crusades as a chance to make money ○ Knights were plentiful in number within Europe and wanted to set out on adventures Jax The Crusades pt. 2 The First Crusade: The Second and Third Crusade: ★ French and Norman nobles led ★ Second Crusade began in 1147 after Turks ○ 1096-1099 recaptured Edessa and threatened ○ Moved across Europe to Jerusalem Constantinople ○ France and the Holy Roman Empire ○ Hostile reception in Constantinople at led armies to Holy Land first because Byzantine emperor ○ Fought separately and failed to nervous they may try to capture and capture the city plunder city (but they didn't) ★ Third Crusade began in 1198 when Muslims ○ Crusaders captured Jerusalem and recaptured Jerusalem slaughtered the Muslim and Jewish ○ England, France, and the Holy Roman inhabitants in a massacre Empire responded Set up 4 states: Edessa Antioch, ○ Europeans FAILED AGAIN Tripoli, Jerusalem Truce → Crusaders control a few ○ Introduced feudalism to the area coastal towns in Palestine and ○ Muslims and Christians lived in close Christians could enter Jerusalem proximity and grew to respect one freely another for almost a century Jax The Crusades pt. 3 Results of the Crusades: ★ Europeans did not achieve original goals but brought desired change to Europe ○ From a military standpoint all the crusades but the first failed (Muslims recapture Jerusalem and Palestine) ★ Other results: ○ Military importance (crossbow, siege tactics) ○ Departure of nobles and knights allowed kings and middle class to strengthen ○ Hastened the decline of feudalism ○ The success of 1st Crusade enhance papal power and Church political power but the other crusades did the opposite ○ Stimulated trade and cultural diffusion Magna Carta Parts/statements ★ The king could not collect any new taxes Information without consent of the ★ The magna carta was a series of rules Great Council between nobles and kings in England ★ The king could not take ★ King John of 1200 revolted against property without nobles, he forced then to pay taxes that paying for it were unjust ★ The king promised to ★ June 15, 1215 nobles forced King John to grant accused people accept the Magna Carta a trial or jury ★ Magna Carta protected the liberties of ★ King was not above the nobles and ordinary people, the law. King had to excluding serfs obey laws ★ It is considered one of the world’s greatest documents  Collapse of the feudal system: results ★ The feudal system decreased due to a shortage of lords ★ The Roman Catholic Church also was a reason for the feudal system decreasing ★ People looked to the church leaders instead of the lords ★ Since the vikings decreased the land was safer allowing for safer travel and less protection needed Crisis of the Fourteenth Century Ryan Hundred Years War: The Black Death (more on next slide A series of conflicts between the rulers of the including results) Kingdom of England and the rulers of the Known as the Bubonic Plague. Kingdom of France. One of the most devastating pandemics in After the Norman Conquest, the kings of human history. England were vassals of the kings of France. Originated in Central Asia from fleas on rats. The war marked the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline. Crusades (more on previous slides) By the wars end, feudal armies had been Christians regarded Palestine as the Holy Land. replaced by professional troops. Arabs conquered palestine in the 600s. The dissatisfaction of English nobles, resulting During the 1000s Saljuq Turks conquered from the loss of their land, became a factor Palestine and attacked part of the Byzantine leading to the civil wars or “the War of the Empire. Roses in England (1455-1487). When the Turks threatened the capital of the England was left with the sense of being an Byzantine and began to persecute Christian island nation. pilgrims in Palestine, the Byzantine emperor In France, civil wars, deadly epidemics and asked the pope for help. famines reduced the population drastically. The Black Death The Black Death Also known as the Bubonic Plague. Was the most destructive natural phenomenon. One of the most devastating pandemics in human history. Originated from Central Asia from fleas on rats (spread through the Silk Road and merchant ships). Doctors and scientists had little medical knowledge back then. Symptoms include chills, high fever, delirium, vomiting, and rapid heartbeat. Most prominent symptom was “buboes” which is where the Bubonic Plague’s name came from. The Black Death Results ⅓ of the European population was wiped out (75-200 million people). Decrease in the confidence of the Roman Catholic Church. Marks the official end/ collapse of feudalism. The Renaissance Cristian, cristian, and Nick  Cristian Elements of Southern Renaissance Art Martins Southern painters and artists developed new elements and techniques in their art, including: Making paintings more realistic ○ Shading - shadows of 3D objects ○ Detailing in Human Anatomy/ details of the face Mona Lisa (Leonardo) ○ Perspective The Last Supper (Leonardo) School of Athens (Raphael)  Cristian Notable People in The Northern Renaissance Martins Writers/Playwrights: Artists: Desiderius Erasmus Albrecht Durer ○ Dutch priest who combined Christian ideas ○ German artist who /humanism; how to live a pure/simple life. used realism/ Sir Thomas More perspective. ○ Wrote the novel Utopia. ○ Painted with oils. ○ Visioned a perfect but nonexistent society Jan van Eyck ○ Dutch artist who based on reason. drew landscapes/ William Shakespeare domestic life. ○ English playwright who wrote MacBeth, ○ Started the Hamlet, and Romeo + Juliet. “Flemish” School Christine de Pisan of art. ○ Italian writer who lived in France. ○ A lit candle meant ○ Wrote The City of Women that God was ○ Promoted equality/education for women. present. Cristian S. -Printing Press: who invented, first book, and benefits/contributions The printing press was first introduced in Germany more specifically by Johannes Gutenberg. He was the one who is credited with inventing the printing press. The first book that was printed was the Gutenberg bible. It was a bible in german. It allowed people to read the bible without having to learn latin; which was becoming less common. The benefits of the printing press were very big. It allowed people to share ideas to other places and to people who did not speak the same language. It contributed to many more books being made and more people able to read them. It allowed people to know what was happening in other places.  -Origins: geographic location Nick T. The renaissance began in Italy from inspiration of Rome's achievements after the black death Towns that made it through the middle ages became centers of trade and manufacturing Wealthy from these towns became fond of school and arts as well as ambition These towns would grow into a trade network called the Hanseatic league Nick T. -Leonardo Da Vinci: “Renaissance man”, major works What Professions? Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the greatest thinkers of his time. Inventor With his diverse skill set and Writer mastering innovation he became Painter recognized as the Renaissance Man. Architect Engineer Mathematician Da Vinci’s art; Philosopher Musician Mona Lisa The Last Supper Nick T. -Causes of the Renaissance As the dark ages and the bubonic plague came to an end there were aspirations for better life through a better society. Europeans would rediscover ancient Rome and Greece. The Europeans would then be inspired from the artifacts that were left behind. This inspiration helped thinkings grow their ideas as well as share them to others. For example Leonardo Da Vinci would create art to share with the world. Another great invention would be the printing press; innovation to share information! With these goals of individualism and humanism all of these achievements could come to fruition. During the bubonic plague cities would grow stronger and in the renaissance these cities would be home to innovation and trade. Trade was especially important to the successes of renaissance with people building wealth. When people acquired wealth they would turn to nice things in life like art. With all of the art, innovation, wealth, and sharing the renaissance would truly become a golden era for Europe. Cristian Stiuj -Humanism Humanism was the main movement during the renaissance. It is based on focusing more on classical culture rather than religious topics. It emphasized education and promoted it. The basic belief of humanism was that although god created the universe humans were the ones who developed it. It revived the thinking from classical greece and rome. People began to want to know more about Rome and Greece. This surplus in interested began them to study a lot more. They studied the humanities such as grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric. There were many books written based off of humanism. People started writing more and creating books. The art styles were more realistic and they began to move away from the religious topics that they had. Everything began to shift to less religious things and more based off of human anatomy. At the heart of all these changes was humanism which helped everything shift from religion into a more classical culture. This also saw a surplus in new art, literature and inventions.