Med Surg Long Test Review PDF

MED SURG LONG TEST GOD DID 0 - Absent +1 - Weak, Thready, Difficult to palpate, Obliterated +2 - Diminished pulse, Can’t be obliterated +3 - Full pulse, Easy to palpate +4 - Strong, Boulding Systolic pressure Ventricular depolarization Diastolic pressure Ventricula...

MED SURG LONG TEST GOD DID 0 - Absent +1 - Weak, Thready, Difficult to palpate, Obliterated +2 - Diminished pulse, Can’t be obliterated +3 - Full pulse, Easy to palpate +4 - Strong, Boulding Systolic pressure Ventricular depolarization Diastolic pressure Ventricular Repolarization Artery Blood Vessels 4 Valves of the Pulmonary - 2nd Left Intercostal space Aortic - 2nd Right Intercostal space Tricuspid - 4th Left Intercostal space (along the sternal border) Mitral - 5th Left Intercostal space Nitroglycerine Take it when you have Chest pain Take 2nd dose if chest pain persists (5 min interval) Take 3rd dose (LIMIT) while going to ER Troponin 1 Protein found in cardiac muscle that can be used as a biomarker to detect heart damage and disease Most effective ACE inhibitor Work by relaxing blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to pump blood. Blocks Angitensia 1 to ll Na = H20 H20 = Pressure = BP Edema 1+ = 2 seconds 2+ = 4 seconds 3+ = 6 seconds 4+ = 8 seconds Tuberculosis Chest X-ray Gene Xpert is the most accurate way to diagnose TB (GOLD STANDARD) Mannitol Passes through blood-brain barrier (BBB) Dexamenazole Osmotic diuretics Drug Blocks receptor site Decrease hormone Activity GN-RH (Gonadotropin - Releasing Hormone) Stimulates the Estrogen Anterior Pituitary Gland Prolactin Breast Milk Posterior Pituitary Gland ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone) It helps regulate water retention and blood pressure Erythropoietin (EPO) A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (RBCs). Assist BP control Melanocyte Skin Pigmentation (Darker skin) Growth Hormone Deficiency Maintain bone density and strength (risk for Fracture) High calcium (calcium supplementation) Grave’s Disease Hyperthyroidism (Naiinitan ang Px) Provide light clothes, Promote comfort, Cool environment, Fluids Dx T3 & T4 Hypothyroidism It leads to a slowing metabolic It can cause myxedema, Puffiness of the face, Hands, and other parts of the body Levothyroxine A medicine used to treat an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) Take in the morning RAI (Radioactive Iodine) Is used to assess how well the thyroid gland absorbs and utilizes iodine Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism Dumping Syndrome A rapid influx of the Stomach (KAKA-KAIN LANG TUMAE AGAD) H philori Peptic ulcer disease Antibiotic Crohn's disease Increases risk of colon cancer Stoma Large intestine = absorbs water AC (Acute Condition) = Watery Stool DC (Dysfunctional Condition) = Semi Formed Mushy TC (Transitional Condition) = Semi-Formed to Well- Formed SC (Solid Condition) = Well Formed Hypoparathyroidism Low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) Risk for injury Pheochromocytoma Problem with the adrenal gland Adrenalectomy High BP Respiratory system Gas exchange, Regulating blood pH. Air passage, Spirometer Normal Tidal Volume (Inhaled or exhaled) The volume of air each breath Quiet Breathing = 500ml Inspiratory = 300ml Expiratory = 1100ml Residual Volume = 1200ml Alveoli in the lungs 300million Salbutamol Bronchodilators Smooth muscles Pacemaker Resting heart rate: 60-100 BPM Bradycardia: A heart rate lower than 60 BPM Tachycardia: A heart rate faster than 100 BPM Heartbeats Originates SA NODE Right Atrium Expiratory Reserve Volume Amount of air that can be expired forcefully after expiration of the resting tidal volume Pulmonary consolidation X-ray Test Pet dander (Sinus, Allergy rhinitis, Asthma) Environment Trigger that can cause allergic reactions Lightweight particles shed by pets Status asthmaticus Doesn't respond to standard treatment Exacerbation Bronchodilators (Early relief) = Corticosteroids (Long term) ABG pH: 7.35 – 7.45 Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PaO₂): 75 – 100 mmHg Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (PaCO₂): 35 – 45 mmHg Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻): 22 – 28 mEq/L Normal pH = Fully Abnormal pH = Partially Normal PaCo2 or Hco3 = Uncompensated Parkinson's Disease Deficiency of dopamine Increase acetylcholine Mask-like face (Late manifestation) DOC = Levedopa = Carbidopa (Helps increase Levedopa effectiveness) Bradykinesia Slow movement Diabetes Mellitus Pancreas (Islet of Langerhans) 1. Glucagon 2. Insulin 3. Somatostatin DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis) Type 1 = No insulin production, autoimmune (Dependent) Type 2 = Insulin Resistance, lifestyle-related. HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c) Glycated hemoglobin Measures the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months. HbA1c Levels: Normal: Below 5.7%. Prediabetes: Between 5.7% and 6.4%. Diabetes: 6.5% or higher. Higher HbA1c means poorer blood sugar control over time Glucose Monosaccharide Blood Sugar Level Normal (Fasting): 70–100 mg/dL Prediabetes (Fasting): 100–125 mg/dL Diabetes (Fasting): 126 mg/dL or higher Regular Insulin IV Onset: 10-30 minutes. Peak: 2-3 hours. Duration: 4-6 hours. Regular Insulin SubQ Onset: 30 minutes to 1 hour. Peak: 2 to 3 hours. Duration: 5 to 8 hours. Alcohol Risk for Osteoporosis? NOPE SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) Autoimmune disease Avoid sun exposure Gouty Arthritis Aspirin = NOPE Low Purine Diet Posture during pregnancy Lordosis Bone Densitometry Bone density to check for osteoporosis Volkmann's Contracture Obstructed arterial blood flow floods the forearm and hand The Cast only has full strength when DRY Compartment syndrome Pain in the cast Cortico steroids Sx = Osteoporosis 1200mg Recommended calcium intake for senior/adult GCS = 4,5,6 13-15 = Mild brain injury 9-12 = Moderate brain injury 3-8 = Severe brain injury (coma) Addison's disease Sx = Hyperkalemia SIADH Decrease sodium LvL NPH (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn) Onset: Begins working in about 1 to 2 hours. Peak: Has a peak effect around 4 to 12 hours. Duration: Lasts for 12 to 16 hours Metformin Sx = Lactic acidosis Hypoglycemia Sx = Hunger, Tremors, Diaphoresis