Lifespan Development Overview and Theories
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Questions and Answers

What does the lifespan perspective indicate about development?

  • Development is a continuous and unchanging process.
  • Development is only influenced by childhood experiences.
  • Development occurs across multiple dimensions and contexts throughout life. (correct)
  • Development is solely determined by genetics.
  • Which of the following statements best defines a theory in developmental psychology?

  • A theory is a coherent set of ideas that provides explanations and predictions. (correct)
  • A theory is a single, unchanging belief about development.
  • A theory is an absolute truth that must be accepted.
  • A theory relies solely on observational data without room for assumptions.
  • What are the key issues addressed in developmental psychology?

  • Only the impact of genetics
  • The singular effect of socio-economic status on development
  • The roles of parenting styles exclusively
  • Nature vs. Nurture, Activity vs. Passivity, and Continuity vs. Discontinuity (correct)
  • Which theory emphasizes the role of unconscious processes in development?

    <p>Psychoanalytic Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which developmental theory is the conflict of Trust vs. Mistrust a central theme?

    <p>Erikson's Psychosocial Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by the debate between genetic and environmental influences on development?

    <p>Nature vs. Nurture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to lifespan research involves studying the same individuals over an extended period?

    <p>Longitudinal approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage in Freud's Psychosexual Theory focuses on sexual interest and exploration during early childhood?

    <p>Phallic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Arnold Gesell's theory of motor development?

    <p>It focuses on predetermined stages of development influenced by genetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'visual cliff experiment' in understanding depth perception?

    <p>It assesses the ability of infants to perceive depth and fear of falling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cognitive development, what is meant by 'object permanence'?

    <p>The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of speech development is characterized by the use of two-word utterances?

    <p>Telegraphic speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'infantile amnesia' refer to in cognitive development?

    <p>The lack of memory retrieval for events occurring in early childhood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the developmental stage when individuals experience conflicts between identity and role confusion?

    <p>Identity vs. Role Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key concept in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

    <p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a critical time period for development, particularly in Lorenz's imprinting theory?

    <p>Sensitive Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Bowlby's attachment theory?

    <p>Types of Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetic disorders, what defines Down syndrome?

    <p>Extra copy of chromosome 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a sex-linked genetic disorder?

    <p>Klinefelter syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'zone of proximal development' refer to in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

    <p>The difference between what a learner can do without help and with help</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In behavioral genetics, what is meant by 'active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations'?

    <p>Children shape their environments based on their genetic traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the trophoblast layer during the germinal period?

    <p>Providing nutrition and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the embryonic period of development?

    <p>Cell differentiation and life-support system development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which trimester does the central nervous system and major body parts begin to develop?

    <p>First trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe harmful agents that can cause birth defects?

    <p>Teratogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does neurogenesis refer to in brain development?

    <p>Creation of new neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for vision?

    <p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of toxic stress on the brain?

    <p>Depresses brain activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of brain activity can an fNIRS tool measure?

    <p>Blood flow and oxygenation in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the procedure for assessing a newborn's health at birth?

    <p>Apgar Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period of prenatal development is characterized by the development of the placenta and umbilical cord?

    <p>Embryonic period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lifespan Development Overview

    • Lifespan development is a lifelong process characterized by multidimensional, multidirectional, and contextual influences.
    • Life expectancy has increased due to health advancements, but factors like COVID-19 have impacted this trend.

    Role of Theory in Developmental Psychology

    • Theories are structured ideas that explain phenomena and make predictions about development.
    • They help to understand changes over time and the various influences on human growth.

    Key Developmental Issues

    • Nature vs. Nurture: Examines the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in development.
    • Activity vs. Passivity: Questions whether individuals actively shape their growth or are influenced by their surroundings.
    • Continuity vs. Discontinuity: Discusses whether development occurs gradually or through distinct stages.
    • Stability vs. Change: Investigates whether early traits persist or evolve over time.

    Theories of Development

    • Psychoanalytic theories focus on unconscious processes; Freud emphasizes childhood experiences.
    • Cognitive theories highlight mental processes; Piaget outlines cognitive development stages.
    • Behavioral theories stress observable behaviors; Bandura discusses observational learning and self-efficacy.
    • Ethological theory looks at biological bases and evolutionary factors, while ecological theory examines environmental system impacts.

    Lifespan Research Designs

    • Cross-sectional: Compares different age groups at one time.
    • Longitudinal: Tracks the same individuals over an extended period.
    • Cohort: Examines groups born around the same time.

    Genetic Foundations of Development

    • Genes are located on chromosomes and are crucial for hereditary characteristics.
    • Chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome arise from extra chromosomes, while genetic disorders can be inherited.
    • The interaction between heredity and environment involves correlations that can influence behavior and development.

    Prenatal Development Stages

    • Germinal Period (first 2 weeks): Zygote formation and cell division.
    • Embryonic Period (2-8 weeks): Cell differentiation into layers forming the embryo and developing major organs.
    • Fetal Development: Significant growth occurs, with the central nervous system developing early.
    • The Three Trimesters: Major systems form in the first trimester, fetus becomes active in the second, and organs mature in the third.

    Brain Development

    • At birth, brains have 20-100 billion neurons with significant growth and development phases.
    • Key brain areas include the brainstem for reflexes and the frontal lobes for higher cognitive functions.
    • Early experiences significantly impact brain structure and functioning, emphasizing the role of environment and nutrition.

    Motor and Sensory Development

    • Motor skills develop through established theories and include reflexes that transition to voluntary movements.
    • Sensory development encompasses vision, hearing, and tactile responses, with perceptual abilities evolving over time.

    Cognitive Development Theories

    • Piaget emphasizes stages of cognitive development, particularly object permanence in the sensorimotor stage.
    • Memory types include implicit and explicit, with infantile amnesia affecting recall ability in children.

    Language Development

    • Prelinguistic development includes types of vocalizations and gestures.
    • Early language development showcases word usage and grammar, influenced by both biological and environmental factors.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the complexities of lifespan development, highlighting key theories and issues in developmental psychology. It addresses the interplay of nature and nurture, actively shaping growth, and the impact of societal factors on life expectancy. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in human development.

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