Components of Tourism and Hospitality Sector PDF

***[Components of Tourism and Hospitality Sector]*** **[The Nature of Tourism]** **[Tourism]** is a phenomenon of the modern times. From a simple travel activity of the yesteryears, this phenomenon today has become a very elaborate activity encompassing a wider range of relationships. Tourism [...

***[Components of Tourism and Hospitality Sector]*** **[The Nature of Tourism]** **[Tourism]** is a phenomenon of the modern times. From a simple travel activity of the yesteryears, this phenomenon today has become a very elaborate activity encompassing a wider range of relationships. Tourism [can be considered to be a movement of people from their usual place] [of residence.] **The Four Components of Tourism Industry** - - - - **[Attractions]** \- what draws individuals to specific destinations. \- can be [natural resources, culture, ethnicity, or entertainment.] Ecotourism -- is a type of environmentally oriented tourism in which tourists from around the world seek out natural wonders. There are over [1,100 national parks] and [3,200 nature preservations across the world.] In countries such as [Africa], national parks are **their primary attractions**. - - **[Times Square]** is a major commercial intersection, tourist destination, entertainment center, and neighborhood in the [Midtown Manhattan] section of [New York City,] at the junction of [Broadway] and [Seventh Avenue.] Brightly lit by numerous billboards and advertisements, it stretches from [West 42nd to West 47th Streets], and is sometimes referred to as **[\"the Crossroads of the World\"]**, ***\"the Center of the Universe\",* \"the heart of the Great White Way\",**and [\"the heart of the world". ] One of the world\'s busiest pedestrian areas, it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District and a major center of the world\'s entertainment industry. **Times Square** is one of the world\'s most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated **50 million visitors** [annually.] Approximately **330,000 people pass through** **Times Square** [daily], many of them tourists, **while over 460,000** **pedestrians walk through Times Square** on [its busiest days.] **[Fernando de Noronha]** is an archipelago of 21 islands and islets in the Atlantic Ocean. The area is a special municipality - **distrito estadual** of the Brazilian state of Pernambuco(despite being closer to the state of Rio Grande do Norte with about 70% established in 1988 as a national maritime park. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. **[The Franklin Delano Roosevelt memorial]** is a presidential memorial dedicated to the memory of U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and to the era he represents. The memorial\'s designer landscape architect - **[Lawrence Halprin]**, the memorial site represents the capstone of a distinguished career, partly because the landscape architect had fond memories of Roosevelt, and partly because of the sheer difficulty of the task. The **museum** is home to life and earth science specimens comprising some 70 million items within **Five Main Collections:** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The **museum** is a world-renowned centre of research specialising in taxonomy, identification and conservation. Many of the collections have great historical as well as scientific value, such as specimens **collected by** [Charles Darwin.] The museum is particularly famous for its exhibition of dinosaur skeletons and ornate architecture --- sometimes dubbed a ***cathedral of nature.*** Hundreds of theme parks from which to choose. **[Gaming as an Attraction]** **Gaming** has also become a major player in the tourism industry. Gone is the misconception that Las Vegas is a **"den of inequity";** [Las Vegas] is now promoting itself as a family vacation destination. - - **Transportation** \- has been a [vital component to the success] of the tourism industry. Worldwide, domestic tourists generally travel by automobile. **1990** -- according to the Federal Highway Administration, Americans traveled more than 2 trillion intercity passenger-miles wherein 81% is by car while air travel accounted for 17%. The primary advantage to **air travel** is speed in which the traveler can reach his destination. In a relatively short period of time (5 -- 6 hrs), an individual can fly from coast to coast. Cugnot\'s steam wagon, the second (1771) version **Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot** was a [French inventor]. He is known to have built the first working self-propelled mechanical vehicle, [the world\'s first automobile]. This claim is disputed by some sources, however, which suggest that **Ferdinand Verbiest**, as a member of a Jesuit mission in China, may have been the first to build, around **1672**, **[\"a steam-powered vehicle\"]** but that was too small to carry a driver or passengers. The Trusselle family emigrated from France in the late 18th century and started a business in Wolverhampton making horse carriages. In the late **1890's** **[William Harri Trusselle,]** known as **Harri**, decided to **use his coachbuilding skills to build a car.** His first car was built in **1898** in a garage in Byrne Road. **MS Allure of the Seas** is an Oasis-class cruise ship owned and operated by Royal Caribbean International. The Oasis class are the largest passenger ships ever constructed, and Allure is 50 millimetres (2.0 in) longer than her sister ship Oasis of the Seas, though both were built to the same specifications. Designed under the name **\"Project Genesis\"**, she was ordered from Aker Finnyards in February 2006 and her construction began at the Perno shipyard, Turku, Finland, in February 2008. She was named in May 2008 after a contest was held to name her and her sister. **[Lodging]** - - - Lodging encompasses a broad spectrum of supplier businesses. Accommodation categories [can include hotels, motels, conferences, centers, inns, bed and breakfasts, resort, condominiums, youth hostels and health spas.] **Food and Beverage** - - **[4 Elements of Travel]** 1\. Fine weather 2\. Historical/cultural factors 3\. Accessibility 4\. Amenities **Fine Weather** \- it **plays an important role in making a holiday** a [pleasant or unpleasant experience.] Sunshine and clear sea breeze at the beaches have attracted many travelers even before. **[Italy]** -- has built beautiful resorts in its southern parts of Calabria, Sicily, and Sardinia along the Adriatic and Mediterranean coasts taking advantage of brilliant Sunshine. Areas with attractive winter climates, winter warmth, and sunshine are also important centers of tourist attraction. Many areas have become important winter holiday resorts attracting a large number of tourists. Around these winter resorts, a variety of winter sports facilities have been installed to cater to the increasing needs of tourists. In countries with tropical climates, many upland cool areas have been developed as **"hill station resorts"** **[Historical and Cultural Factors]** Exerts a powerful attraction for many which for many centuries have had profound influence on the traveler. Example: Stratford-upon-Avon in England Taj Mahal in Agra, India Leaning Tower of Pisa **[Accessibility]** It is a very crucial factor as it is a means by which a [tourist can reach the area where attractions are located.] **Amenities** - necessary to aid the tourist center. **2 types of Amenities** 1\. **[Natural]** -- beaches, sea-bathing, possibilities of fishing, opportunities for climbing, trekking, viewing. 2\. **[Man-made]** -- various types of entertainments and facilities which cater to the special needs of the tourists. **Types of Tourism** Adventure Tourism - type of tourism involves unusual holidays, which are very different from the typical beach vacation. It is a travel to remote areas: inaccessible and possible hostile areas where travelers expect the unexpected. **Examples of Adventure Tourism** Bushwhacking Tramping Hang gliding Hunting Cross-country skiing Mountaineering Rappelling Rock climbing Spelunking Bungee jumping Skydiving **Nature of Tourism and Hospitality Products (Characteristics and Sources)** **Types of Tourism** **Adventure Tourism** **-** involves unusual holidays, which are very different from the typical beach vacation \- travel to remote areas: [inaccessible and possible] hostile areas where travelers expect the unexpected. **Adventure Tourism** **-** characterized by its a[bility to provide the tourist with relatively high levels of sensory stimulation, usually achieved by including physically challenging experiential components with the tourist experience.] \- most activities require significant effort and usually involve some degree of risk. **Arts Tourism** \- focuses on the tourists gaining exposure to paintings, sculpture and other forms of art. **Mona Lisa** \- is a half-length portrait of a woman by the [Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci], which has been acclaimed as [\"the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world".] \- the painting, thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, and is believed to have been painted [between 1503 and 1506.] It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic, on permanent display at the Musée du Louvre in Paris. **[Spoliarium]** \- The Spoliarium (often misspelled Spolarium) is a painting by Filipino artist Juan Luna. The painting was submitted by Luna to the Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artist in [1884 in Madrid,] where it garnered the first gold medal (out of three). \- In 1886, it was sold to the Diputación Provincial de Barcelona for 20,000 pesetas. It currently hangs in the main gallery at the ground floor of the National Museum of the Philippines, and is the first work of art that greets visitors upon entry into the museum. **Cultural Tourism** \- involves experiencing or having contact of different intensity with [the unique social fabric, heritage and special characteristic of places.] **Dance in Thailand** is the main dramatic art form of Thailand. Thai dance, like many forms of traditional Asian dance, can be divided into two major categories that correspond roughly to the high art [(classical dance) and low art (folk dance) distinction.] **Dance in India** comprises the varied styles of dances in the country. Sangeet Natak Akademi, the national academy for performing arts, recognizes eight distinctive traditional dances as Indian classical dances, which might have origin in religious activities of the distant past. **Dance in Korea** began with shamanistic early rituals five thousand years ago and now ranges from folk dance to newly created and adapted contemporary dance. **[European Etiquette]** In some countries, certain flowers (such as chrysanthemums) are given only at funerals. In France, red roses are given when someone is in love. Table manners in Europe vary widely according to region and social context. Placing one\'s elbows on the table may be considered rude, as is speaking with one\'s mouth full. Generally the fork is held in the left hand, using the right to cut food into pieces. Pointing at people with the index finger is widely regarded as at least mildly impolite. Pointing with the entire hand is more commonly accepted. Pointing with the middle finger is an obscene gesture in most European countries. **[American Etiquette]** 1\. One should attempt to suppress yawning in polite company, concealing the mouth with the back of the hand. 2\. Nose-blowing and other personal habits should not be performed in the company of others, but only after excusing oneself in order to do so in private. 3\. One does not cough, or sneeze without covering one\'s mouth in front of others. 4\. One does not chew with one\'s mouth open, slurp, or make excessive noise while eating. **Asian Etiquette (Korea)** The number 4 is considered unlucky, so gifts should notbe given in multiples of 4. Giving 7 of an item isconsidered lucky. When someone of a significantly higher social position pours you a drink, it is considered proper to turn away from that person when you drink it. When handing an item to someone, it is considered rude to only use a single hand. Under most circumstances, especially when interacting with a stranger or a superior, one uses the right hand supported by the left hand. **Ecotourism** \- consists of travel to relatively [undisturbed or uncontained natural areas] with the specific objective of studying, admiring and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestation. A **safari** is an o[verland journey, usually a trip by tourists to Africa]. Traditionally, the term is used for a big-game hunt, but today the term often refers to a trip taken not for the purposes of hunting, but to observe and photograph animals and other wildlife. Entering the English language in the late 19th century, the Swahili word safari means \"long journey.\"Originally from the Arabic (safarīyah) meaning a journey. The verb for \"to travel\" in Swahili is \"kusafiri\", the noun for the journey is \"safari\". Hinagdanan Cave is a cave on Panglao Island, in Bohol Province, in the Philippines. It is a naturally lighted cavern with a deep lagoon and many large stalactites and stalagmites. **[Educational Tourism]** \- The main purpose is learning. \- is an organized learning usually made available to students, not actively seeking a degree, for a duration of not more than a year. **[The Musée du Louvre, the Louvre ]** - - - **[Ethnic Tourism]** \- it is when travelers choose to experience firsthand the practices of another culture, usually of isolated indigenous communities. \- it may involve performances, presentations, and attractions portraying or presented by the host community. The **Kayan** are a [subgroup of the Red Karen (Karenni) people], a Tibeto-Burman ethnic minority of Burma (Myanmar). **Padaung** (Yan Pa Doung) is a [Shan term for the Kayan Lahwi] (the group whose women wear the brass neck coils). The Kayan resident in Mae Hong Son Province in Northern Thailand refer to themselves as Kayan and object to being called Padaung. **[Events Tourism]** \- refers to the travel of **tourists to destinations to attend and/or participate in events.** \- fairs, ceremonies, jubilees, parties or celebrations, pilgrimages, parades, rituals, or rare natural phenomena like solar eclipses and volcanic eruptions are the primary tourist attractions. **[Event Categories]** **Mega-events** -- events that attract the largest number of tourists and usually would have a major impact on the image of the destination. **Special events** -- one time or infrequently occurring events outside the normal program or activities of the sponsoring or organizing body; be a concert, a raffle draw or a special dinner. **Hallmark events** -- give a particular destination a high profile and provide the tourism theme for a destination. **[Factory Tourism]** \- involves visits to factories to learn about the production process of products. \- factories sell their products as souvenirs and at lower cost which the tourist also take advantage of. **[Festival Tourism]** \- it is a sub-category of events tourism. \- tourists particularly travel to join in the celebration of a certain festival. **La Tomatina** is a festival that is held in the Valencian town of Buñol, in which participants throw tomatoes and get involved in this tomato fight purely for fun. It is held on the last Wednesday of August, during the week of festivities of Buñol. At around 10 AM, festivities begin with the first event of the Tomatina. It is the \"palo jabón\", similar to the greasy pole. **[Health Tourism]** \- travel for **improvement of health**. \- include travel to spas and for massage and medical treatments. **[Heritage Tourism]** \- an immersion in the natural history, human heritage, arts, philosophy, and institutions of another region or country. (WTO) \- people are driven by desire to learn about cultural traditions and artifacts. **Angkor Wat** is the largest Hindu temple complex in the world. The temple was built by King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century in Yasodharapura (present-day Angkor), the capital of the Khmer Empire, as his state temple and eventual Mausoleum. The modern name, Angkor Wat, means \"Temple City\" or \"City of Temples\" in Khmer; Angkor, meaning \"city\" or \"capital city\", is a vernacular form of the word nokor which comes from the Sanskrit word nagar. Wat is theKhmer word for \"temple grounds\", derived from the Pali word \"vatta". **[MICE]** ( Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions) Tourism \- involves travel to attend scientific, professional and even political gatherings. \- is engaged in more by business travelers than leisure travelers. **The Philippine International Convention Center** (PICC) [is a convention center located in the Cultural Center of the Philippines complex in Pasay City.] This state-of-the-art facility has been the host of numerous local and foreign conventions, meetings, fairs, and social events. **[Nature-based Tourism]** \- often associated with ecotourism and wildlife tourism. \- take place principally on natural resources such as relatively undisturbed parks and natural areas, wetlands, wildlife reserves and other areas of protected flora, fauna and habitats. **[Sports Tourism]** \- includes travel and participation or attendance at a predetermined sports activity. \- the sport can either be competitive or recreational. A **dragon boat** (also dragonboat) is a human-powered watercraft traditionally made in the Pearl River delta region of China\'s southern Guangdong Province out of teak wood to various designs and sizes. In other parts of China different woods are used to build these traditional watercraft. It is one of a family of Traditional Paddled Long Boats found throughout Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands. **[Urban Tourism]** \- involves travel to cities and large towns to enjoy its landscape and recreational activities. **West Edmonton Mall** (WEM), located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, is t[he] [largest shopping mall in North America and the tenth largest in the world by gross leasable area.] The mall was founded by the Ghermezian brothers, who emigrated from Iran in 1959. It was the world\'s largest mall until 2004. **[Disaster Tourism]** \- It involves **traveling to a disaster scene.** \- Tourists travel to a disaster area not to help but because it is interesting to see. They can hinder rescue, relief and repair work. **Hurricane Katrina** was the deadliest and most destructive Atlantic hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. **[Gay Tourism]** \- It is tourism participated by gays who haveopen gay lifestyle. **[Rural Tourism]** \- A type of tourism where people who like to escape their fast-paced urban life are engaged in. \- Usually takes place in country sides and far-flung areas. **Santa Catarina** (Brazilian Portuguese: (\"Saint Catherine\") is [a state in southern Brazil with one of the highest standards of living in Latin America and in the Southern Hemisphere.] Its capital is Florianópolis, which mostly lies on the Santa Catarina Island **[Sex Tourism]** \- [Partially or fully for the purpose of having sex, often with prostitutes.] \- Several researches have enumerated possible reasons for engaging in this kind of tourism: a\. more relaxed morality law in the host community b\. less rigorous enforcement of laws' c\. cheaper rates d\. more anonymity / privacy e\. finding certain ethnic groups more attractive f\. finding sex in tropical surroundings and a hot climate more arousing **Countries have become preferred destinations for sex tourists.** - - - - - - **Transportation** **[Transportation and Travel Evolution]** A review of the history of transportation and travel shows that their evolution took **seven eras.** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. **[Pre-Industrial Travel System Era]** - - - **[Early-Industrial Travel System Era]** - - **[Mature-Railway System Era]** - - **[Express-Travel System Era]** - - **[Automobile-Based Travel System Era]** - - - **[Modern-Tourism Travel System Era]** - - - - **[Post-Mobility Adjustment Era]** - - - **Selection of Transportation Mode** There are many reasons why people select one transportation mode over another for their business and pleasure trips. **The 11 most common are:** - - - - - - - - - - - **Jagdish Sheth** developed a theory identifying transportation variables and the value of travelers. **These five factors of Theory Identifying Transportation Variables/Value of Travelers** **Functional** -- the functional utility of a mode is its expected performance for a specific purpose (ex. Departure and arrival times, safety record, directness of the trip, etc.) **Aesthetic/emotional** -- is related to such aspects as fear, social concerns, style, luxury, comfort and other personal feelings that the form of transportation might evoke. **Social/organizational** -- shows that the frequent users of certain kinds of transportation are stereotyped according to sex, racial origin, income, price/cost, and education (ex. Those who take bus tours and cruises are generally retired people) **Situational** -- refers to how conveniently located the particular mode of transportation and its terminal facilities are for the traveler. **Curiosity** -- refers to the traveler's perceived need to do something new and different. **[Travel by Train]** - - - - - - **[Travel by Ship]** - - - - - - - - **[Travel by Automobile]** - - - - - - **[Travel by Bus/Motor Coach]** - - - - - - - **[Travel by Air]** - - - - - **[Airline Regulation]** - - - - - First Freedom: The right of an airline to overfly one country to get to another. Second Freedom: The right of an airline to land in another country for a technical stopover (fuel, maintenance, etc.) but does not pick up or drop off traffic. Third Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to drop off traffic from country X to country Y. Fourth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic back to country X from country Y. Fifth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to collect traffic in country Y and fly on to country Z, so long as the flight either originates or terminates in country X. Sixth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic to a getaway -- a point in country X--- and then abroad. The traffic has neither its origin nor ultimate destination in country X. Seventh Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to operate entirely outside of country X in carrying traffic between two other countries; and Eight Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic between any two points in the same foreign country; also known as cabotage. - - - -