Merriman Teacher Notes 21 Summer 2023 PDF

# The Great Schism (1378-1417) - Struggle between King of France (Philip IV) and the Popes - French and English kings taxed Church property - 1302 Pope Boniface VII responded with Unam Sanctum - Said necessary to be subject to Pope if want salvation - Philip IV arrested Boniface VII (died a y...

# The Great Schism (1378-1417) - Struggle between King of France (Philip IV) and the Popes - French and English kings taxed Church property - 1302 Pope Boniface VII responded with Unam Sanctum - Said necessary to be subject to Pope if want salvation - Philip IV arrested Boniface VII (died a year later) - Philip IV arranged election of Clement V as new Pope - Knew Clement would do what he wanted - Philip IV wanted Clement V - 1309 Philip IV moved Clement V to Avignon instead of Rome - 1309-1378 Avignon Papacy or Babylonian Captivity - 1377 Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome - 1378 Cardinals (mostly French) elected new Pope Urban VI - Roman mob invaded proceedings, Cardinals - Urban VI demanded Cardinals use wealth for the poor - Cardinals elected new Pope Clement VII - But Urban VI refused to step down - 2 Popes = Great Schism - Both sides battled for allegiance of rulers - 1409 Council of Pisa elected 3rd Pope, Alexander V - But neither of other 2 Popes stepped down ## Heretical and Spiritual Movements - 3 Popes ↑ disillusionment w/ Catholic Church - Earlier groups denied authority of Pope: Waldensians, Albigensians - Generally crushed ## Jan Hus (Bohemian theologian) - Criticized worldliness of clergy (1400s) - Called for return to pure/simple faith - Rejected papal authority to reform Church - Believed ordinary people could reform Church ## The Challenge: Conciliarism and Popal Authority - 1414-1418 Council of Constance - Resolved Great Schism - Tension between whether Popes or Councils had ultimate authority in Church - Martin of Mystras: belief in supremacy of individual piety and quest for knowledge of God and eternal salvation - William of Ockham (English monk, 1300s) - Man can't understand God through pure reason - Followers called Nominalists - Individual piety as cornerstone of religious life - Rejected papal authority and hierarchy of Church - Bible as the primary source for a relationship w/ God - John Wycliffe (English cleric & scholar) - De-emphasized and questioned papal authority - Pope didn't have to be unquestioned - Stressed role of faith in salvation - Condemned Jan Hus and burned him to death as heretic - Hus's followers defeated Papal armies & won ability for ordinary people to have bread and wine in communion (utragust) until 1458 - Pope Pius II (1458-64) declared Popes only head of Church - Conciliar movement = Heresy - Clerical abuses and indulgences - Monasteries not centers of spirituality and contemplation - BUT exploited poor to live wealthy lives - Indulgences reduced amount of time a soul spent in purgatory - Gained through great service e.g. going on Crusades - Read Bible for self; Followers called Lollards