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Questions and Answers
Which component is primarily found in the cell wall of most bacteria?
Which component is primarily found in the cell wall of most bacteria?
What type of cell division involves meiosis?
What type of cell division involves meiosis?
Which of the following statements about mitotic nuclear division is inaccurate?
Which of the following statements about mitotic nuclear division is inaccurate?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of binary cell division?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of binary cell division?
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How does sexual reproduction differ from asexual reproduction?
How does sexual reproduction differ from asexual reproduction?
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Which type of organelle is characterized by simple fibrils and is involved in locomotion?
Which type of organelle is characterized by simple fibrils and is involved in locomotion?
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What is the role of glycolysis in cellular metabolism?
What is the role of glycolysis in cellular metabolism?
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Which feature is commonly absent in certain cellular organisms?
Which feature is commonly absent in certain cellular organisms?
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Which of the following structures is characterized by a polymorphic capsule or slime layer?
Which of the following structures is characterized by a polymorphic capsule or slime layer?
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Which characteristic is true regarding metabolic mechanisms in certain cells?
Which characteristic is true regarding metabolic mechanisms in certain cells?
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What is a primary component of the cellular structure that is allowed to accumulate as reserve material?
What is a primary component of the cellular structure that is allowed to accumulate as reserve material?
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Which of the following features distinguishes structures containing microtubules with a 9 + 2 arrangement?
Which of the following features distinguishes structures containing microtubules with a 9 + 2 arrangement?
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What type of cellular feature is typically absent in certain organisms that lack complex locomotion?
What type of cellular feature is typically absent in certain organisms that lack complex locomotion?
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What is the primary cell wall component typically found in prokaryotes?
What is the primary cell wall component typically found in prokaryotes?
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What method do prokaryotes primarily use for cell division?
What method do prokaryotes primarily use for cell division?
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Which of the following accurately describes the cell membrane feature found in eukaryotes?
Which of the following accurately describes the cell membrane feature found in eukaryotes?
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How is the genomic structure of prokaryotes primarily organized?
How is the genomic structure of prokaryotes primarily organized?
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Which reproductive strategy is commonly observed in eukaryotes?
Which reproductive strategy is commonly observed in eukaryotes?
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In terms of genetic material, which feature is absent in prokaryotes?
In terms of genetic material, which feature is absent in prokaryotes?
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What describes the chromosome structure found in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes?
What describes the chromosome structure found in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes?
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Which of the following is a common misconception regarding the nucleus in eukaryotes?
Which of the following is a common misconception regarding the nucleus in eukaryotes?
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Study Notes
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
- Representative microorganisms: Prokaryotes include all bacteria; eukaryotes include algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, and animals.
- Genetic system location: Prokaryotes have nucleoid (chromatin body/nuclear material); eukaryotes have a nucleus.
- Nucleus: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, and eukaryotes have a true nucleus with a nuclear membrane and nucleoli.
- Chromosome arrangement: Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome without histones; eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes with histones.
- Introns in genes: Introns are rare in prokaryotes and common in eukaryotes.
- Cell division: In prokaryotes, the process is binary division, without mitotic division, and no meiosis or DNA fragments exchange. Eukaryotes use mitotic nuclear division and often involve meiosis when reproduction is sexual.
- Sexual reproduction: Prokaryotes don't usually use meiosis; eukaryotes often do.
- Cell wall: Prokaryotes often have a cell wall, usually chemically complex (peptidoglycan) in most bacteria. In eukaryotes, cell walls are either absent or chemically simple.
- Plasma membrane: Prokaryotic membranes don't typically contain sterols. Eukaryotic membranes often contain sterols, and sometimes contain parts of the respiration and photosynthesis machinery.
- Cytoplasmic streaming: Absent in prokaryotes and present in eukaryotes.
Additional Prokaryotic Features
- Ribosomes: Small size (70S) and distributed in the cytoplasm.
- Inclusion bodies: Storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances.
- Nucleoid: Location of genetic material (DNA).
- Periplasmic space: Contains hydrolytic enzymes and proteins for nutrient processing.
- Cell wall: Provides shape and protection from lysis.
- Capsules and slime layer: Resistance to phagocytosis and adherence to surfaces.
- Fimbriae and pili: Attachment and bacterial mating.
- Flagella: Movement.
- Endospores: Survival under harsh conditions.
- Cell wall and pellicle: Strengthens and shapes the cell.
- Locomotive organelles (flagella): Simple fibril type.
- Pseudopodia: Present in some types.
- Metabolic mechanisms: Wide variety, including anaerobic energy yielding reactions, some fix nitrogen gas, and may accumulate poly-hydroxybutyrate as a reserve material.
- G+C% in DNA: 25-75% in some prokaryotes, 40% in others.
Additional Eukaryotic Features
- Plasma membrane: Mechanical cell boundary, selectively permeable, with transport systems and mediating cell-cell interactions and adhesion.
- Cytoplasmic matrix: Environment for organelles, many metabolic processes, and cell structure/movements.
- Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules: Cell structure and movements.
- Endoplasmic reticulum: Transport of materials; protein (rough ER) and lipid (smooth ER) synthesis.
- Golgi apparatus: Packaging and secretion of materials.
- Mitochondria: Energy production through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport.
- Lysosomes: Intracellular digestion.
- Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis.
- Nucleus: Repository for genetic information, control center for the cell.
- Nucleolus: Ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosome construction.
- Cell wall and pellicle: Strengthens and shapes the cell.
- Cilia and flagella: Cell movement.
- Vacuoles: Temporary storage and transport.
- Pinocytosis: (Absent in prokaryotes, often in eukaryotes)
- Cytoskeleton: (Absent in prokaryotes, usually present in eukaryotes)
- Gas vacuoles: Can be present in prokaryotes for buoyancy.
- Membrane-bound vacuoles: (Absent in many prokaryotes) in many eukaryotes (e.g., true vacuoles).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in this quiz. Explore topics such as genetic systems, cell structure, and reproduction methods. Perfect for biology students looking to solidify their understanding of these two types of microorganisms.
