HEUC Introduction to Drafting 2024 PDF

1 NOTICE This document is an assortment of papers that were discovered from many sources, and as fresh information is added every day, I advise you to read additional documents to keep up to date. Feel free to enquire at any moment if you have any questions or comments. 0 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Table of Content CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................................................................5 DRAWING SHEET LAYOUT........................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................................................................ 13 GENERAL PREPARATION FOR DRAWING..........................................................................................13 CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................................................... 21 LINES AND LETTERING................................................................................................................................21 CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................................................................27 DIMENSIONING..................................................................................................................................................27 CHAPTER FIVE........................................................................................................................................................... 47 LABELLING AND ANNOTATION............................................................................................................... 47 C H A P T E R S I X................................................................................................................................................57 ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BOARD...........................................................................................57 C H A P T E R S E V E N..................................................................................................................................... 67 PLANS.................................................................................................................................................................... 67 C H A P T E R E I G H T....................................................................................................................................... 79 ELEVATIONS AND SECTIONS....................................................................................................................79 C H A P T E R N I N E...........................................................................................................................................93 CONSTRCUCTION DRAWINGS...................................................................................................................93 4 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K CHAPTER ONE DRAWING SHEET LAYOUT 1.1 INTRODUCTION Welcome to this new Technical Drawing Series! Over this series we will be exploring the world of technical drawing for architecture, construction and interior design. We will be looking at best practice for producing drawings. The architect or designers key tool for communication is drawing. Whether it is a quick concept sketch, or a detailed construction drawing, this is the primary way we communicate. A drawing can help us develop our ideas, work through solutions and flesh out the details of our design. As such, drawings are produced in a number of ways according to the stage of design. For this series we will mainly be focusing on drawings for design and presentation (ie, for a planning application) and drawings as a guide for construction (construction drawings). We could skip straight to construction stage, but I think it is important to understand how we develop our drawings and the detail and content that they contain in order to present the correct information at the correct time. All too often, technical drawings can contain errors and omissions that make it difficult for the construction team to follow, and can result in costly mistakes and oversights. Such errors or omissions may be: Uncoordinated drawings – poor numbering Errors – general errors or incorrect information Omissions – information left off the drawing that makes the drawing incomplete or difficult to understand Poor presentation – drawing is confusing to read, drawing set is inconsistent in style, numbering, labelling or content 5 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K When we produce our drawings we must ask ourselves, who is this drawing for, and what information do they require. This simple question can allow us to make sure: We provide an accurate representation of the design intention The information is clearly expressed and easy to understand The drawing has sufficient detail for its purpose I guess you could say that there are two aspects of the technical drawing, the visual clarity – ie, how clear is the drawing itself in order for it to be understood. Then you have the content of the drawing, is it correct, does it provide the information theuser will be looking for etc. The goal of this series is to help students understand the standards and requirements of technical drawings, including the conventions, and how to visually present the drawings in a neat and informative way. 1.2 LAYOUT Architectural drawings can be produced on varying paper sizes. From A0 all the way down to A4, paper sizes are assigned according to the information being presented, office standards, type of project and so on. No matter the size of the drawing sheet, the drawing layout must fulfill certain requirements. Your drawing will require a title block and likely further information and notes. The layout of our drawings needs to be clear, rational and easy to read. When creating a set of architectural drawings we must be consistent with theappearance of each drawing. This includes being consistent with factors such as: Drawing numbers in a chronological and rational fashion Titleblock orientation Use of fonts and styles through all the drawings Alignment of drawings When producing a set of architectural drawings, it is sometimes wise to sketch out the drawings you intend to produce, how they will appear on the drawing sheet, what will be included, what the drawing numbers will be and so on. 6 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Sheet composition The composition of your drawing sheet is important. If you have more than one drawing on a sheet, make sure they are in line and space well. Leave a margin around the page of at least 10mm. Traditionally you would use a border line around the drawing sheet, although now it has become just as common to have no border. If you are presenting an architectural drawing sheet with many drawings on it – details for example, make sure there is order. Adopting an invisible grid format might helpyou organize the drawing so that everything stays aligned. When presenting drawings that are related to one another on the same page, for example a window head and jamb or a plan and elevation, make sure they are lined through so that the reader can see the relationship between the two drawings. Figure 1 a clear, easy to read composition 7 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Figure 2 the main drawing is centered on the page with the small details aligned and evenly spaced. Figure 3 drawing sections line through, and neatly centred on the page 8 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Figure 4 Section details line through with finished floor levels Figure 5 An invisible grid gives these drawings a clear order 9 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Title Blocks Title blocks can be displayed both horizontally and vertically, and can depend on office standards, aesthetics, or the information displayed on the sheet. It is more common to see a title block on the right hand side of a drawing displayed vertically. It is important the title block remains consistent within your architectural drawing package, and the format, font and sizing remains the same. The title block typically contains the following information: Name of Architecture Practice (address, contact information, email etc) Practice logo Revisions list Notes (this is sometimes separate to the title block) Key plan Name of project Location of project Client name Project number Drawing title Sheet/Drawing number Scale of drawing Date Title blocks vary from company to company, here are a few examples of title blocks, some traditional and some more contemporary. 10 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Figure 6 Example of a title block Figure 7 Example of a title block 11 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Figure 8 Example of a title block The key takeaway here is that the information is clear, concise and easy to read. These title blocks provide suitable information to anyone viewing the drawing so that they can understand the nature of the drawing, who it has been drawn by, the location of the project, when it was drawn and so on. Never produce a drawing, whether for a client or for a student project, that doesn’t have atitle block/ basic information. 12 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K CHAPTER TWO GENERAL PREPARATION FOR DRAWING 2.1 INTRODUCTION Arrange the drawing board and stool so that work could be done comfortably without fatigue or eye strain. The working area should be well lighted. Natural light is the best, if available and ample. The drawing board should be arranged such that the light may come from the front-left (from the front right in case of a left-handed person). This minimises shadows cast by drawing instruments and hands. Every possible care must be taken to eliminate eye strain. Clean all the drawing instruments and accessories so that their surface may not spoil the sheet. Arrange them in a systematic manner, which is essential for saving time. Place the drawing instruments and reference publications on a small worktable adjacent to the drawing board. Clamp the mini-drafter on the drawing board and fasten the drawing sheet such that the mini-drafter can slide over the entire working area of the sheet. Switch to a harder pencil lead to draw fine or precise details. 2.2 PLANNING AND LAYOUT OF SHEET A proper planning and layout of drawing sheet facilitates the easy reading of drawings and interchange of information. A standard arrangement should ensure that all necessary information for understanding the content of drawing is included and sufficient extra margin is left to facilitate easy filing and binding wherever necessary. It is recommended that standard formats should be followed to improve readability, handling, filing and reproduction. Individual companies may use a slightly different layout for the sake of their own convenience but all necessary information is located at approximately the same place on most engineering drawings. 13 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 2.3 FRAMES AND BORDERS The drawing sheets of sizes greater than that of the ISO-A series sizes are called untrimmed sheet. The sheet cut from the untrimmed sheet are called trimmed sheet. The frame limits the drawing space. It is recommended that the frame must be provided on the drawing sheets of all sizes and should be executed with continuous lines of 0.7 mm width. Table 1.4 provide the sizes of the untrimmed sheet, trimmed sheet and drawing space. Figure 1.28 shows relation between untrimmed sheet and trimmed sheet of A3 size along with other information. Table 1.4 Preferred sizes of untrimmed sheet, trimmed sheets and drawing space The space between the edges of the trimmed sheet and the frame is called a border. The width of the border is 20 mm on the left edge and 10 mm on the other edges. The larger border on the left edge helps in filing without damaging the drawing space. The border contains the following items: 1. Trimming marks Trimming marks are used as an aid to trimming the untrimmed sheet. The marks are provided in the borders at the four corners of the sheet. The marks are either in the form of two overlapping filled rectangles having 10 mm × 5 mm size or right angled isosceles triangles having 10 mm long sides as shown in Fig. 1.29. The sheets are trimmed to the outer edges of these marks and therefore remain on the sheet after it has been trimmed. 14 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 2. Grid references A grid reference system, also called alpha-numeric referencing, provides an easy reference method to locate a specific area on the drawing for additions, modifications, revisions, etc. For execution, a grid reference border is drawn all around the outside of the frame at a distance of 5 mm. Starting from the centre of each sides, short lines are drawn at every 50 mm to form a reference field of size 5 mm × 50 mm. The corner reference fields may be longer or shorter than 50 mm to account for the remainders resulting from the divisions. Table 1.4 provides the number of reference fields on short × long sides of the standard size drawing sheets. The letters and numerals of nearly 3.5 mm height are written in vertical characters within the grid reference field. Usually, letters are placed in chronological order from the top to the downwards on both left and right side reference fields (except for the A4 size sheet where they are placed in the right side area only). 15 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K The numbers are placed in chronological order from the left to the right side on both top and bottom reference fields (except for the A4 size sheet where they are placed in the top side area only). Figures 1.30(a) and (b) illustrates the grid reference system for A1 and A2 size drawing sheets. 3. Centring mark Four centring marks are provided to facilitate positioning of the drawing sheet for photocopying, scanning, etc. The marks are placed at the centre of each of the four sides. The centring marks are 10 mm long starting from the grid reference border enters in the area of drawing space as shown in Fig. 1.28. The marks should be executed with a continuous line of 0.7 mm width. 4. Orientation mark Two orientation marks are provided to indicate the orientation of the drawing sheet on the drawing board. The marks are in the form of arrows as shown in Fig. 1.28. The marks are placed across the frame, one at a shorter side and one at a longer side, coinciding with the centring marks on those sides. One of the orientation marks always points to the draftsman. 5. Metric reference graduation A metric reference graduation shows usefulness in knowing the scale factor of the drawing which has been scanned or photocopied in a scale different than that of the original. The metric reference graduation starts from the left side frame and extends into the border for nearly 3 mm width. The graduation is 100 mm long, divided into 10 mm intervals and disposed symmetrically about a centring mark as shown in Fig. 1.28. 16 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 2.4 TITLE BLOCK A title block provides information for identification, administration and interpretation of the whole drawing. It is placed in the bottom right-hand corner of the drawing frame, where it is readily seen when the prints are folded in the prescribed manner. The size of the title block recommended is 170 mm × 65 mm for all sizes of drawing sheets. Figures 1.31 and 1.32 show the sample title block used by draftsmen in industries and engineering students in colleges respectively. A title block should contain the following information: 1. Name of the legal owner of the drawing (company, firm, organisation or enterprises) 2. Title of the drawing 3. Drawing sheet number 4. The scale 5. Symbol indicating the angle of projection used 6. The signature or initials of the staff designing, drawing, checking,approving officer and issuing officer, along with dates. 7. Other information, as required 17 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Titles of drawings should be as concise as possible, consistent with adequate description. Multiple sheet drawings with the same identification number should be indicated as ‘N of P’, where N is the sheet number and P is the total number of sheet. The scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an object as represented in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the same element of the object itself. All drawings should be drawn to the scale for which, the selected scale should be large enough to permit easy and clear interpretation of the information depicted. The scale should be noted in the title block. When more than one scale is used, they should be shown close to the views to which they refer, and the title block should read ‘scales as shown’. If a drawing uses predominantly one scale, it should be noted in the title block together with the wording ‘or as shown’. All drawings are depicted in the title block by their corresponding symbols. Title block should also contain statement “All dimensions are in millimetres unless otherwise specified”. This means that all the features or dimension on drawing have a relationship or specifications given in the title block unless a specific note or dimensional tolerances is provided at a particular location in the drawing.  SPACE FOR TEXT The space for text on a drawing sheet should provide all information necessary for the understanding the contents of the drawing. The space for text should be provided at the right-hand frame of the drawing space as shown in Fig. 1.33(a). The width of the space shall be equal to that of the title block, i.e., maximum 170 mm or at least 100 mm. If a figure takes up the whole width of the drawing sheet then the space for the text shall be provided at the bottom edge of the drawing sheet as shown in Fig. 1.33(b). The height of the space for text shall be chosen as required. 18 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K The space for text should provide the following information: 1. Explanations Here the explanation of special symbols, designation, abbreviations and units of dimensions should be given which are needed to read the drawing. 2. Instructions Here the instruction related to material, realisation, surface treatment, assembly placing, number of units and combined dimensions should be given. 3. References Here the reference should be made to supplementary drawings and other documents. 4. Location figures Location figures are used in architectural and building drawings. A location figure may comprise the following: (a) Schematic site plan with area, arrow indicating the north, building, part of building, etc. (b) Schematic plan of building with area, part, etc. (c) Schematic section through building with floor plan direction of view, etc. 5. Revision table Revision tables are used to record all document modifications, alterations or revisions which are made time to time to the drawing. In addition, any other factor which might influence the validity of the drawing shall be located in the revision table. The method of recording may vary in detail, but commonly the necessary information is entered in a table made of thin or thick continuous lines. To facilitate extension of revision panel, entries for revision should begin from bottom upwards if the revision panel is a part of the title block as shown in Fig. 1.34 and from top downwards when revision panel is at the top right hand corner on drawing. It may contain the following information: 19 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K (a) Designation The identification of a change on a drawing may be a symbol, number or letter enclosed within a circle, square or triangle. The designation column should show the reference to this identification mark or appropriate grid reference. (b) Detail of revision The detail of revision column should show brief record of the changes in the drawing. (c) Date The date column should show dated initials of the person who carried out the revision. (d) Signature The signature column should show dated initials of the approving authority. (e) Other applicable information To accompany other information necessary for clarity regarding revision in the drawing, more columns can be added. 20 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K CHAPTER THREE LINES AND LETTERING 3.1 INTRODUCTION Engineering drawing is supposed to give complete information about the shape and size of the objects like machine parts, buildings, etc. The shape of the object is conveyed through the appearance of the drawing while the size description is expressed in the form of figured dimensions and notes. The common Standards has recommended various types of lines, letters and dimensions to be used. This chapter introduces the standard practice for configuration of lines to specify shape, letters for writing note, dimensions to convey the size and the correct way of their implementation. 3.2 LINES Engineering drawings are prepared with the help of symbolic lines. Table 2.1 shows the basic types of lines. The selection of width of the line depends on the type and size of drawing  Application of Popular Types of Lines 21 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 22 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K  Rules for Drafting Lines The following rules should be observed while drafting lines: 1. Lines should be drawn in black or white depending on the colour of the background. 2. The minimum space between parallel lines should preferably be greater than 0.7 mm. 3. The dotted line should preferably meet at a dot as shown in Fig. 2.2(a). Other types of lines should preferably meet at a dash as shown in Figs. 2.2(b) and (c). 4. In case of two or more lines of different type which may overlap or coincide, the drawing priority may be given in the following order: (a) Visible outlines and edges (b) Hidden outlines and edges (c) Cutting planes (d) Centre lines and lines of symmetry (e) Centroidal lines (f) Projection lines For example, if a visible line coincides with a hidden line, then only visible line is to be drawn ignoring the hidden line. Similarly, if a hidden line coincides with a projection line, then only hidden line is to be drawn ignoring the projection line. 23 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 3.3 LETTERING Writing of titles, dimension value, notes and other particulars on a drawing is called lettering. It is used to provide detailed specifications of an object. There could be various styles of writing alphabets. With the goals of legibility and uniformity, styles are standardised. Single-stroke vertical capital letters and numerals shown in Fig. 2.3(a) are the simplest form of letters generally used in practice. The figure also shows single-stroke vertical lower-case letters. The term ‘singlestroke’ do not mean that the entire letter should be made in one stroke without lifting the pencil. It actually means that the width of the line of the letter should be such as is obtained in one stroke of pencil. Figure 2.3(b) shows single stroke inclined capital letters, lower-case letters, mathematical operators and numerals. The letters have an inclination towards right of about 75° with the horizontal and are used in special conditions. The nominal size of letters and numerals are designated by their heights (h) of the outline contour of the upper-case letters. The selection of heights of the letter depends on the type and size of drawing and should be opted from 1.8 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.5 mm, 5 mm, 7 mm, 10 mm, 14 mm and 20 mm. Table 2.4 shows the recommended spacing between characters, words and lines. Figure 2.4(a) shows style of lettering for upper-case and lower-case letters with diacritical marks, Fig. 2.4(b) shows style of lettering for upper-case and lower-case letters without diacritical marks and Fig. 2.4(c) shows lettering style for upper-case letters only. Lettering should be done on the drawing in such a manner that it may be read when the drawing is viewed from the bottom edge, except when it is used for dimensioning purpose. 24 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K  Rules for Lettering A freehand lettering practice allows to represent ideas in a short time in an efficient manner. A very hard pencil will produce lettering that cannot reproduced easily while a soft pencil will produce lettering that may smear easily on a drawing. An HB or H pencil with conical-shaped point works best for most lettering. The ability to letter well can be acquired only by continued and careful practice. The following rules should be observed while lettering: 25 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K  Light guidelines drawn using sharp pencil ensures consistency in the size of the letter characters. If the lettering consists of capitals, draw only the cap line and base line. If the lowercase letters are included as well, draw the waist line and the drop line.  The thickness of the line of the letter should be such as isobtained in one stoke of pencil. Exert a firm uniform pressure, but not so heavy as to cut grooves in the sheet.  The width-to-height ratio should be around 1:2 for all capital alphabets (except I and W) and 1:3 for all numerals (except 1).  Letters should be written in capitals. Lower-case alphabet should be used only when they are accepted in international usage for abbreviations.  The horizontal lines of the letter should be drawn from left to right and vertical or inclined lines from top to bottom. Alphabet and numerals should neither touch each other nor the lines.  Letters and numerals should neither touch each other nor the lines.  Letters should be so spaced that the area between letters appears equal. It is not necessary to keep clearances between adjacent letters equal. For example, letters LA, TV or Tr.  Words should be spaced one letter apart.  Letters should be so written that they appear upright from the bottom edge, except when they are used for dimensioning. For dimensioning, they may appear upright from the bottom edge for the right hand side or the corner in between. 26 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K CHAPTER FOUR DIMENSIONING 4.1 INTRODUCTION Dimensions are indicated on the drawing to define the size characteristics such as length, breadth, height, diameter, radius, angle and location of hole, slot, etc. They should be mentioned directly on the drawing to describe a component clearly and completely in its finished form. 4.2 DIMENSION TERMINOLOGY Figure 2.5 shows the methodology of dimensioning a drawing. The terminologies related to the dimensioning are as follows:  Dimension value It is a numerical value that is being assigned to the size, shape or location of the feature being dimensioned. They are expressed in a specific unit (preferably millimetres) on drawings with relevant information.  Dimension lines These are thin continuous lines that show the extentand direction of the dimension. They should be placed 8 to 10 mm away from the outlines and should be placed uniformly 6 to 8 mm from each other. The dimension values are placed preferably near the middle of the dimension lines. 27 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K  Projection lines These are the thin continuous lines stretched out from the outlines for dimensioning and extended 2 to 3 mm beyond the dimension lines. They should be drawn in a direction perpendicular to the feature to be dimensioned. Projection lines and dimension lines should not cross other lines, unless this is unavoidable. Under special circumstances, projection lines may be drawn obliquely, but parallel with each other as shown in Fig. 2.6.  Leaders or pointer lines These are the lines referring to a feature and notes. It is executed using the thin continuous lines and terminated by arrow heads or dots as shown in Fig. 2.7(a). Notes and figures are written above the extended dimension lines. Leaders should not to be inclined at an angle less than 30° as shown in Fig. 2.7(b) or parallel to adjacent dimensions or projection lines where confusion might arise. Leaders are never drawn vertical, horizontal, curved or free hand. Usually they are drawn at any convenient angle 30°, 45° and 60. Use of long leaders should be avoided.  Arrowheads Usually, arrowheads are used for the termination of dimension lines. They may be open at a convenient angle of 30° to 90°, closed blank or closed filled as shown in Fig. 2.8(a). The closed filled arrowheads have length about three times the depth/width as shown in Fig. 2.8(b), and are preferred in the engineering drawings. 28 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Usually, length of closed filled arrowheads is 3 mm for small drawings and 4 to 5 mm for large drawings. Oblique stroke shown in Fig. 2.8(c) and point shown in Fig. 2.8(d) may be used in lieu of arrowheads when the space to accommodate the arrowheads termination is insufficient. 4.3 PLACEMENT OF DIMENSIONS Dimensions should be placed on the view which shows the relevant features more clearly. The two recommended systems of placing the dimensions are as follows:  Aligned System 1. Linear dimensioning All dimension values are placed above the dimension lines as shown in Fig. 2.9(a). The values can be read from the bottom or the right-hand edges of the drawing sheet. Figure 2.9(b) shows the recommended direction that has to be used for writing the dimension values for the inclined dimension lines. As far as possible, dimension lines should not be placed in 30º zone, shown by hatching in Fig. 2.9(b). 2. Angular dimensioning Angular dimensions and their deviations are dimensioned in the same manner as that of linear dimensions. Figure 2.10(a) shows the recommended direction that has to be used for writing the dimension values. In certain cases, dimension values may be written horizontally as shown in Fig. 2.10(b), if this improves clarity. 29 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K  Unidirectional System 1. Linear dimensioning All dimension values are placed upright as shown in Fig. 2.11(a), so that they may be read from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet. For inserting a dimension value, the dimension line is broken at the middle. Figure 2.11(b) conveys that there is no restriction for writing the dimension values for the inclined dimension lines. This system is advantageous on large drawings where it is inconvenient to read dimensionsfrom the right-hand side. 2. Angular dimensioning Angular dimensions and their deviations are dimensioned in the same manner as that of linear dimensions. Figure 2.12 suggests the correct orientation and method for writing dimension values. 30 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 4.4 ARRANGEMENT OF DIMENSIONS When several dimensions are to be placed on the drawing, they need to be arranged such that it provides a unique interpretation. The classification of dimensions on the basis of arrangement is as follows:  Continuous or Chain Dimensioning In chain dimensioning, the dimensions are aligned such that an arrowhead of one dimension touches tip to tip the arrowhead of the adjacent dimension as shown in Figs. 2.13(a) and (b). The overall dimension is placed outside the other smaller dimensions. The arrangement should be used only where the possible accumulation of tolerances does not endanger the functional requirement of the part (A tolerance is an indication of the accuracy the product has to be made).  Dimensioning from a Common Feature Here a number of dimensions are measured in the same direction from a common feature. Obviously, all these dimensions share a common extension line. The arrangement should be used when dimensions have to be established from a particular datum surface. 1. Progressive or parallel dimensioning In parallel dimensioning, the dimension lines are spaced out parallel one to another. Smaller dimension is placed nearer the outline. The next smaller dimension is placed next and so on, as shown in Figs. 2.14(a) and (b). Dimensions should be staggered when number of parallel dimensions is more. 31 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 2. Superimposed running dimensioning It is a simplified parallel dimensioning and is used where there are space limitations and where no legibility problems would occur. All the dimensions begin from a common origin (indicated by a small circle of approximately 3 mm diameter) and terminate with arrowheads where the individual dimension ends. The dimension values are rotated through 90° and placed in- line with the projection line as shown in Figs. 2.15(a) and (b) or above the dimension line near the arrowhead.  Combined dimensioning This combined dimensioning results from simultaneous use of chain dimensioning, parallel dimensioning and superimposed running dimensioning in a single drawing as shown in Figs. 2.16(a) and (b).  Coordinate dimensioning Dimensioning by using a coordinate table make the drawing easier to read, especially when the part have too many dimensions when drawn to other style. Figure 2.17 shows a plate with many holes where coordinate dimensioning should be used, as other style of dimensioning will give an overly cluttered look. Origin identification (X and Y) should be given for the part and all the features (in this case, case holes) should be numerically labelled. A coordinate table containing the dimensional details should be place near to the title block. 32 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 4.5 SYMBOLS AND NOTES FOR DIMENSIONING Symbols are incorporated to indicate specific geometry wherever necessary. Notes are provided to give specification of a particular feature or to give specific information necessary during the manufacturing of the object. The section describes use of symbols and notes for dimensioning under specific situation that are recurrent in engineering drawing. 1. Circle Circle is drawn to represent the circular feature such as cylinders, holes or a series of holes in a component. The circles are generally specified by its diameter. The dimension value of diameter should be preceded by a symbol ‘Ø’. When leader is used to specify diameter it should be a radial line and when dimension line is used to specify diameter it should be placed either horizontal or vertical. Alternative methods of dimensioning diameters of the circles are shown in Fig. 2.18. The size of the circle and the space available on the drawing generally dictates the method to be chosen. Figure 2.19 shows an example of dimensioning a cylinder with a hole. The dimension for diameter should be placed on the most appropriate view to ensure clarity 33 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 2. Radius Radius is used to represent a curved surface that can be defined by arcs such as fillets and rounds. The dimension value of radius should be preceded by a letter ‘R’. Leader which is basically a radial line with one arrowhead should be used to specify radius. The arrowhead must touch the arc contour either on the inside or outside. Alternative methods of radius dimensioning are shown in Figs. 2.20(a) and (b). As far as possible, the centre of the arc should be denoted either by a dot or small cross, and the leader should pass through the centre. In case there is not enough space available, the radius does not need to have their centre located. In case the size of the radius can be derived from other dimensioning, the radius should be indicated with a leader and symbol R without an indication of the value. 3. Angle Angular dimensions are given when the outline of a surface is at an angle to the horizontal, vertical or any other radial outlines. For dimensioning an angle, a curved dimension line is drawn which is basically a circular arc having its centre at the vertex. Radius of the arc depends upon the space required for the dimension vales. Lesser the angle more is the radius required for the dimensioning arc. The dimension value is placed over the dimension line and expressed in degree, minutes and seconds such as 67° or 65°32¢2≤. Alternative methods of angle dimensioning are shown in Fig. 2.21. The angle dimensioning can also be used to dimension an arc as shown in Fig. 2.22 34 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 4. Chord and arc length Chord and arc length specified to give information of the rounded features. The method is relatively less common as comparison to radii or angles. For dimensioning the chord length, a straight dimension line is stretched out from the ends points of the curved outline using projection lines, as shown in Fig 2.23(a). The dimension value is placed over the dimension line. The arc length is specified when it is required to measure along the actual part surface. For dimensioning the arc length, a curved dimension line which has radius that is offset from the curved outline is stretched out using straight projection lines, as shown in Fig. 2.23(b). The dimension value of arc length is placed over the dimension line and a curved symbol is placed above it. 5. Curved surface Sometimes contour of a curved surface cannot be defined by arcs. Such curved surfaces are dimensioned by locating points along the contour using parallel dimensioning as shown in Fig. 2.24(a). The points along the contour can also be locating using coordinate dimensioning as shown in Fig. 2.24(b). 35 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 6. Sphere Figure 2.25 shows method used for dimensioning a spherical part. The dimension value of spherical diameter should be preceded by a symbol ‘SΔ’. When leader is used to specify spherical diameter it should be a radial line and when dimension line is used to specify spherical diameter it should be placed either horizontal or vertical The dimension value of spherical radius should be preceded by a letter ‘SR’. Leader which is basically a radial line with one arrowhead should be used to specify spherical radius. The arrowhead must touch the arc contour either on the inside or outside. 7. Square and hexagonal Cross section Usually, square is machined at the end of the shaft so that it can be turned by means of spanner. Figure 2.26(a) shows method used for dimensioning an object that has square cross section. The dimension value of square side should be preceded by a symbol ‘ ’. Two continuous narrow diagonal lines are added to indicate the visible flat surface. Figure 2.26(b) shows method used for dimensioning an object that has hexagonal cross section. The dimension value of hexagonal side should be preceded by a word ‘HEX’. In the figure, although there appears that the distance between flat faces are given a dimensional value but in actual the dimension value represents the length of the side of the hexagon. The continuous narrow diagonal lines are added to indicate two visible flat surfaces. 36 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 8. Chamfers A chamfer is obtained by cutting off the inside or outside edges of a cylindrical part. The chamfer of 45° to the surface is commonly applied and can be dimensioned with a note as shown in Figs. 2.27(a) and (b). The chamfer of angle other than 45° should be dimensioned by mentioning the angle and a side length as shown in Figs. 2.27(c) and (d). Figure 2.27(e) shows method used for dimensioning internal chamfer at 45° and 30°. 9. Slope or flat taper Slope or flat taper is the inclination of a line representing the inclined surface of the wedge. The rate of slope is defined as the difference in the height of the two sections of the wedge to their baseline distance. If H and h are the heights at the two sections and L is the distance between them, then the rate of slope is given by where a is the slope angle. The slopes are used in the locking devices such as taper keys and adjusting shims. Figure 2.28(a) and (b) shows conventional methods used for dimensioning an object that has slope. The slope can also be indicated using graphical symbol preceding the value for rate of slope, as shown in Fig. 2.28(c). The orientation of the graphical symbol should coincide with that of the wedge. 37 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 10. Conical taper The conical taper is used on the shanks of small tools such as drills, reamers, counterbores, etc. to hold them accurately in the machine spindle. The rate of taper is defined as the difference in the diameters of the two sections of a cone to the distance between them. If D and d are the diameters at the two sections and L is the distance between them, see Fig. 2.29(b), then the rate of taper is given by (a) Using standard taper, like Morse taper as shown in Fig. 2.29(a) or (b) Using conventional dimensioning system, as shown in Fig. 2.29(b) and (c) (c) Using graphical symbol preceding the value for rate of taper, as shown in Fig. 2.29 (d). The orientation of the graphical symbol should coincide with that of the cone. 11. Countersink A countersink is a conical hole cut into a manufactured object. The hole is used to accommodate the head of a countersunk screw or bolt, so that the head lies below the surface of the object as shown in Fig. 2.30(a). The countersink holes have usually an included angle of 90°. Figure 2.30(b) and (c) show conventional methods to dimension the countersink in the front view. Figure 2.30(d) show methods to dimension the countersink in the top view. 12. Counterbore A counterbore is a cylindrical flat-bottomed hole, which enlarges another hole. The hole is used to accommodate the head of a fastener (i.e., hexagonal head or socket head capscrew), so that the head lies below the surface of the object as shown in Fig. 2.31(a). 38 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Thus, a counterbore has a perpendicular surface for fitting a fastener head. Figure 2.31(b) and (c) show conventional methods to dimension the counterbore in the front view. Figure 2.31(d) show methods to dimension the counterbore in the top view. 13. Spotface A spotface is an area where the surface is machined just enough to provide a level seating surface for a bolt heat, nut or washer. It resembles to a counterbore, except that a spotface is generally 2 mm or less in depth. Figure 2.32(a) shows a conventional method to dimension the spotface in the front view. The depth of a spotface is normally not shown. Figure 2.32(b) shows the method to dimension the spotface in the top view. 39 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 14. Equidistant and repeated features It is common to use same size of hole or other feature more than once in the design of a part. The features equidistant and repeated in linear space can be dimensioned by giving one typical dimension, noting the number of times a dimension is repeated and total length as reference (see Figs. 2.33(a) and (b)). The features equidistant and repeated in angular space can be dimensioned by giving one typical dimension and noting the number of times a dimension is repeated and total angle as reference (see Fig. 2.34(a)). The angles of the spacing may be omitted if their number is evident without any confusion as shown in Fig. 2.34(b). Fig. 2.34 Dimensioning holes repeated in angular space for (a) specified angle (b) full peripheral 15. Partial drawn views It is common to draw partial view of parts that are too long for the drawing sheet. In this case a symmetry symbol can be placed as shown in Fig. 2.35(a) and (b). The symmetry symbol is two short thick parallel lines places near the centreline ends outside the view and drawn at 90° to the centreline. The symmetry symbol should not be used if the entire part is drawn. 40 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 16. Dimension not to scale All drawings should be made to a scale. However, it is often simpler to revise a dimension rather than redraw the object with revised dimensions. In Fig. 2.36, a rectangle of 80 mm x 40mm has been revised by new values 100 mm x 40 mm without redrawing. When such a situation occurs, then the dimension which is not to scale should be underscored with a heavy straight line or marked NTS. 41 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 4.6 RULES OF DIMENSIONING Following rules should be observed while dimensioning:  Dimensions should be clear and permit only one interpretation. Numerals and letters should be large enough (about 3 to 5 mm high for whole numbers and 6 mm high for fractions) to ensure easy reading.  In general, a circle is dimensioned by its diameter and an arc by itsradius. The centre lines should not extend from view to view.  Dimensions should be quoted in millimetres to the minimum number of significant figures. For example, 12 and not 12.0.  The decimal point in a dimension should be bold and should be in line with the bottom line of the figure. In case the dimension is less than unity, a zero should precede the decimal point such as 0.35.  Functional dimensions should be shown directly on the drawing wherever possible, while non-functional dimensions should be placed in a way that is most convenient for production and inspection.  Projection lines should be drawn perpendicular to the feature being dimensioned. However, they may be drawn obliquely and parallel to each other as shown in Fig. 2.6, if necessary.  Dimension values should be placed preferably near the middle. If unavoidable due to lack of space, they may be placed above the extended portion of the dimension line beyond the arrowheads, preferably on right hand side (see Figs. 2.37(a) and (b)).  As far as possible, dimensions should be placed outside the views. In case it is not possible, they may be placed within the view, as shown in 42 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Fig. 2.38. However, dimensions should not be placed within a view unless drawing becomes clear by doing so.  Line of the drawing should never be used as a dimension line or coincide with a dimension line. Dimension lines should be spaced uniformly throughout the drawing. They should be 8 mm to 10 mm from the object outline and 6 mm to 10 mm from each other (see Fig. 2.39).  The dimensions should be staggered when number of parallel dimensions is more.  Dimensions shall be placed on the view that most clearly shows the corresponding features.  Dimensions indicated in one view need not be repeated in another view, except for purpose of identification, clarity or both (see Fig. 2.40). 43 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K  Dimensions should be attached to the view where the contour shape is best shown.  Dimensions should be marked with reference to the visible outlines, rather than from the hidden lines. Dimensions should be marked from a base line or centre line of a hole or cylindrical parts or finished surfaces, etc, which may be readily established, based on design requirements and the relationship to other parts as shown in Fig. 2.41(a) and not as shown in Fig. 2.41(b).  Dimensioning to a centre line should be avoided, except when the centre line passes through the centre of a hole, or a cylindrical part (see Fig. 2.42). 44 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K  An axis or a contour line should never be used as a dimension line but may be used as a projection lines (see Fig. 2.43).  As far as possible, the intersection of dimension lines should be avoided. However, if the intersection of two dimension lines is unavoidable, the lines should not be broken. It may be noted that in case of unidirectional dimensioning, the dimension lines are broken for inserting the dimension value.  When several dimensions are placed on the same side of the drawing, position the shortest dimension nearest to the component. This will avoid intersection of dimension lines with projection lines. However, if their intersection is unavoidable, neither line should be shown with break (see Fig. 2.44).  Overall dimensions should be placed outside the intermediatedimensions. If an overall dimension is shown, one of the intermediate dimensions is redundant and should not be dimensioned (see Fig. 2.45). 45 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K  If the space for arrowhead termination is sufficient, it should be shown within the limit of dimension lines. If the space is limited, the arrowhead termination may be shown outside the intended limits of the dimension lines that are extended for that purpose. However, where space is too small for an arrowhead, it may be replaced by oblique stroke or a dot (see Fig. 2.46).  As far as possible, all dimensions in one particular drawing should be expressed in one unit only. The recommended unit is being millimetre. There is no necessity to add the symbol for the unit, for example, a dimension 35 means 35 mm, even though the symbol for the unit ‘mm’is omitted.  If in a particular drawing it is not possible to express dimensions in millimetres but a different unit such as metre, kilometre, etc., is used for all values, then also only the dimension value and at a prominent place a footnote is added such as, “ALL DIMENSIONS IN METRES” or “ALL DIMENSIONS IN KILOMETRES”, etc.  No more dimensions should be given than are necessary to describe the finished product.  A dimensional line should be shown unbroken where the feature to which it refers is shown broken (see Fig. 2.47(a) and (b)).  When a dimension line cannot be completely drawn to its normal termination point, the free end should be terminated in a double arrowhead as shown in Fig. 2.48. 46 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K CHAPTER FIVE LABELLING AND ANNOTATION 5.1 INTRODUCTION In Part 1 of our technical drawing series we looked at Layout, exploring drawing sheets, title blocks and the general arrangement of our drawings. In this part, we will go into more detail, looking at how we label and annotate our drawings. It is important to remember the main objective with our technical drawing. That is to communicate our ideas or design as clearly as possible. Two things to understand here are: Does the drawing covey what I want to be built / created? Does it read easily? It is neat, clearly annotated, good use of line weight, hatches etc. 5.2 NUMBERING DRAWINGS There are many different ways that architects number their drawings. Although there are standards, may practices adapt the standard numbering system to reflect the needs of theirown office. The drawing number prefixed with the discipline designator, A for architect, or I for Interior Design and so on. G – General A – Architectural E– Electrical S – StructuraI I– Interiors L – Landscape Sheet types: 0 – General – notes, legends etc 1 – Plans 2 – Elevations 3 – Sections 4 – Enlarged plans, elevations, sections, interior elevations 5 –Details 6 – Schedules 47 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K So, a floor plan drawing would be A100 for example, then if you had a number of floorplans A101, A102, A103 and so on. A100 – Site Plan A101 – Ground Floor Plan A102 – First Floor Plan A103 – Roof Plan A set of elevation drawings may be A200, A201, A202 and so on. Figure 9 Drawing Number Samples 48 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 5.3 DRAWING LABELS It is important to ensure each drawing on a drawing sheet is labelled. Beneath each drawing, you should include a title bar that contains the followinginformation: Title of the drawing Drawing number Scale of drawing Paper size Drawing sheet number of referenced drawing (where applicable, ie sections,elevations.) Figure 10 sample title bar 49 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 5.4 MARKER LABELS Reference markers are labels on a drawing that indicated where the drawing is taken from and what it is showing. These consist of elevation markers, section markers and detail markers. For example, you will use your floor plan to show the reader the points at which you will take an elevation, or a section line through the building. You will also use a floor plan (or section) to show junctions or areas where you will reference a detail. As a rule, the different markers have a standard aesthetic that makes them easy to recognise. Figure 11 Sample title bar 50 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 5.5 ELEVATION MARKER The elevation marker is shown as a circle with an arrow pointing toward the elevation. Inside the circle, there is a reference number or letter referring to the elevation drawing number or letter, and underneath this, is the drawing sheet number where that elevation can be found. Elevation marker labels can be number or letters, or relate to the orientation of the elevation, ie north south east or west. The elevation marker does not always show a reference number to the drawing sheet 51 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 5.6 SECTION MARKER The section marker is shown slightly differently to an elevation marker with a larger arrow.The arrow shows the direction that the section is being taken. The section marker is attached to a line that runs through the floor plan showing the cut of the section. Again, the section marker has two sets of information within the marker circle, the first is the letter or number that refers to the section, the second number underneath refers tothe drawing sheet number where the section can be found. Whether you are labelling your elevation or sections with numbers or letters, make sure you are consistent throughout. Figure 12 section marker sample 52 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 5.7 DETAIL MARKER A detail marker is similar to the section and elevation markers in that it has a drawing reference number or letter, and a reference to the drawing sheet where that detail drawing can be found. The marker itself usually includes a box around the area showing the detail. Figure 13 detail marker sample Figure 14 section drawing sample 53 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 5.8 KEY / LEGEND A Key or Legend is provided to help make the drawing as clear and easy to understand as possible. A key can be used in a number of ways. It might be to show the different hatches used to represent materials and what they mean. A key can also be used as a labelling tool, where numbers are put on the drawing and the corresponding description is written in the key. Always keep in mind, annotation and labelling are to ensure clarity of the drawing. You might consider whether it is better to label each individual item in a drawing, or to number elements and have a key. Which one is easier to read? This will vary from one drawing to the next. Labelling a drawing and having the text on the drawing can clutter the information. Make sure you keep the labels aligned and slightly away from the drawing to keep things clear. If you are using arrows, try to keep them all at the same angles. A good option is vertical, horizontal and 45 degree angle only if possible. Figure 15 detail drawing with legend sample 54 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 5.9 LINES There are a number of standard line types that indicate different things on a drawing. Linescan be drawn to indicate hidden objects, cutting lines, boundaries and so on. Lines can be continuous (ie solid) or dashed. They will also vary in thickness or line weight.It is worth taking note of these line types and understanding when to use them. Continuous lines generally represent walls, columns and other major elements, withdifferent line weights assigned according to hierarchy of the element. Dotted and dashed lines can indicate hidden items, or ceiling height changes, wheelchairturning circles and so on. The following are the most common line types you will encounter. Boundary line Cutting line Object line Hidden line Centre line Dimension line Leader line Break line 55 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Figure 16 the most common line types 5.10 Line Weights Line weight is the thickness of the line on the page. A heavy line will represent cutting planes and contours of an object, like a wall for example. A medium or lighter weight line is used for secondary emphasis. Thin lines are used for dimension lines, leaders, door swings and break lines. 56 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K CHAPTER SIX ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BOARD 6.1 INTRODUCTION The Architecture Presentation Board is a means of producing visually captivating summaries of design projects. They can be used for a variety of purposes. On an academic level, students use them for their architecture school submissions but they can also assist a client's imagination or help win a commission on the professional side. Your drawings, graphics and architecture presentation boards have one main purpose – to communicate your design in all its entirety from the concept to final renderings. If your presentation boards look good, but don't do their job – you may need to think again. In order to win over a tutor, client, planning officer or committee it is vital that your scheme is clearly conveyed and easy to understand. In a way it is like a sales pitch, you are selling your design, ideas, concept. So read through this post for some essential tips on designing the best architecture presentation boards! And remember a great design can be mediocre if it is not presented well. 57 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 6.2 TOP IMPORTANT TIPS FOR ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BOARDS Brief Requirements A project brief whether it is for a university project or for an architecture competition will typically outline what you need to include in your architecture presentation boards. Architecture presentation boards usually include floor plans, elevations, and sections along with some sort of perspective views, 3d drawings or renders. There may be a focus on someof the key features of your design, perhaps with brief sentences explaining your scheme. Hand drawings and development work can be good to include if relevant/required. Going through the brief will also help you determine what content to assign to your boards. For architecture school projects, there may be more than one presentation board to curate. Try to determine each board’s key focus - it could either be to depict your site analysis, conceptual development, material application, technical resolution or final scheme. Generally for competitions you will have to compile all of these key stages on one or two presentation boards. Planning When you start to plan your architecture presentation board is also crucial. If you begin planning out your boards immediately after reading through your brief, you will get an idea of what you are working towards. You can get as specific as you like with the details. Revisiting this rough plan throughout your design process may help you work on perfecting the images that will best represent your project. On the other hand, if you plan your boards after completing your project, all the work you have done until then will determine your end result. It would sort of be like piecing all yourwork together as you would a puzzle. You may end up editing your existing work or even having to create more work to place on your presentation boards. Either way, take a moment to organise your work. Think of what you are trying to convey. What drawings / images do you have to show as part of your brief/criteria? What are the key elements in your design that you would like to portray? Collect all this information – list out all the images to be included and what text you would like to put in, then you can start planning the structure of your boards. This will really help you visualise what information will be on your boards and how you are going to communicate your design. 58 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Inspiration Similar to having precedents for your design, we recommend having an idea of what graphic style you would like to use for your architecture presentation board. Try to bring your worktogether as a unified selection of drawings with a format, scale and style that work together to create a logical and comprehensive view of the project. Different graphic stylesand inconsistencies can cause a lack of clarity and confusion. Representing Architecture Your architecture presentation board must use graphics and text to represent your design idea and clearly communicate the details and essential aspects of the scheme. It isimportant to be efficient with the production of drawings, and only use what is necessary to convey your idea. Quality is better than quantity as quantity can lead to confusion. View your project as if for the first time, and consider how easy or difficult it is to understand the concept and the main elements of the scheme. Only add work you would be confident presenting in person and avoid any unnecessary information. Architectural Notation When you plan your architecture presentation boards make sure that you can see the relationship between the drawings. For example sections and plans should be aligned so it is clear to read. You can even use dashed/dotted lines to highlight these connections. Every instance of a plan needs to be of the same orientation (north point always in thesame place) otherwise it can get very confusing for someone who has not seen the project before. When showing plans and elevations/sections together, it is beneficial if they are of the same scale and in line. However, if one drawing is more important than the others then it makes sense to show it on a different scale. Just because it's a pretty architecture presentation board, don’t forget to include your symbols! Scale bars, 59 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K section lines and north points often get forgotten, but are importantto be included in order to make your drawings and information clear. Structure We would recommend sketching out the structure of your architecture presentation board before you start, so you can get an idea of the possible configurations you can use and whatmight work best. A small storyboard sketch or small scale mockup of the presentation can work well as you can adjust the layout until you are happy with the arrangement and alignment. In general we read design presentations from left to right and from top to bottom, so consider the story of your design and how it will be read. Show the progression and don't beafraid to experiment. Orientation, setting and size Confirm whether your architecture presentation boards are supposed to be presented in landscape or portrait orientation. Think of the size your presentation boards are going to be. Ensure you have the right resolution and print settings applied. Check if you are limitedby the number of boards and don't forget to explore relationships between each board, and how they will be read together. Consider numbering the boards to show what comes next. Ensuring you have set up your presentation board files correctly will help save you loads of time in the end. Figure 17 size of different types of papers 60 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Key Information – Title, story, content Do you need to have a title bar? If so, consider keeping it consistent throughout your architecture presentation boards. This gives a sense of professionalism, and orderliness. Don’t forget to include your details – name, title of project etc and whatever else is applicable. Text It's tempting to get carried away with multiple fonts but please, don’t! Stick to one font, a maximum of two. You can consider using fonts from the same font family for visual coherence. Use font sizes to create a hierarchy on your presentation boards – e.g. a large font for your titles, a bit smaller for subtitles and standard size for the remainder of your content. Make sure your chosen font and size is readable. Keep your sentences short and punchy. Noone is going to want to read an essay on your architecture presentation board. A picture paints a thousand words! Consider how to align your text within its text box. What is easier to read? Think about textspacing, and hyphenation and how it appears on your architecture presentation board. 61 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Background Try to keep your background plain, unless it is featuring one of your key images. Architecture presentation board backgrounds can get a little busy and it can be difficult to see the key details of the board. A white background will make your images and text stand out and look professional. Mostof the board images we are sharing in this post feature white backgrounds, it is clear to see why. The information comes across well, and the background makes the visuals pop on the page. A background image can often be distracting, so make sure all the information is crystal clear if you decide to go down that route. Colour The standard architectural style particularly for students appears to be black, white and grey! Grey grey grey! We understand why people sway that way, but sometimes it's good to break out and use a bit of colour. Agreed there is a place for simplicity, and grey can give aprofessional atmospheric board, but try to inject some colour. Think how colour is reflected in your design. If the architecture presentation board is predominantly in black and white or grey, does this make the design feel cold? Considerhow colour will have an impact on the overall feel of the scheme. Imagine the function and users of your design. What colours would resonate with these? As a starting point you can insert colours for natural elements such as the sky, vegetationon your site etc. Experiment with accent colours to highlight key design elements or ideas. You will also find numerous ready made colour palettes online that you can work with. 62 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Layout options Grids Consider using a grid to help you organize the visual elements on your architecturepresentation board. You can use a simple grid or something more complex. A grid helps youto organize the elements on your page and produce consistency across the architecture presentation board set. Once you have set up your page size and orientation you can start creating a grid that suits your needs. The grid can include space for title bars, page numbers, and other information that needs to appear on each board. Using a program like In Design is great as you can setup master pages as templates so you only need to create the grid once and it can then be used on numerous pages. Keep in mind that the grid can also be used as a guide, so you don't have to strictly aim for perpendicular lines. You can have elements and images that blend into one another if you want. Figure 18 different types of layout sample 63 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Visual Hierarchy You will want some of your images to receive more visual attention than others, in order tocommunicate your idea. You can do this by giving certain images more space in the grid than others. If you wish to showcase one compelling visualization, you can center this image or make your other content fit around this image. It often works best when this type of image has elements that form the background of the architecture presentation board,for instance an extended sky or landscape. When you view your architecture presentation board, you want something viewable from a distance (an impact image) 6ft away, and up close. This communicates your visual hierarchy. Also if you plan to use precedent images on your architecture presentation boards, remember to distinguish them from your proposal images to avoid confusion for thereaders. Figure 19 Visual Hierarchy sample for drawing layout 64 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Example Layouts There are numerous ways to organise your work onto boards, here are some options to helpyou visualise: Figure 20 Example Layouts 65 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Give yourself time It’s a real shame when you have spent weeks/months on a design project, and leave yourself an hour or two to put it together for your architecture presentation boards. It is such a waste. By denying your project the time and care of developing a structure and a plan for how you present your work, you are effectively deducting grades/points there and then. By showing a well thought out presentation, with a clear process and design result, which is easy to engage with you will greatly increase your chances of showing how good your design is and why it should receive a stellar grade! Figure 21 project layout sample 66 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K CHAPTER SEVEN PLANS 7.1 INTRODUCTION Depending on the nature and complexity of a project, the floor plan can contain simple or complex information. It may be that a number of different floor plans are needed to represent all of the information required, or that just one floor plan will suffice. It is also worth mentioning, that floor plans are required to show a different level of information depending on the stage of the project. For example, at early planning stages, plans tend to be more basic, providing necessary information to a planning department in order for them to decide whether they will grant permission for the project. A construction drawing, on the other hand, will required detailed information on how the building will be constructed, focusing on many aspects of the project. When you start drawing your plans it is important to note the stage of your project, and what information you are conveying, and to whom. 67 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 7.2 TYPES OF PLANS Architectural planning drawings Let’s start with the basic floor plan. A planning drawing will be required by a planningdepartment in order for them to decide whether to approve the application. The floor plan must contain some standard elements that will help your reader understandthe drawing. Some of these basic requirements are: Walls Main openings in walls (window and doors) Partitions or internal walls Door swings Room names Grid reference if relevant Stairs Fixed furniture Loose furniture suggestion Sanitary fittings Cupboards 68 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Separate from the building itself, the drawing must show a north point, which allows the reader to orientate the building, along with a scale bar. It is also important to note on the plan the entrance to the building using an arrow and “IN” or “ENTRANCE” label. The scale at which you present the drawing will dictate how much information will be shown on the drawing. For example, you could consider including dimensions, annotations or labels where necessary, hatching or shading, section markers. This information would most certainly be included in construction drawings, but may not be required at this stage. Figure 22 floor plan sample 69 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 7.3 Architectural Construction Drawings Construction drawings need to provide more detailed information to the reader and will be used to gain building regulation approval, and later to construct the building. Due to the amount of information displayed, it is sometimes necessary to divide the general arrangement floor plan into elements so that the information remains clear to the reader. For example, services, such as mechanical and electrical services may be displayed on a separate floor plan for clarity. A small project can be displayed at a larger scale on the paper, and therefore it is often possible to keep all of the information on one plan. If a complex project requires separating into a selection of drawings, the content of these could be: Primary elements (walls, frames etc) Secondary elements (doors, internal walls, window information etc, suspendedceilings) Finishes Services Fixtures and Fittings Other 70 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 7.4 THE FLOOR PLAN A floor plan is considered a horizontal section of the space at about 1 – 1.2m height. Anything above the 1 – 1.2m height, should be shown as a projected line of the element above this height, using a dashed line. An example of this may be a kitchen. A standard floor plan will show the kitchen worktop, sink, hob, but the elements above the 1m line,ie, wall cupboards, cooker hood etc will be shown as a dashed line, to indicate their position. It is fair to assume a higher cutting plane in cases where there is a tall or high window to ensure it is included on the plan. Let’s take a look at the main elements we are representing on a floor plan: 71 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Structural and non-structural walls At planning stages we may only show the walls as simple thick lines or hatch filled lines, but in later stages of design, we will show the walls with hatch, denoting the material usedin the construction. Figure 23 different types of wall hatch In some cases, a key may be used to demonstrate the different wall build ups, and a simple number reference added to the plan. Walls are drawn with heavy lines so that the spaces stand out clearly, built in furniture, and other objects are drawn with medium lines which shows a level of hierarchy. In some cases, the furniture can be drawn in a light grey (if using cad) which gives the suggestion offurniture layout without detracting from the construction information in the drawing. Doors and windows For planning drawings we will display a simple door with swing showing which way the door will open and which side of the door the hinges will be. Similarly, a window will be displayed in a simple manner – like the images below. Figure 24 door and window presentation in floor plan 72 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K For construction drawings we require more information about the doors and windows. These can be represented in a number of ways. Typically, the doors will be annotated with a door number, and possibly further information. The doors will correlate with the door schedule, which will list out all of the doors in the project, by number, and give further details of the door – ie, fire rating, dimensions, glazing, ironmongery and so on. Figure 25 door and window presentation in construction drawing Windows will also be displayed with a number and possible additional information (dimensions or perhaps sill height). The windows will again correlate with the window schedule, where each window in the project is listed out by number, with further details. Some window and door schedules include examples of how the window is displayed in plan,elevation, and in 3d, but we will get to that later. Figure 26 window schedule with further details 73 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Stairs Stairs are shown on floor plans in different ways according to the complexity and detail required. A stair will show an UP arrow, showing the direction travelled to go up the stairs. If we are looking at a floor plan at ground level, with a stair going to first floor level, the lower half of the stair will be drawn using a solid line, at the point we go above our 1m height, the stair will be drawn as a dashed line, or with less detail. Break lines are also used to distinguish between different stairs. Some examples of stairs are shown below. Figure 27 different ways of stair shown on floor plan When showing a stair from the first floor, going down to the ground floor, we still show the upward arrow. The lower part of the stair is then greyed out. 74 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Ramps Similar to stairs, ramps are shown with an arrow in the upward direction. The ramp can also be labelled with the gradient, and any other relevant information. Figure 28 ramps are shown with an arrow in the upward direction Levels Our floor plans will show finished floor levels, changes in levels, and ceiling heights. These can be demonstrated in a number of ways. An area of the plan that is clear to annotate,can simply have the word FFL: 0 (finished floor level), or a symbol marker can be used, see below. If there is a small level change on the same floor plan, it is good practice to show the finished floor level for both sides of that level change. For ceiling heights, it is common to see CH +2400 (ceiling height 2400mm). However you choose to show the levels, make sure you remain consistent throughout your drawings. 75 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Dimensions The floor plan should include dimensions of wall locations, wall thickness, openings and distances between structural elements. How these are displayed can very. There is a fine line between providing relevant dimensions and complicating the plan with necessary information. Dimensions between walls can be from the structural frame (ie, excluding finishes) or from finished surface. The structural option gives the builder the exact location of studs,columns, beams etc. Make sure the dimensioning option used is displayed on the drawing notes. Centre lines are also used for dimensions. Dimension lines are drafted in a lighter line weight as not to be confused with structural elements. Where possible dimension lines should be placed externally, to keep the inside ofthe building uncluttered for other information. Internal dimensions will be placed withinthe building. Generally, dimensioning a building will require two or three continuous dimension lines to locate exterior walls, interior walls, windows, doors, and other elements. When placing the dimensions on the exterior of the building, the outermost dimension will give the overall building dimension. The next line, moving inward toward the plan, will provide wall locations, and doors and windows. If required, a third dimension line can showother details. 76 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Figure 29 placing the dimensions, wall locations, and doors and windows on floor plan If your dimensions are cluttering the floor plan too much, you could consider having a separate dimensioned plan, and keep just a few key dimensions on your main plan. It is notnecessary to dimension everything in the plan, make sure you don’t dimension the same measurement twice or over clutter with unnecessary dimensions. Items overhead Similar to the kitchen unit example we used earlier, any items overhead, such as changes inceiling height, can be displayed using a dashed line, usually with a label to provide further information. Accessibility Demonstrate wheelchair access / turning circles, where appropriate, showing a dashed line circle with dimension according to building regulation requirements. 77 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K FLOOR PLAN CHECKLIST General drawing Drawing sheet title block Drawing Title Scale and north point Doors with directions of swing Windows Door and window labels/numbering Room names / numbers clearly labelled Stairs clearly indicating ‘up’ or ‘down’ with appropriate dashed lines above 1m Overhead dashed lines indicating objects or ceiling changes overhead Accessibility information, such as turning circle for wheelchairs Annotations and labels Floor levels Changes in levels, steps, stairs and ramps Label main components or reference them to a key/legend Note ceiling heights / changes in height (if project is small and doesn’t require reflected ceiling plan) Dimensions Dimension wall locations (and note whether the dimension is taken from face ofwall, centre line or other surface) Dimension walls to structural components Give angles in degrees if necessary (ie, walls not at right angles)Give diameter of any circular elements, curved walls or similar Dimension stairs Dimension openings Dimension built in items, cabinetry, partitions (or on separate plan) 78 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K CHAPTER EIGHT ELEVATIONS AND SECTIONS 8.1 INTRODUCTION In this part of the Technical Drawing series we are going to explore elevations and sections.We will look at the differences between elevations and sections, what information should be included in them and finish with our drawing checklists. 79 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 8.2 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SECTION AND AN ELEVATION? An elevation shows a vertical surface seen from a point of view perpendicular to the viewers picture plane. For example if you stand directly in front of a building and view the front of the building, you are looking at the front elevation. A section, take a slice through the building or room and show the relationship between floors, ceilings, walls and so on. In a standard set of architectural plans on a small residential project, the elevations will most likely be a set of drawings from the main facades of the building. For example, front, back and two sides – or north, south, east and west. The sections would most likely be two or more sections cut at 90 degrees of one another to give information on both directions of the space. We will explore all of these options in more detail. 80 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 8.3 ELEVATIONS The elevation can be both an external elevation, like a building facade, or an internal elevation, like a wall in a kitchen. Elevations are shown as a flat plane, but depth can be indicated with line weights and shading if appropriate. Scale of the elevation will be dependent on the information shown. Usually an external elevation will be the same scale as the floor plans that it corresponds with, however, an interior elevation, which is usually showing more detail, may be at a larger scale. External Elevation The external elevation will show a vertical surface or plan seen from a perpendicular point of view. It could be that you only need a set of four elevations, or you may need many more. For example, the building may have courtyards, a complicated floor plan that requires more communication of the elevations. Usually the elevations are titled according to the compass direction they are facing, ie north, south and so on. The elevation will often show materials and finishes of the building, and possibly some context to the building depending on the scale. Elevations can show gridlines and finished floor levels, and depending on the stage of design can show window/door numbering and dimensions. The elevation needs to show the reader information that cannot be seen on theplan. For example, a complicated brick pattern will only be visible on the elevation and cannot be communicated through the plan alone. Showing context to the building on the elevation is also useful to the reader. For example, external landscaping, levels of paths that surround the building and other key features are useful when reading the elevations. 81 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Figure 30 BIT Sports Centre Atelier Alter Architects 82 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Figure 31 Wellness Centre DLIM Architects Figure 32 Tree House Monoarchi 83 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Figure 33 Daniela Betancourt Internal Elevations Internal elevations are drawn to provide further information that cannot be seen in the floor plans or sections. For example, a floor plan of a kitchen does not show whether the kitchen units contain cupboards or drawers, and how many. The internal elevation gives detailed views of the interior, with attention to heights, materials and finishes, surfaces, cabinetry, doors, objects and dimensions. Finishes can be demonstrated using hatches and labelled using leaders or a key. Interior elevations will show dimensions for clarity, particularly heights which may not be shown onthe floor plan. 84 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Figure 34 interior elevation 85 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 86 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K CHECKLIST FOR ELEVATIONS General drawing Drawing sheet title block Drawing Title Scale Doors Windows Door and window labels/numbering Show door swing with dashed line Reference other drawings if necessary Annotations and labels materials/finishes Windows and door labels Finished floor levels External levels where appropriate Changes in levels, steps, stairs and ramps Label main components or reference them to a key/legend Dimensions Dimension wall locations (and note whether the dimension is taken from face ofwall, centre line or other surface) Dimension heights of important items (interior elevations)Dimension walls to structural components Give diameter of any circular elements, curved walls or similar Dimension built in items, cabinetry, partitions (interior elevations – if necessary) 87 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 8.4 SECTIONS A section is a vertical cut through a space. Sections describe the relationship between spaces and different levels. The position of the section cut line is important, as this will need to show the most useful information about the space it is cutting through. Usually two section cuts are used at right angles to one another so the reader can see the space in both directions. The section line of cut is indicated in the floor plan, with an arrow or marker showingwhich way the section is looking. The section marker on the plan will reference the drawing number of the section and the layout sheet it is located on. Sections will often show an indication of structure, foundations and so on – but the amount of information shown will depend on the stage of design. Early stages of design may just show a solid hatch for the cut surfaces like walls and floors, but later in more detailed design, a more detailed drawing may give an indication of construction and materials. Sections can be drawn of a complete building, a small interior space or even an object. It isimportant to consider what you are trying to show with the section and how much information the reader will need in order to understand your design. If your section is part of a set of construction drawings it will be showing the reader how the building isconstructed, so things like dimensions, floor levels, materials and finishes will be shown. If it is a section drawing for planning, you may omit some of the more detailed informationfor more of a feeling of the space. Sections can be a great addition to a presentation board, and are often used in visual displays. However, here we are focusing more on the technical section drawing, rather than the graphic/visual representations we often see on the likes of Pinterest or Instagram. So, the examples below are some sections that are more geared toward construction and planning drawings rather than presentation sections. 88 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Figure 35 BIT Sports Centre Atelier Alter Architects 89 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Figure 36 Wellness Centre DLIM Architects 90 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K Figure 37 Tree House Monoarchi Figure 38 Baan Priggang Bodinchapa Architects 91 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K CHECKLIST FOR SECTIONS General drawing Drawing sheet title block Drawing Title Scale Materials are rendered using recognisable hatches or symbols Use different line weights to communicate cut objects, depth and hierarchy Reference other drawings if necessary Annotations and labels Labelmaterials/finishes Windows and door labels Finished floor levels External levels where appropriate Changes in levels, steps, stairs and ramps Label main components or reference them to a key/legend Room name labels Depending on purpose/nature of drawing section, note cabinetry, appliances etc. Dimensions Dimension heights of important elements such as floor levels Dimension any important items that cannot be shown on the plan Dimension built in items, cabinetry, partitions (if necessary 92 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K CHAPTER NINE CONSTRCUCTION DRAWINGS 9.1 INTRODUCTION In this part of the Technical Drawing series we are going to explore construction drawings. Figure 39 AD-01 House Diaz Fernandez Arquitectos – 93 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 9.2 CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS – WHAT ARE THEY? Working drawings, construction drawings, detailed design drawings…. they are called many different things, but what are they? Once a design has been approved at early stages, either by the client or by planning authorities, it is time to start developing the information into detailed drawings. These drawings will start to develop the design, look at how the building will go together, how the services will be implemented into the design, finishes, fixtures, fittings, and more. Construction drawings form part of the overall documentation that is used for tender, for the contract between the employer and contractor, and for the construction itself. The construction drawing provides a graphic representation of how the building will be built. They will be as clear as possible, and easy for the construction team to read. It is vital that the drawings do not lead to any misunderstandings which could cause errors or delays. Construction drawings are usually accompanied by a specification document. Specifications detail all the materials, techniques and standards that must be adhered to in order to construct the building. A set of construction drawings can vary widely from project to project. A small residential extension will obviously not need as much information as a new build school for example. The set of construction drawings will often contain information from external sources, suchas engineers drawings, M&E (mechanical and electrical) design, interior design, amongst others. 94 Introduction to Drafting By Dagimlidet K 9.3 WHAT IS INCLUDED IN A SET OF ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS? A set of construction drawings usually contains the following drawings at scale: Floor/roof plans – a GA (general arrangement) drawing will give an overview of the building plan Elevations – these give information on the external finishes, windows, and so on although most detailed information will be in the plans and sections, the elevations tend to be more of a visual aid. Sections – show the construction of the walls and floors along with heights, levels etc. Detail

HEUC Introduction to Drafting 2024 PDF

Document Details

Tags

Related

Summary

Full Transcript

Upgrade to continue