Life Processes Short Notes PDF - Class 10 Science

es CLASS 10 NOTES SCIENCE Life Processes PRASHANT KIRAD  PRASHANT KIRAD Life processes are the basic processes in living organisms which are necessary for maintaining their life Nutrition....

es CLASS 10 NOTES SCIENCE Life Processes PRASHANT KIRAD  PRASHANT KIRAD Life processes are the basic processes in living organisms which are necessary for maintaining their life Nutrition. Respiration Transportation Excretion Herbivores eat only plant grass, e.g. cow, goat. Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition prepare their own food depend on other sources for their food Carnivores eat other animals. e.g. lion, tiger. plants, algae, plankton Dogs, birds, fish, and humans and bacteria Omnivores feed on both plants & animals. e.g. humans Saprophytic Nutrition Parasitic Nutrition Holozoic Nutrition dead and decaying bodies, feeds on other living ingest solid or liquid food e.g. yeasts, mushrooms. organisms e.g. lice (जूँ) particles and then digest, e.g. and tapeworm humans, dogs Nutrition: taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life. D RA *Organisms use enzymes to break down complex substances into simpler ones for growth and maintenance* KI Autotrophic Nutrition: Photosynthesis: process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform T light energy into chemical energy. AN Carbon dioxide (CO₂) + Water (H₂O) + Light energy → Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)+ Oxygen (O₂). H Chlorophyll 6CO₂ + 12H₂O C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂. AS Sunlight Unused carbohydrates - stored as starch in plants (energy reserve) PR Humans - energy is stored as glycogen. (i) Light absorption by chlorophyll JOSH METER? (ii) Light energy converts to chemical energy; water splits into hydrogen and oxygen (iii) Carbon dioxide reduces to carbohydrates. Stomata: CO₂ is taken ,tiny pores on leaves for gas exchange. Guard Cells: Control opening and closing of stomata. Water Loss: Stomata close to prevent water loss, stomata close when carbon dioxide isn't needed Plants absorb water and essential nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.) from soil. Nitrogen: Vital for proteins, absorbed as nitrates/nitrites or organic compounds from bacteria. Paramecium: Has a definite shape, Takes in food at a specific spot and Cilia move food to this spot.  PRASHANT KIRAD Amoeba feeding: Uses finger-like extensions to engulf food. Forms a food vacuole where complex substances are broken down. Nutrients diffuse into the cytoplasm. Undigested material is expelled from the cell. Nutrition in human being: Flow mantra FOOD MOUTH TONGUE OESOPHAGUS STOMACH WASTE ANUS LARGE INTESTINE SMALL INTESTINE Alimentary canal: long tube extending from the mouth to the anus. Mouth: (Ingestion) D 1. Teeth - chewing and breaking down of food in RA smaller pieces 2. Tongue - wet the food & mixes it with saliva KI 3. Salivary glands - secretes saliva - saliva contains salivary amylase, digestion of starch. T Oesophagus: (food pipe) muscular tube - moves food AN from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions (peristaltic movement). H Stomach: J shaped large organ, food is mixed with gastric juices: AS 1. hydrochloric acid : kills bacteria, make gastric juice acidic in nature 2. pepsin : protein digestion starts PR 3. mucus: protects stomach lining from HCl effect Small Intestine: main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients. Receives bile from the liver which breakdown fats and also receive pancreatic juices from the pancreas - amylase (breaks down starch), trypsin (digest protein) and lipase (breaks down emulsified fats) Villi- finger like projections, increases surface area of small intestine , i.e. increases absorption rate. Large Intestine: Absorbs water from undigested food, forming solid waste, which is then excreted through the anus. Respiration: Respiration is a process by which living organisms, including humans, take in oxygen from the environment and use it to produce energy. During respiration, the body breaks down food molecules (like glucose) in the presence of oxygen to release energy, carbon dioxide, and water. This energy is used for various functions such as growth, movement, and repair.  PRASHANT KIRAD Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) Respiration involves : External Respiration (Gas Exchange in the Lungs) Transport of Gases Internal Respiration (Gas Exchange in Tissues) Cellular Respiration Exhalation of Carbon Dioxide Steps of respiration: 1. Glycolysis (in the Cytoplasm): During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose (a 6-carbon compound) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (a 3-carbon compound). 2. Fate of Pyruvic Acid in Mitochondria:The fate of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) in the mitochondria involves its conversion into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle. In the presence of oxygen, this process leads to the complete breakdown of pyruvate, resulting in the production of carbon dioxide, water, and a significant amount of ATP (energy). D EMA RA Types of respiration: KI Aspects Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Presence of Oxygen Requires oxygen Occurs in the absence of oxygen T AN Location of Pyruvate Mitochondria Cytoplasm Breakdown Products of Pyruvate Ethanol and carbon dioxide (in yeast); H Carbon dioxide and water Breakdown Lactic acid (in muscles) AS Energy Yield High energy yield Lower energy yield Pathway for Glucose Complete breakdown to carbon Partial breakdown to ethanol PR Breakdown dioxide and water (fermentation) or lactic acid Common process during intense activity Occurrence in Muscles Not applicable causing cramps ATP Production Produces a large amount of ATP Produces a smaller amount of ATP ion) ry important port VIP (ve  PRASHANT KIRAD Pain in leg muscles while running: Due to intense running, human muscle cells respire anaerobically when they do not receive sufficient oxygen. They break down glucose in the absence of oxygen to make lactic acid. The accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle cramps ATP ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a high-energy molecule found in cells. It has three phosphate groups, making it a tri-phosphate. ATP provides energy for cellular activities, much like a battery powers various devices. It is essential for processes such as protein synthesis, muscle contraction, and other cellular functions. Respiration in Humans A complex network crucial for breathing, gas exchange, and cellular respiration. D Involves inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. Occurs in the lungs, supplying oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide. RA Takes place in cells, producing energy essential for cellular functions. Ensures efficient oxygen delivery and energy production for overall body function. KI Respiratory System: T Main organs of the respiratory system includes: AN Nose: Filters and warms air. Trachea: Airway to the lungs. H Lungs: Main site of gas exchange. AS Bronchi & Alveoli: Air passages and sacs where oxygen and CO₂ exchange occurs. Diaphragm: Muscle aiding in lung expansion and contraction. PR Inhalation and Exhalation Feature Inhalation Exhalation Muscle Activity Diaphragm flattens; ribs lift Diaphragm relaxes; ribs move down Chest Cavity Expands, increasing volume Contracts, decreasing volume Air Pressure Decreases inside the chest cavity Increases inside the chest cavity Air Movement Air is sucked into the lungs Air is pushed out of the lungs Alveolar State Alveoli expand as they fill with air Alveoli contract as air is expelled Oxygen is absorbed from alveoli into the Carbon dioxide is released from blood into Gas Exchange blood alveoli Some air remains in the lungs for gas Residual Air Residual air stays in the lungs exchange Purpose To bring oxygen into the body To remove carbon dioxide from the body  PRASHANT KIRAD Cellular Respiration: It is the process of breakdown of glucose on other respiratory substrate in the cell to produce energy for performing various functions. Flow mantra Nostrils (Air intake; filters air with fine hairs and mucus) Throat (Pharynx) (Channels air from nostrils to trachea) D Trachea (Main airway conducting air; cartilage rings prevent collapse) RA Bronchi (Branches of trachea; each leads to one lung) Bronchioles (Smaller branches distributing air throughout the lungs) KI Alveoli (Tiny sacs where gas exchange occurs; surrounded by capillaries) T Blood Vessels (Capillaries) in Alveoli (Diffuses oxygen to blood; remove carbon dioxide) AN Hemoglobin (Respiratory pigment in red blood cells; transports oxygen and carbon dioxide) H Respiration in Plants AS In contrast to animals and humans, plants lack specialized structures for gaseous exchange. PR Gaseous exchange in plants occurs through stomata in leaves and lenticels in stems. Plant roots, stems, and leaves exhibit a considerably lower respiratory rate compared to animals. Transportation It is a life process in which a substance absorbed is transported from one body part to it’s other parts. Transportation in Humans The circulatory system in humans serves as the primary transportation mechanism. Comprising blood, blood vessels, and the heart, it facilitates the supply of oxygen and nutrients while eliminating carbon dioxide and other excretory products.  PRASHANT KIRAD Additionally, the circulatory system plays a vital role in the body's immune response, aiding in the fight against infections. HEART It is pumping machine that pushes out the blood into the blood vessels and from these to different parts of the body. It has four chambers separated by septum which prevent mixing of pure and impure blood. Chambers— 1.Atrium (upper chambers) — there are two atrium seperated by septum (dividing walls). 2. Ventricle (lower chambers) - The two inferior chambers of heart are right and left ventricle. Through systole and diastole, the heart efficiently propels and circulates blood, ensuring essential oxygen and nutrients reach the D body's tissues and organs. Arteries RA Thick-walled blood (withstand the high pressure KI released from the heart during the process of pumping the blood) vessels transport T oxygenated blood from the heart to various AN organs, with the exception of pulmonary arteries. EMA Pulmonary arteries deviate from the norm by carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to H the lungs, where the blood undergoes oxygenation. AS Veins These are thin-walled blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood PR from different organs to the heart, pulmonary veins are exceptions because they carry oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart. “Dil ke baare me padhlo Valves are present in veins to prevent back flow pakka kaam aayega” of blood. - Prashant Bhaiya Capillaries These are thin walled, extremely narrow tubes which connect arteries to veins. Blood, a connective tissue, functions as the carrier for various substances in the body and is comprised of three main components: 1. Plasma 2. Blood cells 3. Platelets Blood Plasma: This is a light-colored fluid primarily composed of water, constituting the matrix of blood. Blood Cells: 1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) 2. White Blood Cells (WBCs).  PRASHANT KIRAD Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells These cells are red due to the presence These cells are pale white and play a of the pigment haemoglobin. Haemoglobin crucial role in the immune system. readily binds with oxygen and carbon Platelets: Responsible for blood dioxide, facilitating the transport of coagulation, platelets serve as a oxygen. Additionally, a portion of carbon defense mechanism preventing excessive dioxide is transported through blood loss in the event of an injury. haemoglobin. Lymph Lymph resembles blood but lacks red blood cells (RBCs). Formed from leaked fluid in tissues, lymph is collected by lymph vessels and returns to blood capillaries. Lymph, a yellowish fluid with fewer proteins than blood, plays a vital role in the D immune system. RA It flows from tissues to the heart, assisting in transportation and germ destruction. KI Flow mantra Double Circulation: T AN The heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, pumps it to various parts of the body, and then receives H it back for another circulation. AS Consequently, the blood completes a full round through the body, passing PR once through the right half as deoxygenated blood and once through the left half as oxygenated blood. Transportation in Plants Transportation is a crucial process in plants. It encompasses the movement of water and essential nutrients throughout the plant to support its survival. Plants conduct the transportation of food and water through distinct pathways. Xylem is responsible for transporting water. Phloem, on the other hand, is dedicated to the transportation of food. Transpiration Transpiration refers to the loss of water in vapor form from the plant's aerial parts.  PRASHANT KIRAD This process aids in the absorption and upward transport of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves, contributing to temperature regulation. Transport of food and other substances The movement of soluble products resulting from photosynthesis is termed translocation, and it takes “Bahut Jaroori Table” place within the vascular tissue section called the - Prashant Bhaiya phloem. Energy is harnessed to accomplish translocation in the phloem. Substances such as sucrose are actively transferred into phloem tissue, utilizing energy derived from ATP. Xylem Phloem Transports water and minerals from Transports products of photosynthesis (e.g., D roots to other parts of the plant. sucrose) from leaves to other parts of the plant. Composed of vessels, tracheids, fibers, and parenchyma. RA Composed of sieve tubes and companion cells. KI T Uses physical forces such as root Utilizes energy (e.g., ATP) to create osmotic AN pressure and transpiration pull for pressure that drives the transport of substances. water movement. H Movement is unidirectional, typically Movement can be bidirectional (upwards and AS upwards. downwards). PR Transpiration creates a suction Translocation is driven by osmotic pressure and force that pulls water up through energy, moving substances according to plant needs. the xylem. Primarily provides support and Primarily involved in the transport of nutrients and conduction of water. food. Excretion Excretion is the process by which living organisms remove waste products from their bodies to maintain a healthy internal environment. Human Excretory System The human excretory system comprises of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra. In human excretory system each kidney is connected to the urinary bladder by a tube called the ureter.  PRASHANT KIRAD Urine is gathered in the urinary bladder and expelled through the urethra as needed. Kidney The kidney, a bean-shaped organ, is situated near the vertebral column in the abdominal cavity. The kidneys filter waste products, excess salts, and water from the blood to form urine, which helps in removing toxins from the body. Kidney comprises of numerous filtering units known as nephrons. Nephron It is basic filtering unit found in kidney. It is long coiled tubular whose D one end is connected to cup shaped structure called Bowman’s capsule contain bundle of blood capillaries called glomerulus that is followed by RA tubular part of nephrons and loops at some places. Functioning- KI 1. Glomerulus filters the blood passing T through it. AN 2. It also ensures to remove only harmful substances from the body that include waste materials. H 3. The useful substances like glucose, AS amino acids, salts, and major amount of water is selectively reabsorbed by tubular PR part of nephron. 4. Some substances like K+ are actively secreted into the urine through tubule. 5. The collecting dust collects the urine and passes it to ureter. Kidneys (Filter waste products from the blood to form urine.) Nephrons (Perform the filtration of blood and the formation of urine within the kidneys) Ureters (Transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder) Urinary Bladder (Stores urine until it is ready to be excreted from the body) Urethra (Conducts urine from the urinary bladder out of the body) Flow mantra  PRASHANT KIRAD Hemodialysis Hemodialysis is a medical procedure used to artificially remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood when a person's kidneys are not functioning properly. It is commonly used in patients with kidney failure or severe kidney disease. Purpose: Hemodialysis helps to filter the blood, performing the function of the kidneys by removing waste products from the blood. How It Works: During hemodialysis, a machine pumps the patient's blood through a dialyzer (artificial kidney), where it is filtered. The cleaned blood is then returned to the body. The process typically takes several hours and is usually done multiple times a week. Importance: Hemodialysis is a life-saving procedure for individuals with kidney failure, allowing them to manage their condition and maintain a stable internal environment D in the body. RA JOSH METER? Excretion in Plants Excretion in plants refers to the process by which plants remove waste KI products resulting from their metabolic activities. Unlike animals, plants do not have a specialized excretory system, T so they use different methods to manage and eliminate waste. AN H 1. Gaseous Excretion: Plants excrete oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis AS and carbon dioxide as a byproduct of respiration. These gases are released into the atmosphere through tiny openings called stomata in the leaves. PR 2. Storage and Removal of Waste: Some waste products, such as resins, gums, and latex, are stored in specific parts of the plant like old leaves, bark, or in vacuoles within cells. Eventually, these wastes are removed when the leaves, bark, or other parts of the plant fall off. 3. Excretion through Roots: Plants can also excrete waste substances into the soil through their roots. Some waste products, such as organic acids, are released into the soil where they are either utilized by the plant or broken down by soil microorganisms. These processes help plants maintain a balanced internal environment and avoid the accumulation of harmful substances.  PRASHANT KIRAD # TOP 7 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS 1.Differentiate between Photosynthesis and Respiration. Solution: Photosynthesis Respiration It occurs in only autotrophs. It occurs in all living cells. CO2 and H2O combine to form starch · 02 reacts with food and energy is and water in the presence of light. released. Occur in plastid-chloroplast. It occurs in cytoplasm and D mitochondria. RA 2. a. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between blood and tissue? KI How are the gases transported in human being? b. What is haemoglobin? T AN Solution: a. Exchange of gases in tissues occurs through diffusion. Oxygen is carried as H oxyhemoglobin from lungs to tissues. It dissociates and carbon dioxide diffuses out AS into blood from tissues. It is transported in dissolved form and reaches lungs where again it diffuses to alveoli. PR b. Respiratory pigment: Hemoglobin is a red colored protein present in red blood cells. Hemoglobin has affinity for 02. 3. What is excretion? Name some parts in our body involved in this life process. Solution: Excretion means throwing out metabolic waste from living body. Many organs perform this process such as: a. Kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid in urine. b. Sweat and oil by glands in skin. c. Carbon dioxide and water vapor by lungs. d. Feces or undigested food by large intestine. e. Bile pigments by liver. It also converts toxic ammonia to urea.  PRASHANT KIRAD 4.Explain how the air is inhaled during breathing in humans. Solution: Mechanism of inhalation: a. The diaphragm and rib muscles contract which make the throat move upwards and outwards. b. The volume inside the thoracic cavity increases i.e., it expands. c. Air pressure inside the thoracic cavity decreases. Thus, air from outside rushes into the lungs /alveoli through nostrils, trachea and bronchi. 5. Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with Vaseline to block the stomata. Will this plant remain healthy for long? Stage three reasons for your answer. Solution: D No, the plant will not stay healthy for a long time. The reasons are: RA a. It will not be able to exchange 02 and CO2, hence respiration will be affected adversely. KI b. Photosynthesis will also be affected as CO2 will not be available. c. Transpiration will not take place hence there will T be no ascent of sap, hence no water absorption from the soil. AN 6.Draw neat and labeled diagram of nephron and describe the process of urine formation. H Solution: AS Within the kidney are small functional units called PR nephrons, which are made up of glomeruli, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henley, distal convoluted loop, and collecting duct. Steps of urine formation: Each kidney is made of millions of nephron. Each nephron has a hollow cup like Bowman's capsule and a long tubule system following it. Arteriole branching from renal artery make bunches of capillaries, one of which is called a Glomerulus. The first step in the filtration process is when the blood enters the Glomerulus, where it is then pumped through the porous walls into the Bowman's space. This filtered plasma is mainly water, various salts, urea and glucose. The "glomerular filtrate" then passes through the proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule so that useful substances are re- absorbed by blood present in the capillaries around them.  PRASHANT KIRAD 7.Describe double circulation in human beings. Name the group of animal with double circulation? How is it important for them? Solution: Such a flow in which blood enters the heart twice is called double circulation. It helps in keeping the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate. The right atrium receives blood from the vena cava and pumps the blood into the right ventricle. Blood is sent to lungs, where it is oxygenated. Then, it is sent through the right and left pulmonary veins to the left atrium where it is pumped to the left ventricle. The blood then travels to the ascending aorta where it leaves the heart and delivers oxygen to different parts of the body. D RA “Class 10th Phodenge” KI - Prashant Bhaiya T AN H AS PR