Statistics Terminologies PDF

Terminologies in Statistics POPULATION Refers to a large collection of objects, persons, places, or things  SAMPLE A small portion or part of a population. It could also be defined as a subgroup, subset, or representative of a population.  Parameter Any numerical or nominal characte...

Terminologies in Statistics POPULATION Refers to a large collection of objects, persons, places, or things  SAMPLE A small portion or part of a population. It could also be defined as a subgroup, subset, or representative of a population.  Parameter Any numerical or nominal characteristics of a population. It is a value or measurement obtained from a population.  Statistic An estimate of a parameter. It is a value obtained from a sample.  Facts, or set of information DATA or observations under study 01 02 Qualitative Data Quantitative Data Are data which can assume values Are data which are numerical in that manifest the concept of nature. These are data obtainedd attributes. from counting or measuring.  Qualitative Quantitative Data Data Favorite color of students in a class Number of students in a classroom (e.g., red, blue, green). (e.g., 25, 30, 35). Types of cuisine preferred by people Height of individuals in centimeters (e.g., Italian, Mexican, Chinese). (e.g., 160 cm, 175 cm, 180 cm). Brand of smartphone used by Annual income in dollars employees (e.g., $50,000, $75,000, $100,000). (e.g., Apple, Samsung, Huawei). Daily temperature recorded in degrees Nationality Celsius (e.g., Filipino, Chinese, Korean). (e.g., 20°C, 25°C, 30°C). Type of vehicle owned Time spent on social media per day in (e.g., Ford, SUV, truck). hours (e.g., 2 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours).  Discrete Variable One that can assume a finite Variable number of values. The values of A characteristic or discrete are obtained through the process of counting. property of a population or sample which makes Examples: Number of books in a shelf the members different Number of students in a class from each other. Number of cars in a parking lot Number of siblings a person has Number of goals scored in a basketball game  Continuous Variable One that can assume infinite Variable values within a specified interval. A characteristic or The values of this variable are obtained through measuring. property of a population or sample which makes Examples: Height of students in centimeters. the members different Weight of a person in kilograms from each other. Time taken to complete a race in seconds Temperature in degrees Celsius Amount of water in a bottle in liters  Dependent Variable A variable which is affected or Variable influenced by another variable. A characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes Independent the members different Variable One which affects or influences from each other. the dependent variable. Plant Growth Experiment Dependent Independent Variable: Variable: Height of the plants Amount of water after a certain period. given to the plants. Studying and Test Scores Independent Variable: Number of hours Dependent spent studying for a test. Variable: Score on the test.  Constant A property or characteristic of a population or sample, which makes the members of the group similar to each other. Measurement The assignment of symbols or numerals to objects or events according to some rules.  Nominal Scale The most primitive level of measurement. It is used when we want to distinguish one object from another for Levels of identification purposes. Measurement Examples: Nationality Gender Civil Status Blood Type  Ordinal Scale Data are arranged in some specified order or rank. Examples: Levels of Ranking of students in a class Measurement Beauty pageant ranking Shirt Sizes Hotel stars Fitness class  Interval Scale Specifies the difference that is existing between objects. Examples: Levels of Scores in examination Measurement Temperature Credit score  Ratio It is like the interval scale, the only difference is that it always starts from an absolute or true zero point and there is always the presence of units. Levels of Measurement Examples: Weight length Time Money