Genetics: Punnett Square Review PDF

Genetics: Punnett Square Review Homozygous and heterozygous When both alleles in a single pair are similar, they are known as a homozygous pair. Example: Homozygous tall = TT, Homozygous short=tt When alleles for the same trait are dissimilar, they are considered as heterozygous. Ex...

Genetics: Punnett Square Review Homozygous and heterozygous When both alleles in a single pair are similar, they are known as a homozygous pair. Example: Homozygous tall = TT, Homozygous short=tt When alleles for the same trait are dissimilar, they are considered as heterozygous. Example: Heterozygous tall = Tt 11/29/2024 Sample Footer Text 2 Homozygous pair may be dominant or recessive Homozygous Dominant pairs are represented by the same two letters in uppercase form (AA). Homozygous Recessive pairs are represented by the same two letters in the lowercase form (aa). Heterozygous pairs are represented by one uppercase form and one lowercase form of the same letter (Aa). 11/29/2024 Sample Footer Text 3 Predicting results using Punnett square 1. Construct a box with four smaller squares inside, then determine the parental genotypes of the crosses. ❖Consider the genotypes of the monohybrid crosses (YY x yy) (Homozygous purple flower X Homozygous white flower) ❖Write the possible gametes from one parent along the top of the square, using the law of segregation (YY-Y,Y) ❖Write the possible gametes of the other parent along the left side of the square, using the same procedure (yy->y,y) 11/29/2024 Sample Footer Text 4 Predicting results using Punnett square 2. Combine each allele along the top of the box with each allele along left side, placing them in their respective boxes. Y Y y y 11/29/2024 Sample Footer Text 5 Predicting results using Punnett square 3. Based on this procedure, you can calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the crosses. ❖The example exhibits the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the F1 generation, which are bothY 100% yellow. Y y Yy Yy y Yy Yy 11/29/2024 Sample Footer Text 6 Predicting results using Punnett square 3. To get the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of the F2 generation in Mendel’s monohybrid cross, you have to cross the genotypes of the F1 generation (Yy x Yy). Y y The genotypic ratio is Y YY Yy The phenotypic ratio is 1:2:1 3:1 (YY:Yy:yy) y Yy yy (3 purple flower and 1 white flower) 11/29/2024 Sample Footer Text 7  GENOTYPE A genotype refers to the complete combination of alleles for a particular gene. The term encompasses the inherited genes, traits, and DNA coding passed from the parental generation to the offspring. EXAMPLE: Bb PHENOTYPE Refers to the observable physical traits inherited by the offspring, such as the yellow or green seed color in Mendel’s experiment. EXAMPLE: Purple Sample Footer Text 11/29/2024 8 The allele for blue eyes is "t" while the allele for brown eyes is "T". What percentage of offspring produced by two parents with blue eyes would also have blue eyes? 25% t t 50% t tt 25% tt 25% 100% Correct Answer: t tt 25% tt 25% 100% 0% The allele for longer necks in giraffes is dominant to the allele for shorter necks. What are the phenotypes of the cross between two homozygous parents, one with a long neck and one with a short neck? 100% long necks 75% long necks and 25% N N Correct Answer: short necks n Nn Nn 100% long necks 25% 25% 50% long necks and 50% short necks n Nn Nn 25% 25% 100% short necks Brown fur is dominant to white fur in a species of rabbit and is represented with the alleles "B" and "b". What are the resulting percentages of genotypes of a cross between a homozygous dominant parent and a heterozygous parent? 100% BB 50% BB, 25% Bb, 25% bb B B Correct Answer: B BB BB 50% BB and 50% Bb 25% 25% 50% BB and 50% Bb 75% BB and 25% Bb b Bb Bb 25% 25%  The answer is "homozygous recessive and heterozygous" because homozygous means two of the same allele, while heterozygous means two different alleles. Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters and recessive alleles are represented by lowercase letters. homozygous dominant and heterozygous homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive two heterozygous homozygous recessive and heterozygous The allele for black feet in a species of duck is dominant to the allele for brown feet. What are the phenotypes of the offspring from the cross shown in the punnett square above? 25% black feet and 75% brown feet B b 25% BB, 25% bb, and 50% Bb 75% B and 25% b B BB Bb 75% black feet and 25% brown feet b Bb bb Correct Answer: 75% black feet and 25% brown feet In butterflies, the gene for black wings (B) is dominant to the gene for blue wings (b). For which of the following parental genotypes would 100% of offspring be expected to be blue? B b B B bb x bb B Bb Bb b Bb Bb b b b Bb bb b Bb Bb Bb x Bb B B b bb bb BB x bb B BB BB b bb bb B BB BB BB x BB Correct Answer: bb x bb Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a disease that can cause kidney failure. This disease is usually caused by a dominant allele. What is the chance that a child will have PKD if the father is unaffected and the mother is heterozygous for PKD? 100% b b 75% Correct Answer: B Bb Bb 0% 50% b bb bb 50% 25% A dog gives birth to 5 puppies. What percentage of chromosomes does each puppy share with its mother? 50% The answer: 50% because 25% each puppy shares 50% of 75% chromosomes with its mother and 50% with its 100% father. In a population of rats at a pet store, the allele for black fur is dominant (B) and the allele for brown fur is recessive (b). A rat with the genotype BB is crossed with a rat with the genotype Bb. Which describes the phenotype of the parent rats? One is black and one is black with brown spots. B B Both are brown. Correct Answer: The answer is "Both are B BB BB Both are black. black." because each rat One is black and one is brown. has a dominant allele for b Bb Bb black fur.  CROSSES INVOLVING MULTIPLE ALLELES The best known example of multiple alleles involves the genes for blood type in humans. This gene has three different alleles and is located on Chromosome 9, two copies of which exist in all human body cells. The alleles are as follow: GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (blood type) 1. IAIA or (AA) blood type A 2. IAi or (AO) blood type A 3. IBIB or (BB) blood type B 4. IBi or (BO) blood type B 5. IAIB or (AB) blood type AB 6. i i or (OO) blood type O Sample Problem: A woman with blood type A whose father was blood type O married a man with type AB blood. What will be the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their children? GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (blood type) Step 1: Determine genotypes of parents Mom: ____ IAi _______ 1. IAIA or (AA) blood type A 2. IAi or (AO) blood type A Dad: ____ IAIB ______ 3. IBIB or (BB) blood type B Step 2: Set up Punnett square 4. IBi or (BO) blood type B 5. IAIB or (AB) blood type AB IA i Possible children genotypes: 6. i i or (OO) blood type O IAIA IAi IA IAIA IAi IAIB Possible children phenotypes: IBi A, AO, AB, BO I B II Ii A B B Sample Problem: A woman HOMOZYGOUS for blood type B marries a man who is HETERZYGOUS type A. What will be the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their children? GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (blood type) Step 1: Determine genotypes of parents Mom: ____ IB IB _______ 1. IAIA or (AA) blood type A 2. IAi or (AO) blood type A Dad: ____ IAi ______ 3. IBIB or (BB) blood type B Step 2: Set up Punnett square 4. IBi or (BO) blood type B 5. IAIB or (AB) blood type AB IB IB 6. i i or (OO) blood type O IA IAIB IAIB genotypes 50% IAIB 50% IBi phenotypes 50% AB 50 % BO i Ii Ii B B  i i IA IAi IAi 50% IAi 50% Type A IB 50 % IBi 50% Type B IBi IBi i i IB IBi IBi 50% IBi 50% Type B 50% ii 50% Type O i ii ii 50 i i IA IAi IAi IB IBi IBi How Energy is Produced and Managed This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-SA  Energy Energy is defined as the ability to do work. When work is done, energy is transferred from one object to another. Energy exist from different forms such as electrical and chemical energy.  Activity 1.1: Word Pool ½ Crosswise Direction: Choose As many as you can, the terms related to energy from the WORD POOL below. List down these words on the table. and write what you know about it. Potential. Nutrition. Stomach. Electricity. Geothermal Rock. Solar. Typhoon Atom. Renewable. Volcano. Biomass. Redshift. Respiration. Battery Term What I know about it Answers ✓Potential ✓Electricity ✓Geothermal ✓Renewable ✓Battery ✓Biomass Activity 1.2 Different Sources of Energy Answer: Power Plant An industrial facility that generates electricity from primary energy. Most power plants use one or more generators that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy in order to supply power to the electric grid for society’s electrical needs. How power plants works:  Solar Power Plants Uses photovoltaic cells (instead of a turbine) to generate electricity. Two major groups of electrical sources Renewable Sources Non-renewable Sources Is produced from Natural resource that sources that do not cannot be readily replaced deplete or can be by natural means at a replenished within a quick enough pace to keep human’s lifetime. up with consumption. Ex. Ex. Wind, solar, geothermal, Coal, natural gas, and biomass, and hydropower uranium  Renewable Sources 1. Geothermal Utilizes the heat energy from the earth’s crust. This heat energy heats up rocks which, in turn, heats up nearby groundwater. The Malitbog Geothermal Power Station is a 232.5 MW geothermal power plant or an earth steam turbined electric generator--the world's largest geothermal power plant under one roof located in Malitbog, Kananga, Leyte, Philippines. The power plant is one of four operating in the Leyte Geothermal Production Field. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA  Renewable Sources 1. Geothermal Geothermal energy is produced by the heat of Earth's molten interior. This energy is harnessed to generate electricity when water is injected deep underground and returns as steam (or hot water, which is later converted to steam) to drive a turbine on an electric power generator that produces electricity. Geothermal energy is less of an environmental hazard compared to fossil fuels though it still has some emissions of carbon This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-SA dioxide, nitrous oxide, and sulfur dioxide. Some of the operational geothermal power plants in the Philippines are: Malbarara Geothermal Power Plant in Sto. Tomas, Batangas Some of the operational geothermal power plants in the Philippines are: Makban Geothermal Power Plant and Makban Binary Geothermal Power Plant in Bay, Laguna Some of the operational geothermal power plants in the Philippines are: Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant in Tiwi, Albay Some of the operational geothermal power plants in the Philippines are: Bacon Manito Geothermal Power Plant in Sorosogon Some of the operational geothermal power plants in the Philippines are: Unified Leyte Geothermal Power Plant Tongonan Geothermal Power Plant in Leyte Some of the operational geothermal power plants in the Philippines are: Southern Negros Geothermal Production Field - Nasulo Geothermal Power Plant and Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant in Valencia Negros Occidental Renewable Sources 2. Hydroelectric Hydroelectric power (hydropower) is derived from the energy of falling or moving water to generate electricity. Among other purposes, water is widely used to produce electricity. Hydropower is a proven, mature, predictable, and price competitive technology. A number of on- and off-grid hydropower plants have been built throughout the country, including impounding dams and run-of-river types. Impounding dams are able to supply energy during peak and off- peak hours while run-of-river types supply electricity whenever capable, depending on the volume of water that is discharged from the watersheds. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Some of the operational hydroelectric power plants in the Philippines are: Palakpakin Hydroelectric Power Plant in San Pablo, Laguna Some of the operational hydroelectric power plants in the Philippines are: Balugbog Hydroelectric Power Plant in Narcarlan, Laguna Some of the operational hydroelectric power plants in the Philippines are: Cantingas Hydroelectric Power Plant in San Fernando, Romblon Renewable Sources 3. Wind Power While an electric fan uses electricity to produce wind, a wind turbine uses wind to produce electricity. A wind turbine can generate megawatts of power, depending on the weather conditions. In fact, an indicator for a potential wind farm site is the presence of flagging trees or trees that are bent like how a flag would look like due to strong winds. Because of the vast land area a wind farm occupies, unused areas can be co-located with agricultural crops or even a solar farm. Some of the most recent developments are The Bangui Wind Farm Some of the most recent developments are Burgos Wind Farm  Caparispisan Wind Farm in Ilocos Some of the most recent developments are Norte  The Wind Energy Power System in Some of the most recent developments are Oriental Mindoro,  San Lorenzo Wind Farm in Some of the most recent developments are Guimaras Some of the most recent developments are Nabas Wind Farm in Aklan Some of the most recent developments are Pililla Wind Farm in Rizal. Renewable Sources 4. Solar Cells If plants photosynthesize using sunlight, electric-powered technologies can also use sunlight for energy. Solar power is a variable energy source that is dependent on the cycle of the sun. The Philippines, being situated near the equator, has many potential sites where solar energy may be harnessed with agricultural crops or even a solar farm. This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Solar Cells With recent technology, solar power systems can be both applied to on- and off-grid areas. Aggressive economic growth for the country is not far behind. As long as there is sunlight, solar power will always be available. Solar power technology may not generate energy at night but it is capable of supplying electricity to the grid at daytime. A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell Is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices are often the electrical building blocks of photovoltaic modules, known colloquially as solar panels. Some of the operational Lian Sola Power Project and Calatagan solar power plants in the Solar Power Project in Calatagan, Batangas Philippines are: Some of the operational solar power plants in the Philippines are: Cavite Economic Zone Solar Power Project in Rosario and General Trias, Some of the operational solar power plants in the Philippines are: CW Home Depot Solar Power Project and Central Mall Binan Solar Power Plant in Biñan City, Laguna Solar energy is also known as "The People's Power," referring to the easy deployment of solar panels and the introduction of "community solar gardens" where energy is shared among owners Solar energy is abundant, requires low maintenance, and is environmentally-friendly. Emissions associated with the manufacture of solar panels are present but very minimal compared to pollution caused by burning fossil fuels. Two of the harmful emissions from the manufacture of solar panels are nitrogen trifluoride and sulfur hexafluoride. Both are potent greenhouse gases. Some disadvantages of solar energy are: it is expensive, requires rare metals, and requires a good amount of space. Thankfully, the technology is continuously improving. Renewable Sources 5. Biomass Biomass refers to organic matter from plants and animals (microorganisms). Organic wastes such as crop remains, manure, and garbage usually left to rot, can be used for electricity generation. Rice husks and/or bagasse are burned as fuel to boil water. The steam from the boiling water is used to run steam turbines, which in turn drive generators to produce electricity. Biomass As long as we replenish the trees that we cut, biomass can Wood is also a biomass fuel. be a sustainable energy source. Biomass is used to create Production of biogas or methane and alcohol which biofuels involves the action of are fuels useful in energy microorganisms that break production and in powering down organic matter in a automobiles. multi-step process. Technologies utilizing biomass are continuously evolving in order to improve efficiency Non-renewable Sources 1. Fossil fuels Coal, oil and gas are fossil fuels, which have been formed over the last 600 million years. Coal is the fossilized remains of huge forests which covered many parts of the world in prehistoric times and hence contains biomass. As the trees and plants died, they were covered in layers of silt and sand and, under great pressure, This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC gradually became formed into coal deposits. Coal is the world's most abundant fossil fuel. It is relatively inexpensive and is readily available This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY The formation of fossil fuels is due to a series of geologic processes where the remains of organic life are accumulated in the ocean bottom and are buried to eventually become part of the geosphere They are buried to depths having high temperature and pressure where they are converted to oil, natural gas, or coal This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY In the Philippines, around 69% of our electricity is derived from fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, biomass) This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY In the world, around 85.6% of our energy is generated by combustion of fossil fuels Power plants burn fossil fuels and the heat generated during this process is used to turn water into steam and this turns the turbines Non-renewable Sources 2. Electrochemical (batteries) A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy. The chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of electrons from one material (electrode) to another, through an external circuit. The flow of electrons provides an electric current that can be used to do work. There are three main components of a battery: 1. two terminals made of different chemicals (typically metals), 2. the anode and the cathode; and 3. the electrolyte, which separates these terminals. The electrolyte is a chemical medium that allows the flow of electrical charge between the cathode and anode. Batteries, compared to other sources, have low intensity but they are commonly used since they are portable and efficient.  Type of Electrical Example Source Fossil fuel Electrochemical Geothermal Hydroelectric Wind Biomass