Questions and Answers
What does the lifespan perspective indicate about development?
Which of the following statements best defines a theory in developmental psychology?
What are the key issues addressed in developmental psychology?
Which theory emphasizes the role of unconscious processes in development?
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In which developmental theory is the conflict of Trust vs. Mistrust a central theme?
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What is characterized by the debate between genetic and environmental influences on development?
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Which approach to lifespan research involves studying the same individuals over an extended period?
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Which stage in Freud's Psychosexual Theory focuses on sexual interest and exploration during early childhood?
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Which of the following best describes Arnold Gesell's theory of motor development?
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What is the significance of the 'visual cliff experiment' in understanding depth perception?
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In the context of cognitive development, what is meant by 'object permanence'?
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Which form of speech development is characterized by the use of two-word utterances?
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What does the term 'infantile amnesia' refer to in cognitive development?
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What term describes the developmental stage when individuals experience conflicts between identity and role confusion?
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Which of the following is a key concept in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
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Which term refers to a critical time period for development, particularly in Lorenz's imprinting theory?
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What is the primary focus of Bowlby's attachment theory?
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In the context of genetic disorders, what defines Down syndrome?
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Which of the following is an example of a sex-linked genetic disorder?
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What does the term 'zone of proximal development' refer to in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
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In behavioral genetics, what is meant by 'active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations'?
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What is the primary function of the trophoblast layer during the germinal period?
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Which of the following describes the embryonic period of development?
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During which trimester does the central nervous system and major body parts begin to develop?
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Which term is used to describe harmful agents that can cause birth defects?
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What does neurogenesis refer to in brain development?
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Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for vision?
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Which of the following best describes the impact of toxic stress on the brain?
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What aspect of brain activity can an fNIRS tool measure?
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Which of the following describes the procedure for assessing a newborn's health at birth?
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Which period of prenatal development is characterized by the development of the placenta and umbilical cord?
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Study Notes
Lifespan Development Overview
- Lifespan development is a lifelong process characterized by multidimensional, multidirectional, and contextual influences.
- Life expectancy has increased due to health advancements, but factors like COVID-19 have impacted this trend.
Role of Theory in Developmental Psychology
- Theories are structured ideas that explain phenomena and make predictions about development.
- They help to understand changes over time and the various influences on human growth.
Key Developmental Issues
- Nature vs. Nurture: Examines the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in development.
- Activity vs. Passivity: Questions whether individuals actively shape their growth or are influenced by their surroundings.
- Continuity vs. Discontinuity: Discusses whether development occurs gradually or through distinct stages.
- Stability vs. Change: Investigates whether early traits persist or evolve over time.
Theories of Development
- Psychoanalytic theories focus on unconscious processes; Freud emphasizes childhood experiences.
- Cognitive theories highlight mental processes; Piaget outlines cognitive development stages.
- Behavioral theories stress observable behaviors; Bandura discusses observational learning and self-efficacy.
- Ethological theory looks at biological bases and evolutionary factors, while ecological theory examines environmental system impacts.
Lifespan Research Designs
- Cross-sectional: Compares different age groups at one time.
- Longitudinal: Tracks the same individuals over an extended period.
- Cohort: Examines groups born around the same time.
Genetic Foundations of Development
- Genes are located on chromosomes and are crucial for hereditary characteristics.
- Chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome arise from extra chromosomes, while genetic disorders can be inherited.
- The interaction between heredity and environment involves correlations that can influence behavior and development.
Prenatal Development Stages
- Germinal Period (first 2 weeks): Zygote formation and cell division.
- Embryonic Period (2-8 weeks): Cell differentiation into layers forming the embryo and developing major organs.
- Fetal Development: Significant growth occurs, with the central nervous system developing early.
- The Three Trimesters: Major systems form in the first trimester, fetus becomes active in the second, and organs mature in the third.
Brain Development
- At birth, brains have 20-100 billion neurons with significant growth and development phases.
- Key brain areas include the brainstem for reflexes and the frontal lobes for higher cognitive functions.
- Early experiences significantly impact brain structure and functioning, emphasizing the role of environment and nutrition.
Motor and Sensory Development
- Motor skills develop through established theories and include reflexes that transition to voluntary movements.
- Sensory development encompasses vision, hearing, and tactile responses, with perceptual abilities evolving over time.
Cognitive Development Theories
- Piaget emphasizes stages of cognitive development, particularly object permanence in the sensorimotor stage.
- Memory types include implicit and explicit, with infantile amnesia affecting recall ability in children.
Language Development
- Prelinguistic development includes types of vocalizations and gestures.
- Early language development showcases word usage and grammar, influenced by both biological and environmental factors.
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Description
This quiz explores the complexities of lifespan development, highlighting key theories and issues in developmental psychology. It addresses the interplay of nature and nurture, actively shaping growth, and the impact of societal factors on life expectancy. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in human development.
