LifespanDevelopment_Exam1_StudyGuide_0916_UL.pdf

Study Guide for Exam I for Lifespan Development ### Chapter 1: Sections 1 & 2 #### Learning Objectives - Understand the concept of lifespan perspective. - Comprehend the role of theory in developmental psychology. - Explore key developmental debates and issues. - Learn about vario...

Study Guide for Exam I for Lifespan Development ### Chapter 1: Sections 1 & 2 #### Learning Objectives - Understand the concept of lifespan perspective. - Comprehend the role of theory in developmental psychology. - Explore key developmental debates and issues. - Learn about various theories of development. #### 1. What is Lifespan Perspective? - **Definition**: Development is a lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual process. - **Life Expectancy**: Discusses the upper boundary of human lifespan, current life expectancy statistics, and factors contributing to increasing life expectancy, including the impact of COVID-19. #### 2. Role of Theory in Developmental Psychology - **Definition of Theory**: A coherent set of ideas explaining phenomena and facilitating predictions. - **Purpose**: Theories help understand development, change over time, and influences on development. - **Hypotheses**: Specific assumptions and predictions derived from theories. #### 3. Key Developmental Issues - **Nature vs. Nurture**: The debate between genetic influences (nature) and environmental factors (nurture). - **Activity vs. Passivity**: Whether humans actively shape their development or are passively influenced by the environment. - **Continuity vs. Discontinuity**: Whether development is a gradual, continuous process or a series of distinct stages. - **Stability vs. Change**: The degree to which early traits persist or change over a lifetime. #### 4. Theories of Development - **Psychoanalytic Theories**: Focus on the influence of unconscious processes and childhood experiences on development. - **Cognitive Theories**: Emphasize the role of mental processes and knowledge acquisition in development. - **Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories**: Highlight observable behaviors and learning through interaction with the environment. - **Ethological Theory**: Stresses the biological bases of behavior and considers evolutionary history. - **Ecological Theory**: Considers the role of different environmental systems, such as family and society, in shaping development. ### Chapter 2 ## Lifespan Research Designs - Cross-sectional approach - Longitudinal approach - Cohort approach ## Psychoanalytic Theories ### Freud's Psychosexual Theory - Oral stage - Anal stage - Phallic stage - Latency stage - Genital stage ### Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Trust vs. Mistrust - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Initiative vs. Guilt - Industry vs. Inferiority - Identity vs. Role Confusion - Intimacy vs. Isolation - Generativity vs. Stagnation - Integrity vs. Despair ## Cognitive Theories ### Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - Sensorimotor stage - Preoperational stage - Concrete operational stage - Formal operational stage - Key concepts: schemas, assimilation, accommodation, equilibration ### Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory - Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - Scaffolding - Private speech ### Information Processing Theory - Sensory memory - Working memory - Long-term memory ## Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories ### Skinner's Operant Conditioning - Reinforcement - Punishment ### Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory - Observational learning - Self-efficacy - Reciprocal determinism ## Ethological Theory ### Lorenz's Imprinting - Critical period - Sensitive period ### Bowlby's Attachment Theory - Secure attachment - Insecure attachment (avoidant, resistant, disorganized) ## Ecological Theory ### Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory - Microsystem - Mesosystem - Exosystem - Macrosystem - Chronosystem **Key Issues in Developmental Psychology** - Nature vs. Nurture - Continuity vs. Discontinuity - Stability vs. Change ####Chapter 3 ## Genetic Foundations of Development - **Genes and Chromosomes** - Chromosomes contain DNA, which is made up of genes - Cells reproduce through mitosis (body cells) and meiosis (sperm and egg cells) - Fertilization: sperm and egg unite to form a zygote - Sources of genetic variability: mutation, susceptibility genes, longevity genes - Genotype vs. phenotype - **Genetic Principles** - Dominant-recessive genes - Sex-linked genes - Genetic imprinting - Polygenic inheritance - Gene-gene interaction - **Chromosomal Abnormalities** - Down syndrome: extra copy of chromosome 21 - Sex-linked disorders: Klinefelter syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Turner syndrome, XYY syndrome - Gene-linked disorders: Phenylketonuria (PKU), Sickle-cell anemia ## Prenatal Diagnostic Tests ## Heredity-Environment Interaction - **Behavioral Genetics** - Passive genotype-environment correlations - Evocative genotype-environment correlations - Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations - **Exploring Heredity-Environment Correlations** - Twin studies - Adoption studies - **Nature vs. Nurture Debate** - Heredity-environment correlation view - Epigenetic view (Gottlieb, 2007) - Gene x environment interaction can influence development (e.g. depression risk) #### Chapter 4 # Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Postpartum Period ## Prenatal Development ### The Germinal Period (first 2 weeks after conception) - Creation of the zygote - Continued cell division - Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall - Blastocyst (inner layer) develops into embryo - Trophoblast (outer layer) provides nutrition and support ### The Embryonic Period (2-8 weeks after conception) - Cell differentiation intensifies - Mass of cells now called embryo - Three layers of cells form: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm - Life-support systems and organs appear - **Placenta and umbilical cord develop** ### Fetal Development - Central Nervous System (CNS) and body parts develop early - Brain continues to grow throughout 2nd and 3rd trimesters ### The Three Trimesters 1. **First Trimester** (conception to 12 weeks) - Zygote, embryo, then fetus - Development of major systems and structures 2. **Second Trimester** (13-27 weeks) - Continued growth and development - Fetus becomes more active and responsive 3. **Third Trimester** (28 weeks to birth) - Rapid growth and weight gain - Organs mature in preparation for birth ### Brain Development - 20-100 billion neurons at birth - Four key phases: neural tube, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neural connectivity ### Teratogens and Hazards - Teratogens can cause birth defects or developmental issues - Prescription and non-prescription drugs, alcohol, nicotine, environmental hazards - Maternal diseases (e.g., rubella, diabetes) ## Birth ### Stages of Birth ### The Birth Process - Childbirth settings and attendants - Medication used in childbirth - Natural vs prepared childbirth - Cesarean delivery ### Assessing the Newborn - Apgar Scale - Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) - Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) - Full term vs preterm - Low birth weight and small for gestational age ## The Postpartum Period ### Adjustments Needed - Physical - Emotional - Psychological ### Bonding - Formation of connection between parents and newborn - Rooming-in arrangement #### Chapter 5 ## Physical Growth and Development - Patterns of Growth - Head size as a proportion of total body length changes with age - Brain Development - **Brain Hemispheres and Lobes** - Two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum - Four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - **Brain Development Sequence** - Develops from bottom up, from primitive to complex functions - **Brain Structure and Function** - Brainstem (basic reflexes) fully functional at birth - Thalamus, cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex continue to develop - Frontal lobes: voluntary movement, thinking, personality, intentionality - Occipital lobes: vision - Temporal lobes: hearing, language processing, memory - Parietal lobes: spatial location, attention, motor control - **Neuron Changes in the First Years** - Myelination speeds up information transmission - Increased connectivity creates new neural pathways - Used connections strengthen, unused ones are pruned - **Brain and Environment** - Deprived environments may depress brain activity - Brain demonstrates flexibility and resilience - Stress impacts the brain (positive, tolerable, toxic) - **Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)** - Shaken baby syndrome causes brain swelling and hemorrhaging - **Brain Activity Measurement Tools** - Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) - Magnetoencephalography (MEG) ## Motor Development ## Sensory and Perceptual Development #### Chapter 6 ## Physical Growth and Development - Brain development - Types of stress and their impact (positive, tolerable, toxic) - Shaken baby syndrome - Tools for measuring brain activity (EEG, fNIRS, MEG) - Sleep - Importance and cultural differences - Sleep problems and SIDS - Changes in REM and non-REM sleep - Nutrition - Caloric needs of infants - Breast vs. bottle feeding - Malnutrition (marasmus, kwashiorkor) ## Motor Development - **Theories and patterns** - Arnold Gesell's theory - Dynamic systems theory - **Reflexes** - Types (rooting, sucking, Moro, grasping) - Transition from reflexes to voluntary control - **Gross and fine motor skills** - Posture control - Differentiation of movements - Types of grasps (palmar, pincer) - Developmental milestones - Cultural differences ## Sensory and Perceptual Development - Vision - Development of eye movements and tracking - Face preference - Visual acuity changes  - Depth perception (visual cliff experiment) - Perception of occluded objects - Color vision - Perceptual constancy (size, shape) - Hearing - Fetal hearing - Changes in perception of loudness, pitch, localization - Touch, odor, taste - Response to touch and pain - Odor differentiation - Taste sensitivity and preferences - Intermodal perception ## Cognitive Development - **Piaget's theory** - Sensorimotor stage and substages - Object permanence - **Attention and memory** - Operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner) - Development of attention (selective, sustained, joint) - Types of memory (implicit, explicit) - Infantile amnesia - Imitation and deferred imitation ## Language Development - **Prelinguistic development** - Vocalizations (crying, cooing, babbling) - Gestures - **Early language development** - Over- and under-extension of words - Telegraphic speech - Two-word utterances - **Influences on language development** - Biological (Broca's and Wernicke's areas) - Environmental (social cues, recasting, expanding, labeling)