Drafting Architectural Layouts and Details PDF

Program/Course : TECHNICAL DRAFTING NC II Unit of Competency : DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUTS AND DETAILS Module Title : DRAFTING ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUTS AND DETAILS Learning Outcome 7 : Draft Elevations and Sections Assessment Criteria: 1. Vertical heights g...

Program/Course : TECHNICAL DRAFTING NC II Unit of Competency : DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUTS AND DETAILS Module Title : DRAFTING ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUTS AND DETAILS Learning Outcome 7 : Draft Elevations and Sections Assessment Criteria: 1. Vertical heights gradeline establish according to architectural drafting standards. 2. Offsets from right side, left and rear side of floor plan are projected according to architectural drafting standards. 3. Roof eaves and pitch on all elevations and sections established according to architectural drafting standards. 4. Doors and windows projected in all elevations and sections. 5. Cross and longitudinal sectional views projected from the floor plans and elevations. 6. Various material symbols and specifications indicated in all elevations and sections.  INFORMATION SHEET 7.1 LO6. DRAFT ELEVATION AND SECTION An architectural elevation is a view of a building showing its height dimension. When elevations show the exterior of a residential unit, they are simply called elevations. Interior elevations show the inside of a building. Elevations are the exterior views of a building. They are necessary in as much as they show the height of the building and its appearance on each side. Normally, the four elevations are sufficient to describe the appearance of the residential building. Elevation drawings are orthographic drawings. They show the exterior of a building. The elevation s that part of the building that people see and observe, hence, it is the part they use to judge the structure. Normally, the design of the floor plan precedes the designs of the elevation, because both have a continual relationship in the entire design process. Flexibility is possible in the design of elevations, even those designed from the same floor plan. The designer should keep in mind that only horizontal distances can be established on the floor plan, while that of the vertical distances such as height of doors, windows and roofs must be shown on the elevation. As these heights are established, the appearance of the outside and functioning of heights as well as the internal functioning of the building must be considered. Preliminary Sketches The location and proportion of features are very important in the drawing of elevation. Main attention is given to the proportion of walls and openings. Some of the things to consider in the drawing of elevations are; 1. Proportion – which deals with the size and shape of areas and their relation to one another. 2. Fenestration – deals with the arrangements of windows and doors in a wall. 3. Harmony refers to all features that should harmonize to present a uniform elevation. 4. Shadows refer to a simple elevation, which can become interesting when designed to take advantage of shadows. Finished Sketches The finished sketch may be carefully drawn with the use of drawing instruments. Since these are large- scale drawings the exact size of all features together with their correct representation must be considered. In the drafting of elevations, these are some of the things to consider: 1. Window and Door Size – must be chosen from a manufactures catalog which offers great variety of sizes. The sizes must be standard that it conforms to the provisions of the building code. 2. Window and Door Representation –in elevation may be drawn simply. 3. Material Representation – may be shown by drawing only a few lines, like bricks. 4. Footings and Walls are hidden lines used to indicate location of footings. 5. Labeling views can be done in two methods by labeling it with views as in front, rear, left and right- side elevations, or by using compass orientation as in north, south, east, and west directions. 6. Dimensioning on elevations are limited to vertical dimensions are shown on the plan. 7. Changes are additions necessary after all the other drawings have been completed. Elevations are the exterior views of the building. The front view of the building is always referred to as the front. The other elevations are named according to their position in relation to the front, i.e. right elevation, rear or back elevation, left elevation. Eave is the lower portion of a roof which extends beyond the wall. Pitch is the term applied to the amount of roof slope. It is found by dividing the heights of the span Elevation Projection Elevation drawings are projected from the floor plan of an architectural drawing just as the views are projected the front view of an orthographic drawing. All six views are rarely used to depict architectural structures, instead only four are used. These four elevations are normally projected on the floor plan.  FLOOR PLAN FRONT ELEVATION REAR SIDE ELEVATION LEFT SIDE ELEVATION RIGHT SIDE ELEVATION Elevation Dimensioning Dimensions on elevation show the vertical distance from a datum line, which is a reference line that remains constant. Dimensions on elevation show the height above the datum or the ground line. Dimensioning elevations must conform with basic standards to ensure consistency of interpretation. Here are some of the rules in dimensioning: 1. Vertical elevation dimensions should be read from the right of the drawing. 2. Levels to be dimensioned should labeled with a note, term or abbreviation. 3. Room heights are shown by dimensioning from the floor line to the ceiling line. 4. The depth of footings (“footer”) is dimensioned from the ground line. 5. Heights of windows and doors are dimensioned from the floor plan to the top of windows or doors. 6. Elevation dimensions show only vertical distances (height). Horizontal distances (length and width) are shown on the floor plan. 7. Windows and doors may be indexed to a door or window schedule, or the style of the windows and doors may be shown on the elevation drawing. 8. The roof pitch is shown by indicating the rise over the run. 9. Dimensions for small, complex or obscure areas should be indexed to a separate detail. 10. Ground-line elevations are expressed as heights above a datum point. 11. Heights of chimneys above the ridge line are dimensioned. 12. Floor and ceiling lines are shown with hidden lines. 13. Heights of planters and walls are dimensioned from the ground line. 14. Thickness of slabs are dimensioned. 15. Overall height dimensions are placed on the outside of subdimensions. 16. Thickness of footings are dimensioned. 17. Where space is limited, the alternative method in Fig.38-2 can be used to show feet and inches. PROCEDURE IN DRAFTING ELEVATIONS 1. Lay-out the elevation very lightly using a sharp, hard pencil. Using a divider or a scale, transfer horizontal dimensions from the floor plan. A scale of 1: 100 or 1:50 meter is used and indicated in the title block or near the drawing. If the plan and section are drawn to the same scale as the required elevation, the floor plan may be taped in position and dimension projected directly using triangle and T-square. Windows and door are located horizontally by projecting from the plan, they are located vertically by projecting from the window and door details or simply by aligning the top of the window with the top of the door. 2. Locate the vertical distance of ceiling from floor line, ridge to ceiling line and natural ground to finished ground line. indicate also the height of doors and windows. 3. Indicate the thickness of walls, fascia board and other materials seen on elevation and darken the lines to highlight them. 4. Draw the elevation details and other architectural materials. The elevation details to be included will vary depending upon the style of the house, in the case of a residence, the following details are added: i. roof fascia iv. gradelines ii. roof beams v. material representation iii. window representation vi. darkened building outline 5. Indicate the dimension of the vertical distance from the natural ground line to the floor line and the floor line ceiling, and ceiling line to ridge line. Added elevation dimensions and notes are. i. height of roof iv. roof slope indication ii. height of other features such as masonry wall v. window schedule iii. heights of wall vi. title and notes indicating materials  INFORMATION SHEET # 7.2 LO7. Draft Elevations and Sections Sections The designer shows the internal construction of a building by means of a section. Section drawings are prepared for interior details needed to guide construction. Interior elevation drawing shows builders how to construct and install special features of a home. These features include closets, cabinets, bathtubs and other special details. Techniques for preparing interior elevation drawings are the same as for exterior elevations. Use a floor plan to locate key vertical lines after horizontal dimensions have been indicated. Section is a type of drawing which shows the interior or inside of a building or structure. Cross section is a type of section where the cutting-plane line is drawn horizontally. Longitudinal section is a type of section where the cutting-plane is drawn vertically. Cutting plane line, a heavy line which shows the exact location where the plan is cut. The following are the types of sections used in architectural drafting. 1. Structural section shows the entire building construction. This is useful in planning for structural strength and rigidity, determining the length of members and specifying sizes. 2. Wall section shows the construction of a typical wall. This section is useful in determining sizes and material specification for all rough members. 3. Detail section shows any deviation from a typical section. It is drawn to a larger scale. Full Sections Architects prepare drawings that show the building cut in to half to show the internal structure. This is known as longitudinal section, meaning lengthwise. When it is cut across, it is called transverse section. It is imagined that a plane is passed through the building cutting it in half by a cutting plane line. There are different ways of drawing the cutting plane line, most especially if it interferes with dimensions as shown in these figures.