Differences Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes PDF

**DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | S.NO. | FEATURE | PROKARYOTES | EUKARYOTES | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | 1. | Repres...

**DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | S.NO. | FEATURE | PROKARYOTES | EUKARYOTES | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | 1. | Representative | All bacteria | Algae, Fungi, | | | microorganism | | Protozoa, | | | | | Plants, Animals | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 2. | Genetic system | Nucleoid, | Nucleus, | | | location | chromatin body | Mitochondria, | | | | or nuclear | Chloroplast | | | | | | | | | material | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 3. | Nucleus | No nuclear | True nucleus | | | | membrane or | consisting of | | | | nucleoli | nuclear | | | | | membrane and | | | | | nucleoli | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 4. | Chromosome | Single circular | Several linear | | | arrangement | | | | | | chromosome; | chromosomes; | | | | does not | contain | | | | contain | histones | | | | histones | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 5. | Introns in | Rare | Common | | | genes | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 6. | Cell division | Binary | Mitotic nuclear | | | | division; no | division | | | | | | | | | mitotic | | | | | division | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 7. | Sexual | No meiosis; | Involves | | | reproduction | exchange of DNA | meiosis | | | | fragments only | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 8. | Cell wall | Usually | When present, | | | | present; | | | | | | chemically | | | | chemically | simple. No | | | | complex | peptidoglycan | | | | | | | | | peptidoglycan | | | | | is the major | | | | | component of | | | | | the cell wall | | | | | in most | | | | | | | | | | bacteria | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 9. | Plasma membrane | Generally does | Sterols | | | | not | present; which | | | | | serve as | | | | contain | receptors; do | | | | sterols; | not carry out | | | | contain part of | respiration and | | | | respiration and | photosynthesis | | | | in some | | | | | photosynthetic | | | | | machinery | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 10 a | Cytoplasmic | Absent | Present | | | streaming | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 10 b | Pinocytosis | Absent | Present | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 10 c | Cytoskeleton | Absent | Present | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 10 d | Gas vacuoles | Can be present | Absent | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 11. | Ribosomes | Small size -- | 80 S -- | | | | 70 S | arranged on | | | | | | | | | distributed in | membranes of | | | | the | ER; 70 S in | | | | | mitochondria | | | | cytoplasm | and | | | | | | | | | | chloroplasts | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 12. | Mitochondria | Absent | Present | | | and ER | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 13. | Membrane bound | Absent | Present | | | (true) vacuoles | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 14. | Capsule | Extracellular | Absent | | | | | | | | | polymorphic | | | | | | | | | | capsule/slime | | | | | layer | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 15. | Locomotor | Simple fibril | Multifibrilled | | | organelle | | with 9 + 2 | | | (flagella) | | microtubules | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | 16. | Pseudopodia | Absent | Present in some | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 17. | Metabolic | Wide variety -- | Glycolysis is | | | mechanisms | | the pathway for | | | | anaerobic | anaerobic | | | | energy | energy yielding | | | | | mechanism | | | | yielding | | | | | reactions, some | | | | | fix nitrogen | | | | | gas, some | | | | | accumulate | | | | | poly-B | | | | | | | | | | hydroxybutyrate | | | | | as | | | | | | | | | | reserve | | | | | material | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 18. | Percent of G+C | 25-75% | 40% | | | in DNA | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ **FUNCTIONS OF PROKARYOTIC STRUCTURES** **ORGANELLE** **FUNCTION** -------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Plasma Membrane Selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of the cell, nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic processes (respiration, photosynthesis), detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis Gas Vacuole Buoyancy for floating in aquatic environment Ribosomes Protein Synthesis Inclusion bodies Storage of carbon, phosphate and other substances Nucleoid Localization of genetic material (DNA) Periplasmic Space Contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake Cell Wall Gives bacteria shape and protection from lysis in dilute solutions Capsules and Slime Layer Resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces Fimbriae and Pili Attachment to surfaces, bacterial mating Flagella Movement Endospore Survival under harsh environmental conditions Cell wall and pellicle Strengthens and gives shape to the cell **FUNCTIONS OF EUKARYOTIC CELL ORGANELLES** --------------- -------------- **ORGANELLE** **FUNCTION** --------------- -------------- +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Plasma Membrane | Mechanical cell boundary, | | | selectively permeable barrier | | | with transport systems, mediates | | | cell-cell interactions and | | | adhesion to surfaces, secretion | +===================================+===================================+ | Cytoplasmic Matrix | Environment for other organelles, | | | location of many metabolic | | | processes | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Microfilaments, | Cell structure and movements, | | | from the cytoskeleton | | intermediate filaments and | | | microtubules | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Transport of materials, prot | | | | | | ein and lipid synthesis | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Ribosomes | Protein Synthesis | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Golgi Apparatus | Packaging and secretion of | | | materials for various purposes, | | | lysosome formation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Mitochondria | Energy production through use of | | | tricarboxylic acid cycle, | | | electron transport | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Lysosomes | Intracellular digestion | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Chloroplast | Photosynthesis -- trapping light | | | energy and formation of | | | carbohydrates from carbon dioxide | | | and water | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Nucleus | Repository for genetic | | | information, control centre for | | | the cell | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Nucleolus | Ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosome | | | construction | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cell wall and pellicle | Strengthens and gives shape to | | | the cell | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cilia and flagella | Cell movement | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Vacuole | Temporary storage and transport, | | | digestion (food vacuole), water | | | balance (contractile vacuole). | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+