Memory MCQ PDF

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 1. Memory involves which three stages of information processing? ○ a) Encoding, Retrieval, Sensory Storage ○ b) Encoding, Storage, Retrieval ○ c) Sensory Storage, Retrieval, Attention ○ d) Attention, Retrieval, Storage...

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 1. Memory involves which three stages of information processing? ○ a) Encoding, Retrieval, Sensory Storage ○ b) Encoding, Storage, Retrieval ○ c) Sensory Storage, Retrieval, Attention ○ d) Attention, Retrieval, Storage Answer: b) Encoding, Storage, Retrieval 2. Sensory memory holds information for how long? ○ a) A few minutes ○ b) A few seconds ○ c) A fraction of a second ○ d) A few hours Answer: c) A fraction of a second 3. Which experiment demonstrated iconic memory using a visual display? ○ a) Pavlov’s experiment ○ b) George Sperling’s experiment ○ c) Darwin’s auditory experiment ○ d) Miller’s magic number Answer: b) George Sperling’s experiment 4. The capacity of short-term memory (STM) is proposed to be: ○ a) 3 ± 1 items ○ b) 5 ± 2 items ○ c) 7 ± 2 items ○ d) 10 ± 1 items Answer: c) 7 ± 2 items 5. Which of the following is an example of implicit memory? ○ a) Remembering a friend's birthday ○ b) Knowing how to ride a bike ○ c) Recalling a historical date ○ d) Knowing your address Answer: b) Knowing how to ride a bike 6. The levels of processing theory, proposed by Craik and Lockhart, suggests that memory retention depends on: ○ a) The type of memory ○ b) The depth of processing ○ c) The type of encoding ○ d) The retrieval cues used Answer: b) The depth of processing 7. Episodic memory refers to: ○ a) Memory of personal experiences ○ b) Memory of facts and knowledge ○ c) Procedural knowledge  ○ d) Sensory memory Answer: a) Memory of personal experiences 8. Which brain structure plays a key role in forming new episodic memories? ○ a) Hippocampus ○ b) Cerebellum ○ c) Amygdala ○ d) Thalamus Answer: a) Hippocampus Multiple Choice Questions (80) 1. Which of the following is not a type of memory process? ○ a) Encoding ○ b) Storage ○ c) Decoding ○ d) Retrieval Answer: c) Decoding 2. Memory can be defined as: ○ a) The ability to recall information ○ b) The process of storing information for a short time ○ c) The ability to retain information over time ○ d) The process of information decay Answer: c) The ability to retain information over time 3. Which memory type has the shortest retention time? ○ a) Long-term memory ○ b) Short-term memory ○ c) Sensory memory ○ d) Working memory Answer: c) Sensory memory 4. Who proposed the “levels of processing” theory? ○ a) Atkinson and Shiffrin ○ b) Craik and Lockhart ○ c) Baddeley and Hitch ○ d) Tulving Answer: b) Craik and Lockhart 5. The multi-store model of memory was introduced by: ○ a) Baddeley and Hitch ○ b) Craik and Lockhart ○ c) Atkinson and Shiffrin ○ d) Tulving Answer: c) Atkinson and Shiffrin 6. In Sperling's iconic memory experiment, how long were participants able to hold visual information? ○ a) 1-2 seconds  ○ b) Less than a second ○ c) About 10 seconds ○ d) Until they were distracted Answer: b) Less than a second 7. Short-term memory typically holds information for: ○ a) A few seconds ○ b) 1-2 minutes ○ c) 20-30 seconds ○ d) Several hours Answer: c) 20-30 seconds 8. Echoic memory is related to: ○ a) Visual stimuli ○ b) Tactile stimuli ○ c) Olfactory stimuli ○ d) Auditory stimuli Answer: d) Auditory stimuli 9. Miller's "magic number" refers to the capacity of: ○ a) Long-term memory ○ b) Sensory memory ○ c) Short-term memory ○ d) Procedural memory Answer: c) Short-term memory 10. Chunking is a strategy that helps improve: ○ a) Long-term storage ○ b) Short-term memory capacity ○ c) Encoding in sensory memory ○ d) Forgetting rate Answer: b) Short-term memory capacity Multiple Choice Questions (11–80) 11. Which type of memory is associated with personal experiences and events? ○ a) Semantic memory ○ b) Episodic memory ○ c) Procedural memory ○ d) Iconic memory Answer: b) Episodic memory 12. The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve demonstrates that: ○ a) Memory improves over time without rehearsal ○ b) Memory decays rapidly at first, then slows ○ c) Forgetting is a constant rate over time ○ d) Memory remains stable over time Answer: b) Memory decays rapidly at first, then slows 13. Which memory system acts as a buffer for incoming sensory information?  ○ a) Short-term memory ○ b) Long-term memory ○ c) Sensory memory ○ d) Working memory Answer: c) Sensory memory 14. Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Memory Model includes all of the following EXCEPT: ○ a) Phonological loop ○ b) Visuospatial sketchpad ○ c) Episodic buffer ○ d) Semantic store Answer: d) Semantic store 15. Which component of working memory is responsible for storing visual and spatial information? ○ a) Phonological loop ○ b) Central executive ○ c) Visuospatial sketchpad ○ d) Episodic buffer Answer: c) Visuospatial sketchpad 16. Tulving proposed that episodic memory is distinct from semantic memory because: ○ a) Episodic memory requires rehearsal ○ b) Semantic memory is less accurate ○ c) Episodic memory involves time and place ○ d) Semantic memory involves emotions Answer: c) Episodic memory involves time and place 17. The theory that “neurons that fire together wire together” is associated with: ○ a) Hebbian learning ○ b) Trace decay ○ c) Proactive interference ○ d) Episodic memory Answer: a) Hebbian learning 18. Procedural memory is primarily involved in: ○ a) Facts and general knowledge ○ b) Skill learning and habits ○ c) Verbal memory ○ d) Short-term tasks Answer: b) Skill learning and habits 19. The central executive in working memory is mainly responsible for: ○ a) Storing information visually ○ b) Holding auditory information ○ c) Decision making and attention control ○ d) Rehearsing information repeatedly Answer: c) Decision making and attention control  20. Declarative memory includes which of the following? ○ a) Procedural and implicit memory ○ b) Episodic and semantic memory ○ c) Short-term and sensory memory ○ d) Long-term storage only Answer: b) Episodic and semantic memory Research Studies on Memory (21–30) 21. Which researcher is known for the nonsense syllables experiment on memory? ○ a) Sperling ○ b) Baddeley ○ c) Ebbinghaus ○ d) Miller Answer: c) Ebbinghaus 22. Sperling's partial report experiment demonstrated that: ○ a) All sensory memory lasts equally long ○ b) Visual information fades quickly in memory ○ c) Auditory memory lasts longer than visual memory ○ d) Memory retrieval is always complete Answer: b) Visual information fades quickly in memory 23. The famous “dual-task technique” was used by Baddeley and Hitch to support: ○ a) The multi-store model ○ b) The levels of processing theory ○ c) The working memory model ○ d) Trace decay theory Answer: c) The working memory model 24. Who introduced the “magic number 7” for short-term memory capacity? ○ a) Craik ○ b) Miller ○ c) Ebbinghaus ○ d) Tulving Answer: b) Miller 25. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon suggests that forgetting can result from: ○ a) Decay of memory traces ○ b) Retrieval failure ○ c) Lack of encoding ○ d) Limited storage capacity Answer: b) Retrieval failure Memory Disorders (31–40) 31. Korsakoff’s Syndrome, a memory disorder, is often linked to: ○ a) Vitamin B deficiency ○ b) Iron deficiency ○ c) Vitamin C deficiency ○ d) Calcium deficiency Answer: a) Vitamin B deficiency 32. Which disorder is characterized by progressive brain cell loss, affecting memory? ○ a) Alzheimer’s disease ○ b) Amnesia ○ c) Schizophrenia ○ d) Depression Answer: a) Alzheimer’s disease 33. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to: ○ a) Remember old memories ○ b) Create new memories ○ c) Recognize familiar people ○ d) Retrieve procedural memories Answer: b) Create new memories 34. Memory loss following a stroke is often due to: ○ a) Lack of sensory input ○ b) Blood vessel rupture in the brain ○ c) Synaptic strengthening ○ d) Emotional interference Answer: b) Blood vessel rupture in the brain 35. The memory disorder associated with hallucinations and confusion due to malnutrition is: ○ a) Retrograde amnesia ○ b) Korsakoff’s Syndrome ○ c) PTSD ○ d) Epilepsy Answer: b) Korsakoff’s Syndrome Theories of Forgetting (41–50) 41. Trace decay theory suggests that memory loss is due to: ○ a) Lack of rehearsal ○ b) New information interfering ○ c) The fading of memory traces over time ○ d) Strong emotions affecting recall Answer: c) The fading of memory traces over time  42. Proactive interference occurs when: ○ a) Old information hinders the recall of new information ○ b) New information enhances old memories ○ c) Emotional stress blocks memory ○ d) Unrelated memories disrupt each other Answer: a) Old information hinders the recall of new information 43. Retroactive interference is when: ○ a) New information interferes with old memories ○ b) Old memories enhance new learning ○ c) New information strengthens memory traces ○ d) Memories are refreshed Answer: a) New information interferes with old memories 44. Cue-dependent forgetting occurs due to: ○ a) The absence of relevant retrieval cues ○ b) Active interference ○ c) Decay of memory traces ○ d) Inability to store memories Answer: a) The absence of relevant retrieval cues 45. The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that memory loss: ○ a) Is linear over time ○ b) Is rapid at first, then stabilizes ○ c) Occurs mostly in sensory memory ○ d) Increases with age Answer: b) Is rapid at first, then stabilizes Neurobiological Bases of Memory (51–60) 51. The hippocampus is most essential for: ○ a) Storing long-term procedural memories ○ b) Forming new episodic memories ○ c) Controlling short-term memory ○ d) Processing auditory information Answer: b) Forming new episodic memories 52. Which neurotransmitter is associated with reward-based learning? ○ a) Glutamate ○ b) Serotonin ○ c) Dopamine ○ d) GABA Answer: c) Dopamine 53. Synaptic plasticity, or changes in synaptic strength, is crucial for: ○ a) Short-term memory ○ b) Long-term memory formation  ○ c) Visual memory only ○ d) Sleep regulation Answer: b) Long-term memory formation 54. Hebbian learning is often summarized as: ○ a) “Use it or lose it” ○ b) “Cells that fire together wire together” ○ c) “The faster the better” ○ d) “All or nothing” Answer: b) “Cells that fire together wire together” Encoding Strategies (61–70) 61. Chunking is a strategy that: ○ a) Helps in encoding complex information ○ b) Improves semantic memory only ○ c) Increases memory decay rate ○ d) Inhibits memory retrieval Answer: a) Helps in encoding complex information 62. Mnemonics are used to: ○ a) Discourage memory retention ○ b) Increase recall of information ○ c) Test memory decay ○ d) Delay memory formation Answer: b) Increase recall of information 63. Visualization helps encoding by: ○ a) Creating strong mental images ○ b) Reducing cognitive load ○ c) Reducing retrieval cues ○ d) Enhancing verbal memory Answer: a) Creating strong mental images Additional Questions on Memory Concepts (71–80) 71. Episodic buffer, as per Baddeley’s model, integrates information from: ○ a) Only the phonological loop ○ b) Different components of working memory ○ c) Sensory and short-term memory only ○ d) Only long-term memory Answer: b) Different components of working memory 72. Implicit memory involves memory that: ○ a) Requires conscious recall  ○ b) Can be accessed unconsciously ○ c) Is only used for facts ○ d) Is always episodic Answer: b) Can be accessed unconsciously 73. Short-term memory (STM) typically involves information processing for about: ○ a) 1–5 seconds ○ b) 10 seconds ○ c) 20–30 seconds ○ d) 1 minute Answer: c) 20–30 seconds 74. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sensory memory? ○ a) Large capacity ○ b) Long duration ○ c) Modality-specific ○ d) Brief storage Answer: b) Long duration 75. The multi-store model of memory includes which stages? ○ a) Attention, comprehension, retrieval ○ b) Sensory register, short-term store, long-term store ○ c) Sensory, phonological, episodic buffer ○ d) Long-term memory, working memory, forgetting Answer: b) Sensory register, short-term store, long-term store 76. Semantic memory is associated with which type of knowledge? ○ a) Autobiographical memories ○ b) Motor skills and tasks ○ c) Facts and general knowledge ○ d) Visual and spatial information Answer: c) Facts and general knowledge Forgetting and Interference Theories 77. The concept of retrieval cues suggests that forgetting is often due to: ○ a) Lack of encoding ○ b) Absence of relevant retrieval hints ○ c) Time decay only ○ d) Overuse of memory Answer: b) Absence of relevant retrieval hints 78. According to interference theory, forgetting occurs when: ○ a) New and old information conflict ○ b) Memory traces decay over time ○ c) Rehearsal is frequent ○ d) Retrieval is passive Answer: a) New and old information conflict 79. Which of the following describes retroactive interference? ○ a) Older memories prevent new learning  ○ b) New information disrupts old memories ○ c) Memory is enhanced by retrieval ○ d) Short-term memory loss Answer: b) New information disrupts old memories 80. Decay theory proposes that memories fade due to: ○ a) Absence of rehearsal ○ b) Constant neural firing ○ c) Physical memory trace breakdown ○ d) Cue-dependent retrieval Answer: c) Physical memory trace breakdown