Medical Terminology L2 - Introduction to Medicine PDF

Introduc on to medicine {L2} SHAWABKEH Medical Terminology II !!!! ‫االن رح نكمل عن جداول وسيستمات ف فتحلي مخك‬ Urinary System: ‫الجهاز البولي‬ Two kidneys ‫كليتان‬ Two ureters...

Introduc on to medicine {L2} SHAWABKEH Medical Terminology II !!!! ‫االن رح نكمل عن جداول وسيستمات ف فتحلي مخك‬ Urinary System: ‫الجهاز البولي‬ Two kidneys ‫كليتان‬ Two ureters ‫الحالب‬ Bladder ‫مثانه بوليه‬ Urethra ‫األحليل‬. Functions of the kidney Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine Maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes and acids Degrade and eliminate hormones from bloodstream Release hormones: i.e. Renin, erythropoietin (EPO) and Calcifero Medical terms in urinary system Term Definition Kidney ‫الكلية‬ Bean-shaped organs that filter nitrogenous waste from the bloodstream to form urine. Figure1 Nephron‫نفرون‬ Functional unit of a kidney. Figure2 Reabsorption ‫ اعادة‬Process of returning essential elements to the blood stream. ‫االمتصاص‬ Renin ‫انزيم الرينين‬ Enzyme produced in kidneys to regulate filtration rate of blood by increasing blood ‫بيرفع ضغط الدم‬ pressure. urea ‫يوريا‬ Waste product of nitrogen metabolism excreted in normal adult urine. Urine ‫بول‬ Fluid excreted by urinary system. Cortex Outer region of kidney. Figure1 Bowman’s Capsule surrounding a glomerulus and serving as a collection site for urine. Figure3 capsule Filtration ‫فلترة‬ Process of separating solids from a liquid by passing it through a porous substance. Figure3 Glomerulus Group of capillaries in a nephron. Figure3 (glomeruli) ‫الكبة‬ Electrolyte Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Catheter Tube for injecting or removing fluids. Medulla Inner region of an organ.‫ الجزء الداخلي بالكلية‬Figure1 Creatinine ‫ كرياتينين‬Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. Bladder ‫المثانة‬ Organ where urine collects before being excreted from the body. Potassium (K+) An electrolyte regulated by the kidney. Sodium (Na+) An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidney. Renal artery ‫ شريان‬Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney. Figure1 ‫الكلية‬ Renal tubules Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration. Renal veins Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney. Figure1 Some of combining form in urinary system Combining Form Meaning Example Ureter(o) Ureter ‫الحالب‬ Ureterostenosis (narrowing of a ureter) Urethr(o) Urethra Urethrorrhea (abnormal discharge from the urethra) Uria Of urine Anuria (lack of urine formation). Vesic(o) Bladder ‫المثانة‬ Vesicoabdominal (relating to the urinary bladder and abdominal wall). Cyst(o) Bladder Cystitis (bladder inflammation). Glomerul(o) Glomerulus Glomerulitis (inflammation of the glomerulus ‫الكبة‬ Nephr(o) Kidney Nephritis (kidney inflammation). Ren(o) Kidney Renomegaly (enlargement of kidney). Ur(o), urin(o) Urine Uremia (excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in blood). Digestive System: Consists of: ✓ Oral cavity ‫الفم‬ ✓ Pharynx ‫البلعوم‬ ✓ Esophagus‫المرئ‬ ✓ Stomach‫المعدة‬ ✓ Liver ‫الكبد‬ ✓ pancreas‫البنكرياس‬ ✓ gallbladder ‫المرارة‬ ✓ Small intestine & Large intestine ‫األمعاء الغليظة والدقيقه‬ ❖ Performs four main functions: ✓ Ingestion‫البلع‬. ✓ Digestion ‫الهضم‬. ✓ Absorption.‫ ✓ االمتصاص‬Elimination ‫اخراجها من الجسم‬ Digestive System-Terms Term: Definition: Amino Small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested. Figure4 acids ‫احماض‬ ‫امينية‬ Amylase Enzyme secreted by pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch. Figure4 ‫انزيم يفرزه‬ ‫البنكرياس والغدد اللعابية لهضم النشا‬ Absorption Passage of materials through walls of the small intestine into bloodstream. ) ‫عملية االمتصاص(مرور المواد خالل جدران األمعاء الدقيقة باتجاه الدم‬ Bile ‫العصارة‬ Yellowish-brown to greenish fluid secreted by liver and stored in gallbladder; aids in ‫الصفراوية‬ fat digestion. Figure5‫سائل اصفر مائل الى اللون البني يفرز من الكبد ويخزن في المرارة وله دور في هضم الدهون‬ Bilirubin Pigment contained in bile. ‫الصبغة الموجودة في العصارة الصفراوية‬  Appendix Blind pouch hanging from the cecum. Figure6 ‫الزائدة الدودية‬ bowel Intestine.‫االمعاء‬ colon Large Intestine. Figure5 ‫األمعاء الغليظة‬ Small Long tube that continues process of digestion (place where most absorption takes intestine place). Figure5 ‫األمعاء الدقيقة‬ stomach Large sac between esophagus and small intestine (place where food is broken down). Figure5 ‫المعدة‬ Digestion Breakdown of complex foods to simpler form. ‫الهضم‬ Gallbladder Small sac under the liver; stores bile. Figure5‫المرارة‬ Glucose Simple sugar. Figure4 ‫سكر بسيط‬ Glycogen Starch; glucose is stored in form of glycogen in liver cells. Figure4‫سكر متعدد يخزن في الكبد‬ Hydrochloric Substance produced by stomach; necessary for digestion of food acid ‫حمض موجود في المعدة‬ Chyme Semisolid mass of partially digested food and gastric juices that passes from stomach to small intestine. Figure5 ‫ما بداخل المعدة‬ Defecation Release of feces from anus. ‫عملية التبرز‬ Enzyme Protein that causes chemical changes in substances in digestive tract. Peristalsis Coordinated, rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle through the digestive tract. Figure6 ‫الحركة الدودية في األمعاء‬ Lipase Enzyme contained in pancreatic juice Liver‫كبد‬ Organ important in digestive and metabolic functions; secretes bile. Figure5 Mastication Chewing.‫مضغ‬ Large Passageway in intestinal tract (place where water reabsorption takes place). Figure5 intestine Pancreas Digestive organ that secretes digestive fluids. Figure5 Pepsin Digestive enzyme in gastric juice. ‫انزيم البيبسين‬ saliva ‫اللعاب‬ Fluid secreted by salivary glands; contains amylase Digestive System-Combining Forms: Combining Meaning Example Form Append(o), Appendix ‫زائدة‬ Appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix( appendic(o) ‫التهاب الزائدة‬ Bil(o), bili Bile Biliverdin (green bile pigment). Chol(e), Bile Choleic (pertaining to bile). cholo Cholecyst(o) Gallbladder‫المرارة‬ Cholecystectomy: removal of gallbladder Col(o), Colon‫قولون‬ Colectomy (removal of all or part of colon colon(o) Enter(o) Intestine Enteropathy (intestinal disease) ‫األمعاء‬ Esophag(o) Esophagus‫المرئ‬ Esophagoscopy (examination of esophagus). Gastr(o) Stomach‫المعدة‬ Gastralgia (stomach ache). Glycogen(o) Glycogen‫الجاليكوجين‬ Glycogenolysis (degradation of glycogen). Hepat(o) Liver‫الكبد‬ Hepatitis (liver inflammation). Labi(o) Lips‫الشفتين‬ Labioplasty (surgical repair of lips). Lingu(o) Tongue‫لسان‬ Linguodental (pertaining to tongue & teeth Or(o) Mouth Orofacial (pertaining to mouth and face Pancreat(o) Pancreas Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas ‫البنكرياس‬ Sial(o) Saliva,salivary Sialism (excessive secretion of saliva) ‫لعاب‬ Stomat(o) Mouth Stomatitis (inflammation of lining of mouth Gloss(o) Tongue‫لسان‬ Glossopharyngeal (of tongue and pharynx Rect(o) Rectum ‫المستقيم‬ Rectoabdominal (of rectum and abdomen Periton(eo) Peritoneum ‫جدار‬ Peritonitis: inflammation of peritoneum ‫المعدة‬ Ile(o) Ileum Ileitis (inflammation of ileum). Jejun(o) Jejunum Jejunostomy (surgical opening to outside of body to Jejunum) Gluc(o) Glucose Glucogenesis (formation of glucose). Pharyng(o) Pharynx ‫البلعوم‬ Pharyngotonsillitis (inflammation of tonsils and pharynx) Reproductive System: ✓ Male reproductive System. ✓ Female reproductive system. Female reproductive Female Reproductive System medical terms Term Definition Oocyte ‫البويضة‬ Immature ovum produced in the gonads. Ovum (pl., Ova) Mature female sex cell produced by the ovaries. ‫ البويضات‬figure7 Progesterone One of the primary female hormones.‫هرمون البروجسترون‬ Placenta ‫المشيمة‬ Nutrient-rich organ that develops in uterus during pregnancy; supplies nutrients to fetus. Umbilical ‫الحبل السري‬ Cord that connects the placenta in the mother’s uterus to fetus. Gamete ‫جاميت‬ Male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum Perimenopause Prior to menopause. ‫ما قبل توقف الدورة الشهرية‬ Menopause ‫سن اليأس‬ Time when menstruation ceases; usually between ages 45 and 55 Menstruation ‫الدورة‬ Cyclical release of uterine lining through the vagina; usually every 28 ‫الشهرية‬ days. Menarche First menstruation. ‫اول دورة شهرية تأتي االنثى‬ Female Reproductive System-Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning: Example: Colp(o) Vagina‫المهبل‬ Colporrhagia (vaginal hemorrhage). figure7 Gynec(o) Female‫األنثى‬ Gynecology (medical specialty that diagnoses and treats disorders of the female reproductive system). Mamm(o) Breast ‫الثدي‬ Mammography (imaging of the breast) Mast(o) Breast Mastitis (inflammation of the breast). Men(o) Menstruation Menopause (cessation of menstruation ) ‫توقف الدورة الشهرية‬ ‫الحيض‬ Metr(o) Uterus‫الحالب‬ Metropathy (disease of the uterus). figure7 Oo Egg ‫بيوض‬ Oogenesis (production of eggs). Oophor(o) Ovary‫المبيض‬ Oophoritis (inflammation of an ovary) ‫التهاب بالمبيض‬figure7 Ovari(o) Ovary ‫مبيض‬ Ovariocele (hernia of an ovary). figure7 Vulv(o) Vulva‫منطقة في المهبل‬ Vulvitis (inflammation of the vulva). Uter(o) Uterus ‫رحم‬ Uteroplasty (surgical repair of the uterus). figure7 Salping(o) Fallopian Salpingoplasty (surgical repair of a fallopian tube). figure7 tube ‫قناة فالوب‬ Ov(i), ov(o) Egg Ovoid (egg-shaped). Hyster(o) Uterus ‫رحم‬ Hysterectomy (surgical removal of uterus) figure7 Male Reproductive Male Reproductive System-Terms: Term: Meaning: Ejaculation Expulsion of semen outside body. ‫عملية القذف‬ Flagellum Tail at the end of a sperm that helps it move.)‫السوط في نهاية الحيوان المنوي (ذيل‬ Penis Male reproductive part that covers the urethra outside of the body. figure7 ‫العضو الذكري‬ Prostate ‫البروستات‬ Gland surrounding urethra that emits a fluid to help sperm move and contracts during ejaculation to help sperm exit body. Sperm Male sex cell that contains chromosomes ‫حيوانات منوية‬. Spermatogenesis Production of sperm ‫انتاج الحيوانات المنوية‬ Testis (pl., Testes One of a pair of male organs that produce sperm figure7 Testosterone: Primary male hormone responsible for male sex characteristics ‫هرمون‬ ‫التستستيرون‬ Male Reproductive System-Combining Forms Combining Meaning Example Form Andr(o) Men ‫الرجل‬ Andropathy: any disease particular to men Sperm(o), Sperm ‫الحيوانات المنوية‬ Spermatogenesis (sperm production) spermat(o) Orch(o), Testes ‫الخصية‬ Orchitis (inflammation of the testis) figure7 orchi(o) Prostat(o) Prostate gland ‫غدة‬ Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate figure7 ‫البروستات‬ Endocrine System: Function: Produce hormones that work together to maintain homeostasis )‫وظيفة سيستم االندوكراين انه يفرز هرمونات بيحتاجها الجسم على شان يحافظ على التوازن‬ Endo- means within crine mean to secret Glands has two types: 1)endocrine gland>>endo- means within 2) Exocrine glands>>> exo -means out of ❖ Major Hormones ‫هذا الجدول حيكون فيه أهم الهرمونات يلي بيفرزها الجسم وسهلين على فكره عشان يصيرو سهلين اكثروتتذكروهم رح الون الكم‬ ‫المقاطع يلي الهم معنى بلون اصفر والمعنى بلون رمادي حرف الربط بلون ازرق والوظيفه لكل هرمون تحتها خطين‬...‫احكو بسم هللا ويال نبدأ‬، Hormone Explanation ACTH ‫الهرمون‬ Adrenocorticotropic hormone ‫المحفز للغده‬ -cortic/o means cortex ‫الكضريه‬ -trop means change Figure8 -ic means pertaining to GH ‫هرمون النو‬ Growth hormone (somatotropic hormone) released by anterior pituitary for stimulating Figure9 growth Somat/o means body -tropic means having an affinity for MSH ‫هرمون المحفز‬ Melanocyte stimulating hormone ‫يحفز انتاج صبغة الميالنين‬ ‫النتاج صبغة الميالنين‬ PRL/ LTH ‫هرمون‬ Prolactin/ lactogenic hormone ‫الحليب‬ ✓ Lact/o means milk ✓ Gen means producing ✓ ic means pertaining to ALD ‫األلدوستيرون‬ Aldosterone (hormone secreted by adrenal cortex which regulates sodium reabsorption Figure10 and potassium excretion by kidneys). ADH ‫الهرمون المانع‬ Antidiuretic hormone (posterior pituitary hormone that increases water reabsorption. ‫إلدرار البول‬ OXT Oxytocin: released by the posterior pituitary gland to aid in uterine contractions and lactation: oxy- means swift. -tocin means labor T3 ‫هرمون الغده‬ Triiodothyronine (thyroid hormone that stimulates growth). ‫الدرقيه‬ T4 ‫هرمون الغده‬ Thyroxine (thyroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism). ‫الدرقيه‬ PTH ‫هرمون جارات‬ Parathyroid hormone (hormone released by parathyroid glands to help raise blood calcium ‫الغده الدرقيه‬ levels). FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone: released by anterior pituitary to aid in production of ova and Figure9 sperm. ‫هرمون يحفز انتاج البويضات عند النساء والحيوانات المنويه عند الرجال‬ LH Luteinizing hormone (stimulate oocyte maturation, increase progesteron) ‫يحفز تمايز ونضوج البويضه ويزيد مستوى هرمون البروجستيرون‬ Endocrine System-Combining forms: Combining Meaning Example Form Adren(o), adrenal gland Adrenomegaly (enlargement of adrenal glands ‫تضخم الغده الكضرية‬ adrenal(o) ‫الغده الكضريه‬ Figure10 Gluc(o) Glucose ‫ الجلوكوز‬Glucogenesis ‫تكوين الجلوكوز‬ Glyc(o) Glycogen Glycolysis (conversion of glycogen to glucose. ‫تكسر الجاليكوجين لتكوين‬ ‫الجاليكوجين‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ Pancreat(o) Pancreas Pancreatitis (inflammation of pancreas). Figure10 Gonad(o) sex glands Gonadotropin (hormone that aids in growth of gonads ‫الهرمون‬ ‫المحفز لنمو الغدد الجنسيه‬ Thyr(o), thyroid gland Thyrotoxic (excessive amounts of thyroid hormones ‫زيادة نشاط الغده‬ thyroid(o) ‫الدرقسه‬ Aden(o) Gland Adenopathy (glandular or lymph node disease ‫مرض الغده او العقد‬ ‫الليمفاويه‬ Integumentary System: Consists of: 1) Skin 2) Accessory organs: Hair/ Nails/Sebaceous glands /Sweat glands Function: Protection, Temperature regulation, Have sensory receptors, Fluid secretion Integumentary System-Terms: Term Definition Adipose Fatty; relating to fat ‫ دهون‬Figure12 Alopecia Lack of hair in spots; baldness ‫ الصلع‬Figure12 Collagen Major protein substance that is tough and flexible. ‫ الكوالجين‬Figure12 Dermis Skin layer beneath epidermis containing blood vessels, nerves, and some glands. ‫تحت البشره الخارجيه‬Figure11 Diaphoresis Excretion of fluid by the sweat glands; sweating ‫التعرق‬ Epidermis Outer portion of skin ‫ البشره الخارجيه‬Figure11 Hair follicle Tube-like sac in dermis out of which hair shaft develops ‫ بصيلة الشعر‬Figure11 Integument Tube-like sac in dermis out of which hair shaft develops ‫غالف يحتوي الجلد‬ Keratin Hard protein that forms nails and hair ‫ بروتين الكيراتين‬Figure12 Melanin Pigment produced by melanocytes that determines skin, hair, and eye color. ‫صبغة‬ ‫الميالنين‬ Integumentary System-Combining Forms: Combining Form Meaning: Example: Dermat(o) Skin Dermatitis (inflammation of skin) Lip(o) Fatty‫دهني‬ liposuction (removal of unwanted fat by suctioning through tubes) Melan(o) Black, Melanoma (malignancy arising from cells that form melanin) very dark Xer(o) Dry‫جاف‬ Xeroderma (excessive dryness of the skin) Pil(o) Hair Pilocystic (relating to a skin cyst with hair) Seb(o) Sebum, Seborrhea (excessive sebum caused by over activity of sebaceous sebaceous glands) glands ‫غدد‬ ‫دهنية‬ Steat(o) Fat Steatitis (inflammation of fatty tissue) Trich(o) hair Trichopathy (disease of hair) Xanth(o) yellow Xanthoma (yellow growth or discoloration of the skin ) Myc(o) Fungus Mycosis (any condition caused by fungus) Hidr(o) Sweat, Hidrosis (production and excretion of sweat) sweat glands Kerat(o) Horny Keratosis (skin lesion covered by a horny layer of tissue) tissue Integumentary System-Prefixes: Prefix: Meaning: Cutaneous Pertaining to the skin Dermal Pertaining to the skin Epidermal Pertaining to upon the skin Hypodermic Pertaining to under the skin Intradermal Pertaining to within the skin Subcutaneous Pertaining to under the skin Ungual Pertaining to the nail Musculoskeletal System: Functions: 1) Supports body 3 ) Protects internal organs 2) Produces blood cell 4 ) stores minerals Musculoskeletal System-Terms Term Definition Bone ‫عظام‬ Hard connective tissue that forms skeleton of body Figure13 Articular ‫مفصل‬ Cartilage at a joint Figure13 Periosteum‫حول العظم‬ Fibrous membrane covering the surface of bone Figure14 Calcium, phosphorus Minerals important in the formation of bone Cartilage‫غضروف‬ Flexible connective tissue found in joints, fetal skeleton, and lining of various parts of body. Figure13 Ligament ‫اربطة‬ Sheet of fibrous tissue connecting and supporting bones; attaches bone to bone Figure13 Marrow‫نخاع‬ Connective tissue filling the medullary cavity, often rich in nutrients Figure14 Muscle ‫عضل‬ Contractile tissue that plays a major role in body movement Musculoskeletal System of the body including the muscles and skeleton.. Osteoblast ‫خاليا‬ Cells that forms bone Figure14 ‫المصنعة للعضم‬ Musculoskeletal System-Combining Forms: CombiningForm Meaning: Example: Arthr(o) Joint‫مفصل‬ Arthrogram (x-ray of a joint) Brachi(o) arm ‫ذراع‬ Brachiocephalic (relating to both the arm and head) Carp(o) wrist ‫رسغ‬ Carpopedal (relating to the wrist and foot) Cephal(o) head ‫رأس‬ Cephalomegaly (abnormally large head Cervic(o) Neck‫رقبة‬ Cervicodynia (neck pain). Chondr(o) Cartilage Chondroplasty (surgical repair of cartilage). ‫غضروف‬ Cost(o) Rib‫ضلع‬ Costiform (rib-shaped). Crani(o) skull‫جمجمه‬ Craniotomy (incision into skull). Dactyl(o) Fingers, toes Dactylitis (inflammation of the fingers or toes). My(o) Muscle ‫عضالت‬ Myocardium (cardiac muscle in the middle layer of the heart). Fibr(o) fiber‫الياف‬ Fibroma (benign tumor in fibrous tissue). Myel(o) Spinal cord; Myelocyst (cyst that develops in bone marrow). bone marrow Oste(o) Bone ‫عظام‬ Osteoarthritis ( erosion of cartilage & bone with joint pain). Patell(o) knee ‫ركبه‬ Patellectomy (excision of patella). Ped(i), ped(o) foot ‫قدم‬ Pedometer (instrument for measuring walking distance). Pelv(i) Pelvis‫الحوض‬ Pelviscope (instrument for viewing pelvic cavity). Vertebr(o) Vertebra ‫فقرة‬ Vertebrarterial (relating to vertebral artery or to a vertebra and an artery). Rachi(o) Spine ‫العمود الفقري‬ Rachiometer ( for measuring spine curvature). Stern(o) Sternum ‫عظام‬ Sternodynia (sternum pain). ‫القفص الصدري‬ Nervous System: Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system: *Brain *12 pairs of cranial nerves *Spinal cord *31pairs of spinal nerves Nervos System-Terms: Term Definition Brain ‫الدماغ‬ Body organ responsible for controlling body’s functions and interactions with external stimuli ‫ بيتحكم بجميع وظائف الجسم‬Figure15 Brainstem ‫جذع الدماغ‬ Brain division that controls certain heart, lung, and visual functions. ‫بيتحكم بوضائف الرئتين والقلب والنظر‬Figure15 Cerebellum ‫المخيخ‬ Brain division that coordinates musculoskeletal movement. ‫بيعمل تناسق‬ ‫بحركة العضالت‬Figure15 Cerebrum ‫المخ‬ Brain division involved with emotions, memory, conscious thought and moral behavior Figure15 Spinal cord ‫النخاع الشوكي‬ Ropelike tissue that sits inside the vertebral column and from which spinal nerves extend Figure17 Cranial nerves ‫األعصاب‬ Any of 12 pairs of nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain. ‫الدماغيه‬ 12 ‫ االعصاب يلي بتنقل االشارات من والى الدماغ وعددهم‬Figure16 Cranium ‫الجمجمه‬ Bony structure that brain sits in. ‫عظام تحيط بالدماغ وهي نفسها الجمجمه‬Figure16 Synapse ‫تشابك عصبي‬ Junction between nerve cells Figure17 Excitability ‫تحفيز‬ Ability to respond to stimuli. ‫القابليه للتحفيز‬ Medulla oblongata Part of brain stem that regulates heart and lung functions, swallowing, vomiting, coughing. Figure16 Midbrain Middle brain (part of the brainstem involved with visual reflexes). Figure16 Nerve ‫العصب‬ Bundle of neurons that bear electrical messages to organs and muscles of body. ‫اﻋﺼﺎب ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﺷﺎرات ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ اﻟﻰ اﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬Figure17 Neurotransmitters ‫ النواقل‬Various substances located in tiny sacs at end of axon. ‫ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺼﺒﯿﮫ ﺗﻔﺮز ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫العصبية‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻﺑﻨﻔﺮﯾﻦ‬Figure17 Parasympathetic Part of the autonomic nervous system that operates nervous system ‫النظام‬ when body is in a normal state ‫ھﺎد اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺑﯿﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ اوﻗﺎت اﻟﺮاﺣﮫ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫العصبي وقت الراحه‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن او ﺑﻨﺎم‬ sympathetic Part of the autonomic nervous system that operates nervous system ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ when the body is under stress. ‫ھﺎد اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻋﻜﺲ ﯾﻠﻲ ﻗﺒﻠﮫ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻋﻨﺪه اﻣﺘﺤﺎن ھﮭﮭﮫ‬ Receptors ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت‬ Tissue or organ that receives nerve impulses ‫اﻟﺮﯾﺴﺒﺘﺮات ﺑﯿﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻮ اﻻﺷﺎرات اﻟﻌﺼﺒﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ او ﻣﻦ اﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ Nervous System-Combining Forms: Combining Form eaning: Example: Cerebell(o) Cerebellum Cerebellitis (inflammation of cerebellum) Cerebr(o), cerebri Cerebrum Cerebralgia (pain in the head). Crani(o) Cranium Craniofacial, relating to face and cranium. Encephal(o) Brain Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). Gli(o) Neuroglia Gliomatosis (abnormal growth of neuroglia in brain or spinal cord). Mening(o), Meninges Meningitis (inflammation of the meninges). meningi(o) Neur(o), Neuri Nerve Neuritis (inflammation of a nerve). Vag(o) Vagus nerve Vagectomy (surgical removal of a portion of vagus nerve). Spin(o) Spine Spinoneural (relating to spine and nerves that extend from it). Myel(o) Bone marrow, Myelomalacia (softening of the spinal cord). ALSHAWABKEH welcome to introduction to medicine & dintistry l2 Figure 1 Figure 2 Nephron Figure 3 Figure 4 Amino acid - Amylase ·  - Liver Figure 5 Chyme T Large intestine Small intestine Figure 6 Peristalsis Appendix Figure 7 - j S Figure 8 - Figure 9 I & Figure 10 - ALD Adrenal Pancreat Figure 11 Figure 12 Collagen Alopecia Adipose Keratin - Figure 13 Bone Pl - Figure 14 Figure 15 Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem  Figure 16 Cranium Cranial nerve Figure 17 = Spinal cord - Nerve Neurotransmitters Synapse