History of S&T in Global Perspective (PDF)

EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF S&T THAT TRANSFORMED THE SOCIETY: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Mr. EARL STEPHEN MANALO, LPT Instructor, GE 7 – Science, Technology and Society Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to: Understand how event...

EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF S&T THAT TRANSFORMED THE SOCIETY: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Mr. EARL STEPHEN MANALO, LPT Instructor, GE 7 – Science, Technology and Society Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to: Understand how events in the history of the Science and Technology transformed the society in Global Perspective. Recall the timeline of the world history in the view of science and technology. Connect the current technology from the development of the historic past. THE ANCIENT PERIOD THE ANCIENT TIMES In the ancient times, people were concerned with: § Transportation and navigation § Communication § Survival § Engineering and architecture § Aesthetics TRANSPORTATION Humans traveled to: § Search for food. § Find better locations for their settlements. § Trade their goods in exchange for things that they lacked. § Navigation practices assisted them in their journeys. COMMUNICATION Early humans needed a way to communicate so they can: § Facilitate trade. § Avoid conflicts with natives of the areas they visited. § Remember the places they have been to § Keep records of their history and culture to establish their identity SURVIVAL § Food, space, and other basic necessities are getting scarcer as the population grew. § People needed a form of technology that would enable them to increase their food supplies and other resources without them working harder or traveling further. SURVIVAL § Weapons and armor were necessities in ancient times. § Conflicts were common especially if groups struggled to control vital resources. § Stronger nations often invaded weaker ones to take much needed resources. SURVIVAL § As populations increased, disease also became common place. § Science and technology played a major role in the discovery of cures and ways to prevent illnesses. ENGINEERING Early humans ventured into what we know now as engineering to integrate their specific needs and wants into the structures that they built for: § Better transportation § Protection from human attacks § Protection from natural disasters § Construction of bigger infrastructures ARCHITECTURE § Combined with engineering, ancient cultures also went into the practice of architecture. § Elaborate architectural designs were signs of technological advancement for civilizations. § Architecture marks a civilization’s status symbol and a nation’s identity. AESTHETICS § People were not contented on beautifying only the infrastructures and surroundings, being able to prolong life, as well as raise the quality of life by making complicated and difficult tasks easier. § Humans later on developed the idea of being visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and decorations in their body. AFRICA (1,000,000 BCE) § Homo Erectus uses stone tools. § Homo Erectus uses antlers to create tools for cutting and drilling. EUROPE (750,000 BCE) § Homo Erectus uses fire  SUMMERIANS KNOWN FOR THEIR HIGH DEGREE OF COOPERATION AND DESIRE FOR GREAT THINGS SUMMERIANS 5000 - 1750 BC § Sumer is considered as the land of civilized kings and is the world’s earliest form of civilization. § Have shown amazing achievement in architecture, agriculture, engineering, mathematics, and medicine. § Located at the southern most part of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers SUMMERIANS CUNIEFORM 5000 - 1750 BC § The first writing system by Sumerians. § Utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols carved on clay using wedge instruments and left to dry. § Allowed them to record their everyday live and things with great historical value. ACTIVITY #2 Draw the monogram of your name using Cuneiform. Go to link: https://www.penn.museum/cgi/cunei form URUK CITY 5000 - 1750 BC § First true city in the world. § Built from mud or clay from the river, mixed with reeds, to produce sun-baked bricks. § Bricks were used to make houses and erects walls for protection from wild animals and raiders. THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR Also known as the mountain of god. Built using sunbaked bricks. IRRIGATION & DIKES 5000 - 1750 BC § Brought water to the farmlands and controlled the flooding of the rivers. § One of the world’s most beneficial engineering feet SAIL BOATS 5000 - 1750 BC § Main mode of transportation was through the rivers and seas. § Used by the Sumerians to discover faraway lands to settle as their population grew larger. § Fostered exchange of culture, information, and technology. WHEELS 5000 - 1750 BC § Used originally for farm work and food processes. § Enabled farmers to mill grains with less effort in less time and mass produce food. PLOW 5000 - 1750 BC Used to cultivate the earth more quickly and mass produce food without taking so much effort and time. ROADS 5000 - 1750 BC § Made from sun-baked bricks. § Later on, bitumen (black sticky substance similar to asphalt) was used to smoothen the roads. § Particularly useful especially during the rainy season. SEXAGESIMAL 5000 - 1750 BC It is also known as base 60 or sexagenary, which is a numeral system with sixty as its base. It is passed down to Ancient Babylonia  BABYLONIANS KNOWN TO BE GREAT BUILDERS, ENGINEERS, AND ARCHITECTS BABYLONIANS BABYLONIANS BABYLONIANS Circa 2,300 BC § Located in the present-day Iraq. § A small port town near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE Circa 2,300 BC § First rose to power under the rule of King Hammurabi (1792 -1750 BC), but reverted back to obscurity after his death. NEO BABYLONIAN EMPIRE Circa 2,300 BC § Established by a new line of kings, lasting from 626 BC – 539 BC. § Most famous in history, and in in scriptures, is King Nebuchadnezzar II. § In the Book of Daniel and the Book of Jeremiah where he is seen as an 'enemy of God’. TOWER OF BABEL Circa 2,300 BC § The biblical text refers to the Sumerians not being able to “understand one another’s speech” (Genesis 11:7). § Believed by some scholars to have been inspired by a real-life ziggurat temple built to honor Marduk, the patron god of Babylon. THE HANGING GARDENS Circa 2,300 BC § A colossal maze of terraced trees, shrubs, flowers, and manmade waterfalls, are one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. § It’s unclear where they were located or whether they ever existed at all, though evidence suggests that it was located not in Babylon, but in Nineveh. THE WALLS OF BABYLON Circa 2,300 BC § Hammurabi first encircled the city with walls. Nebuchadnezzar II further fortified the city with three rings of walls that were 40 feet tall. § The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that; “the walls of Babylon were so thick that chariot races were held on top of them. The city inside the walls occupied an area of 200 square miles.” MAPS Circa 2,300 BC § The Babylonians created the world’s first map on a clay tablet in 2300 BC. § The map covers a small region of Babylonia which shows trade routes and used as a reference during military campaigns, hunting, and exploration.  EGYPTIANS BUILT SEVERAL ENGINEERING FEATS AND CONTRIBUTED MANY PRACTICAL THINGS STILL USED TODAY  PYRAMIDS Circa 5,000 – 330 BC Egyptians constructed pyramids, which serves as tomb of the Pharaoh. They also mastered the science of embalming their dead.  MUMMIFICATION Circa 5,000 – 330 BC It is the process of preserving the body after death by deliberately drying or embalming flesh. The mummification process took seventy days. Special priests worked as embalmers, treating and wrapping the body. Beyond knowing the correct rituals and prayers to be performed at various stages, the priests also needed a detailed knowledge of human anatomy.  PAPER OR PAPYRUS Circa 5,000 – 330 BC Made writing easier for the world as an alternative to clay tablets. People were able to send letters or correspondences to far away places. Documents took up less space and can be more easily kept from raiders.  INK Circa 5,000 – 330 BC Made by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of various colors. Used to record history, culture and codified laws. Must be tamper-proof and able to withstand the elements of nature.  HEIROGLYPHICS Circa 5,000 – 330 BC Said to be adapted from the writing system of Mesopotamia. It is a form of writing in which pictures or symbols are used to represent objects, concepts or sound. Their records were well-preserved as they were carved at the walls of pyramids and other important structures. HEIROGLYPHICS  COSMETICS Circa 5,000 – 330 BC Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and cure eye diseases. Kohl was created by mixing soot or Malachite with mineral Galena. Egyptians believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and beauty was a sign of holiness.  WIG Circa 5,000 – 330 BC Used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy from the harmful rays of the sun. Better than scarves or other head gear as it allowed heat to escape. Cleaner than natural hair as it prevented infestation of head lice.  CLEPYSYDRA Circa 5,000 – 330 BC Utilized gravity’s influence on the flow of water from one vessel to another. Widely used as a timekeeping device of the ancient times.  GREEKS KNOWN FOR THEIR MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS INPHILOSOPHY, MATHEMATICS, AND SCIENCE GREEKS Circa 700 - 320 BC The scientific heritage left by the Greeks is considered to be the greatest as compared with other ancient people. Their wisemen were the first to systematically separate scientific ideas from superstition and stressed the logical development of theories about natural phenomena. ALARM CLOCK Circa 700 - 320 BC They made us of water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped down into drums which sounded the alarm. WATER MILLS Circa 700 - 320 BC Considered one of the most important contributions of the Greeks to the world. Commonly used in milling grains allowing mass production of rice, cereals, flours, and the like. PARTHENON Circa 700 - 320 BC They built Parthenon which is a temple dedicated to their Goddess Athena, the patron of the people of Athens.  ROMANS PERCEIVED TO BE THE STRONGEST POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ENTITY IN THE WEST ROMANS Circa 27 BC - 476 BC The contribution to theoretical science was practically nil. Their culture was apparently imitative than original. ACTA DIURNA Circa 27 BC - 476 BC The first newspapers, known as gazettes, were engraved in metal or stone tablets and publicly displayed. With the advent of paper, minutes of the Roman senate hearings became available to the Roman population more easily. BOUND BOOKS (CODEX) Circa 27 BC - 476 BC Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book, which were covered later on to protect the contents. Animal skin was often used to cover the first books. ROMAN NUMERALS Circa 27 BC - 476 BC Devised by the Romans to keep up with high calculation requirements due to increasing rates of communication and trade among nations ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Circa 27 BC - 476 BC A continuation of Greek architecture, though the Romans adapted new building and engineering technologies. Romans creatively redesigned old architectural patterns to adapt to new trends. i.e. cathedrals, basilicas, aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters.  CHINESE CONSIDERED TO BE THE OLDEST CIVILAZATION IN ASIA CHINA Circa 2000 BC – 220 AD Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant scientific innovations, findings and technological advances across various scientific disciplines. MAGNETIC COMPASS Circa 2000 BC – 220 AD The Chinese developed compass not for the purpose of navigation but for Feng Shui. ACUPUNCTURE Circa 2000 BC – 220 AD Acupuncture is part of the ancient practice of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). TCM is a system of healthcare that has evolved over thousands of years to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. SEISMOGRAPH Circa 2000 BC – 220 AD They developed an instrument that can detect earthquake occurrence which is known as seismograph. SILK Circa 2000 BC – 220 AD The Chinese developed the technology to harvest the silk produced by silkworms to create paper and clothing. The silk trade opened China to the outside world for cultural, economic, and scientific changes. TEA PRODUCTION Circa 2000 BC – 220 AD Developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine able to shred tea leaves into strips. China, thus, became known for its tea exports aside from its silk products. GREAT WALL OF CHINA Circa 2000 BC – 220 AD Constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China. So massive and strong that it literally divided China from the rest of the world. GUN POWDER Circa 2000 BC – 220 AD Originally developed by Chinese alchemists to achieve immortality. A mix of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate produced, instead of an elixir of life, a black powder that could generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.  MEDIEVAL PERIOD AN ERA OF WAR WHERE GREAT TECHNOLOGY WAS NEEDED FOR WEAPONRY, NAVIGATION, MASS FOOD, PRODUCTION,AND HEALTH  THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD Circa 470 AD -1450 AD Also known as the “Dark ages” because of the few written records that remained from this era. The beginning of the Middle Ages saw very little advancement in the scientific world. Note that there is very little evidence that proves that there was progress in  CHARLEMAGNE Circa 470 AD -1450 AD Charlemagne, a medieval emperor of Western Europe, established a scholastic tradition Invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, greatly improved water mills, building techniques like the Gothic style, and three-field crop rotation  PRINTING PRESS Circa 470 AD -1450 AD Johannes Gutenberg is famous for having designed and built the first printing press to incorporate movable type and mechanized inking and for using his invention to produce the Gutenberg Bible. Utilized wooden machines that extracted fruit juices which were attached to metal impressions of the letters and pressed firmly onto pieces of paper.  MICROSCOPE Circa 470 AD -1450 AD Developed by Zacharias Janssen using principles used for the invention of eye glasses. Allowed us to observe organisms normally unseen by the naked eye and discover new means in preventing and curing illnesses.  TELESCOPE Circa 470 AD -1450 AD Used by ship captains to see far and wide for them to navigate or avoid dangers at sea. Made sea travelling easier and safer along with the invention of the compass, oars, and rudders.  WAR WEAPONS Circa 470 AD -1450 AD The development of weaponry technology accelerated during these times of war. i.e., crossbows, longbows, chainmails  RENAISSANCE PERIOD THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY FROM DARKNESS TO LIGHT RENAISSANCE PERIOD Circa 1500 to 1600 AD Printing with movable type allowed bibles, and secular books to be made in large amounts. RENAISSANCE PERIOD Nicolaus Copernicus presented the Heliocentric Theory/Model RENAISSANCE PERIOD Galileo Galilei invented the telescope; supported the Heliocentric Theory  INDUSTRIAL PERIOD A PERIOD OF MASSIVE INDUSTRIALIZATION INDUSTRIAL PERIOD Circa 1500-1815 AD The phenomenal process in the transfer of doing work by human hands and feet to the use of machines. INDUSTRIAL PERIOD Circa 1500-1815 AD Iron production, steam engine, and textiles flourished § Scottish James Watt improved the steam engine § Robert Fulton made a steamboat. § Pasteurization by Louis Pasteur – The process of heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria that causes them to spoil faster INDUSTRIAL PERIOD Circa 1500-1815 AD § English engineer George Stephenson developed the first steam-powered locomotive (1814). § Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone (1876). § Thomas Edison invented the lightbulb (1879). THE AGE OF MACHINE TOOLS 19 th CENTURY § Lasted from 1801-1900. § Witnessed the rise of modern industry. § The invention of useable electricity, steel, and petroleum products led to a second Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century.  19 th CENTURY NAME CONTRIBUTION/ INVENTION Atomic Theory in 1803; studied John Dalton colorblindness Formulated the Periodic Table of Dmitri Mendeleev SCIENCE Elements Formulated the law of the conservation Hermann von of Energy in 1847; invented Helmholtz Ophthalmoscope in 1851 Showed that light is an electromagnetic James Clerk wave in 1873 and was later on proved by Maxwell Heinrich Hertz in 1896 PHYSICS Henri Becquerel Discovered radioactivity in 1896 Marie Curie and Discovered Radium in 1898 Pierre Curie Joseph Thomson Discovered Electron in 1897  19 th CENTURY NAME CONTRIBUTION/ INVENTION Discovered that electric current in Hans Christian a wire caused a nearby compass Oersted needle to move in 1819 PEOPLE WHO MASTERED IN Showed that a magnet can produce ELECTRICITY Michael Faraday electricity and in 1831 invented the Dynamo Samuel F.B. Invented the electric telegraph Morse Karl Benz and Made the first cars in 1885 and Gottlieb Daimler 1886 THE 20 th CENTURY  THE 20 th CENTURY § Personal Computer was created. § Intel developed Microprocessor. § Apple was introduced by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak § Internet was created (ARPANET- Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)  THE 20 th CENTURY Henry Ford’s mass production of cars. The Model T was introduced to the world in 1908. Henry Ford wanted the Model T to be affordable, simple to operate, and durable. THE 21st CENTURY 1. BLOCK CHAIN This database tracks and stores information chronologically through blocks of data that are chained together. This leads to a long history of transactions that are stored permanently in the database, making forgery and theft virtually impossible. For example, Bitcoin’s blockchain is used in a decentralized way. 2. AI CLOUD SERVICES AI cloud computing merges the machine learning capabilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with cloud-based computing environments. For example, Chat GPT. 3. 5G 5G is the fifth generation mobile network. It’s designed to achieve greater speeds, increased availability, and improved efficiency. This technology will enhance a variety of industries through faster transmissions and better-quality connections. From virtual reality to the Internet of Things, 5G is not a technology to be ignored. 4. AUTOMATED CARS These “self-driving” cars offer different levels of automation, allowing the driver to take a backseat on certain aspects of driving and let the algorithms kick in. For example, Tesla cars SHORT QUIZ #2: Identify in which period in the events in this history does technology takes place. (1 point each) 1. Clay pots of Japan 2. Bitcoin 3. Nicolaus Copernicus presented the Heliocentric. 4. Scottish James Watt improved the steam engine. 5. Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896. 6. Irrigation system to water crops in Mesopotamia. 7. Invention of vertical windmills, spectacle 8. Use of Chat GPT 9. Galileo Galilei invented the telescope. 10. “Dark ages” of Science and Technology.