MIDTERM EXAM ANSWERS (1) PDF

1. War is most likely when: B. there are rapid changes in the military balance between two countries 2. Which of the following is a real-world example of the principles behind the Prisoner’s Dilemma? A. An arms race 3. When states go to war because neither can commit to not exploitin...

1. War is most likely when: B. there are rapid changes in the military balance between two countries 2. Which of the following is a real-world example of the principles behind the Prisoner’s Dilemma? A. An arms race 3. When states go to war because neither can commit to not exploiting a first-strike advantage, this is an example of: D. preemptive war 4. Which trio of countries (independently) walked out of the League of Nations? B. Germany, Italy, and Japan 5. Which of the following is especially helpful in ensuring peace after civil conflicts? B. Third-party involvement 6. Which of the following is an example of a grievance-based civil war? C. A struggle for political representation 7. How do members of the electorate tend to communicate their preferences to an elected B. By forming interest groups 8. All of the following were land empires except: C. the British Empire 9. An irredentist conflict is one in which rebels want to: A. merge their territory into another country 10. The economic policy of mercantilism includes all of the following except: D. the elimination of restrictions on trade 11. The modern nation state system is a result of the: D. Treaty of Westphalia 12. Which military alliance persisted from the Cold War into the present? A. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization 13. Why do states usually try to solve their disagreements through bargaining? A. War is a costly option that states would rather avoid if possible 14. When alliance conditions are invoked, they are generally fulfilled: B. between half and three-fourths of the time 15. Which of the following best describes the democratic peace theory? B. Mature democracies do not go to war with one another 16. What type of interactions present problems that are the most difficult to overcome? C. Zero-sum interactions 17. All of the following are mechanisms by which capitalism can lead to peace, except: B. allowing states to forgo investments, in order to send costly signals 18. Which of the following is not one of the legs of the Kantian tripod? B. Rationality 19. What nineteenth-century leader tried to recreate old-style imperialism? D. Napoleon Bonaparte 20. Which of the following has been considered the dominant paradigm within international relations in recent history? A. Realism 21. Which of the following phenomena explains the jump in President Bush’s approval after 9/11? A. The rally ’round the flag effect 22. Hardening targets is a component of what counter-terrorism strategy? B. Defense 23. Which of the following is an example of an issue indivisibility? B. A holy city 24. What happened to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995? D. It evolved into a new organization 25. What is the principle that ensures that all states are formally equal within the international system? D. Sovereignty 26. Typically, what do we assume the leaders of states primarily want? C. To maintain political office 27. Which of the following is an example of absolute war? A. The Third Punic War 28. Which of the following best describes the selectorate for the President of the United States? C. All adult U.S. citizens 29. Which of the following does not make bargaining more difficult? A. Linked issues providing more issues over which to bargain 30. Given the effect of group size on collective action problems, what scenario is likely to be the most successful? C. Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania sign an agreement to reduce pollution in Lake Victoria 31. The Cod Wars were a series of armed conflicts between Iceland and: A. Great Britain 32. What institution was meant to replace the failed League of Nations? B. The United Nations 33. The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was an example of: D. a neutrality pact 34. Which of the following is a major risk of alliance commitments? B. A state may become more adventurous in its foreign policy in ways an ally does not like 35. The bargaining model of war suggests that all of the following are possible reasons for bargaining failure except: D. bureaucratic maneuvering 36. Why might a state adopt a policy in which it refuses to negotiate with terrorists? A. Negotiation might encourage more terrorism 37. According to the bargaining model, we say that war is ex post inefficient for all of the reasons below except: D. people are naturally good 38. Which of the following is not an example of a collective security arrangement? A. OPEC 39. Which U.S. president is most closely identified with idealism? A. Woodrow Wilson 40. Which of the following is an example of a realist thinker? C. Thucydides 41. Which of the following was proposed as an alternative explanation for the empirical e during the Cold War d. Democracies are more transparent C. Democracies were on the same side during the Cold War 42. Which of the following organizations was least successful in fulfilling its mission? C. League of Nations 43. According to empirical research, what type of alliance actually deters aggression? B. Defensive alliances 44. Which of the following is true for the game known as Stag Hunt? B. There are multiple equilibria in this game 45. Which of the following leaders likely has the largest selectorate? A. The president of a democratic state 46. All of the following can facilitate cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma except:  B. allowing the prisoners to communicate before acting 47. An adherent of which of the following perspectives would attribute conflict to human nature? B. Classical realism 48. Which of the following is a real-world example of the principles behind Chicken? a. Nuclear escalation 49. Which of the following is always true of alliances? A. They increase the cost of war for the opponent 50. We can think of game theory as decision theory plus: C. strategic interaction 51. Which of the following perspectives is most concerned with power? B. Realism 52. Which of the following is an example of the concept of balancing? D. All of the above 53. Which of the following is a real-world example of the principles behind Stag Hunt? B. Coordinating on a language for civil aviation 54. According to Max Abrahms, which of the following is an effective counter-terrorism strategy? A. Sowing discord within terrorist groups 55. Which of the following was most likely said by a constructivist? A. “Power resides where men believe it resides.” 56. Which of the following is not true of the rally-’round-the-flag effect? C. It always leads to reelection 57. Suzerainty means that a state: D. has control over domestic affairs, but not foreign policy 58. Which of these major events helped to end the cycle of empire? C. The dropping of the Atomic Bomb 59. Which of the following is one of the only remaining Communist countries today? B. Laos 60. The realist approach to international relations does not assume that: he only way to prevent war 61. What country actively worked to keep the peace within Europe during the nineteenth century? C. Great Britain 62. Which of the following is a collective security organization? B. United Nations 63. Which of the following perspectives believes that institutions can have a real effect on politics? B. Liberal institutionalism 64. Suppose that I believe in the exercise of a muscular foreign policy to promote morality. I am most likely associated with: C. Neoconservatism 65. Which of the following is sufficient to cause war under the informational explanation? D. None of these is sufficient 66. Which of the following is not one of the benefits that institutions bring, according to neoliberals? C. They ensure all actors behave truthfully 67. What concept does not have direct implications for the bargaining model of war? A. Democratic Peace 68. Which of the following is not an example of a commitment problem? D. A state claiming to have a secret weapon in order to get a better bargain 69. Which of the following is true for the game known as Prisoner’s Dilemma? C. The equilibrium in this game is suboptimal 70. What is a state’s primary interest, according to realists? C. Survival 71. Which of the following situations is most likely to lead to free riding? A. Over 100 countries sign a climate change pledge 72. In the article that we read for class, John Mearsheimer argued that: C. institutions simply reflect the distribution of power 73. When we say that the international system is anarchic, we mean that: C. there is no world government 74. What was generally true of the contiguous land empires of the past? A. They needed to expand geographically in order to grow economically 75. In bargaining theory, the reversion point necessarily describes: C. the status quo 76. The diversionary theory of war suggests that leaders: B. use war to distract from political problems 77. How many times has NATO invoked Article V? D. One 79. What often happens to non-democratic leaders who are removed from office after losing a war? B. They are often punished by being exiled, imprisoned, or even executed 80. Which of the following is an example of the concept of band wagoning? D. None of the above 81. Leaders incur audience costs when they:  B. make public threats and then back down 82. Which of these is the most important distinction between terrorism and guerrilla warfare? B. Whether the organization targets soldiers or civilians 83. Which of the following is inherently true of acts of terrorism, according to the strategic definition we gave in class? C. They have a political goal 84. When a declining power goes to war because it fears the growth of a rising power, this is an example of: D. preventive war 85. Which of the following is an example of a greed-based civil war? A. A battle for control of oil resources 86. Which perspective would claim that institutions simply reflect the existing distribution of power? C. Realism 87. Which of the following is not true of institutions? B. Institutions, once established, cannot be changed 88. What is true of democracies and war? B. They are much less likely than non-democracies to go to war in a given year 89. The Freedom House index primarily measures: B. the degree of political liberalism within a country 90. The world’s three enclaved states include Lesotho, the Vatican, and: B. San Marino 91. The demolition of suicide bombers’ homes is an example of what counter-terrorism strategy? C. Deterrence 92. Which of the following is a solution to the Prisoner’s Dilemma? A. Communication 93. Which of the following is a real-world example of the principles behind Battle of the Sexes? C. Coordinating on a language for civil aviation 94. Which of the following countries of the day is currently enveloped in significant violence? B. Somalia 95. Why didn’t Italy fulfill its obligations and join Germany as part of the Triple Alliance? B. The alliance was defensive but Germany struck first 96. The majority of conflicts within the world today are: B. intrastate wars 97. Which of the following games has a unique equilibrium? C. Prisoner’s Dilemma 98. An asymmetric alliance is one in which: A. The two countries have very different degrees of obligation 99. Terrorist groups are typically: C. weaker than states 100. Calling an actor “rational” necessarily implies that he/she: B. acts in pursuit of his/her goals