Lesson 1 - Nature of Inquiry and Research PDF

Lesson 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research Prepared by: JERIC M. DEL MUNDO Instructor I, PSU-LSHS Lesson Objectives 1. Share research experiences and knowledge. 2. Explain the importance of research in daily life. 3. Describe the character...

Lesson 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research Prepared by: JERIC M. DEL MUNDO Instructor I, PSU-LSHS Lesson Objectives 1. Share research experiences and knowledge. 2. Explain the importance of research in daily life. 3. Describe the characteristics, processes, and ethics of research. 4. Differentiate quantitative from qualitative research. 5. Provide examples of research in different areas of interest. Lesson Outline Lesson 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research 1. Definition of Research 2. Characteristics of Research 3. Importance of Research 4. Research Process 5. Research Ethics 6. Types of Research According to Purpose 7. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research What is Research?  Research is a systematic inquiry that explains or describes a phenomenon, predicts an outcome, and poses questions for further investigation. What is Research?  Research involves looking into a phenomenon which has not been investigated yet or is underexplored, gathering data to address the problems, and reporting results to an audience. What is Research?  The two key purposes of doing research is to solve problems and improve knowledge. What is Research?  Research may be done inductively or deductively. Inductive Research - starts with analyzing a phenomenon and ends with identifying its underlying principles, theories, or processes Deductive Research - begins with specifying hypotheses and continues with verifying these through evidence or data Characteristics of Research Requires higher- Recursive Empirical Logical order thinking skills Requires Replicable Solution-oriented Objective sufficient sources of data Characteristics of Research Research involves performing steps in a Recursive cyclical and non-linear way. Research is based on verifiable evidence, Empirical observation, or experiences Characteristics of Research Research is based on sound principles and a Logical systematic procedure. Requires higher- Research involves interpreting data and order thinking skills drawing conclusions from the gathered data. Characteristics of Research Research can be repeated by other researchers Replicable as long as its methodology is sufficiently detailed. Research aims to address a particular Solution-oriented problem. Characteristics of Research Research requires accurate recording of data through Objective observation, interviews, experiments, and other scientific means. Requires Using insufficient data may compromise the sufficient sources of data validity and conclusiveness of your findings. Importance of Research Economical Sociopolitical Research Environmental Medical Importance of Research Develop human capital, new products, technology, Economical and services Provide information relevant to policy-making and Sociopolitical governance Research Provide necessary information on how to attain Environmental sustainable development without depleting our natural resources Promote understanding of health issues and lead Medical to advancement in public health and medical practices Research Process Select and narrow down the topic. The topic should be:  Relevant Conduct preliminary research.  Interesting  Manageable Formulate thesis and research questions. Research Process Narrow down the topic through: Select and narrow down the topic.  Freewriting - random writing on a piece of paper Conduct preliminary research.  Clustering - generating ideas through visuals  Listing - enumerating Formulate thesis and research concepts that are questions. related to your topic Research Process Select and narrow down the topic. Consult updated and reliable references Conduct preliminary research. such as scholarly books and journals. Formulate thesis and research questions. Research Process  Thesis Statement - Select and narrow down the topic. the central idea of your research paper Conduct preliminary research.  Research Questions - the specific inquiries that you would like to Formulate thesis and research questions. answer Research Process Develop a preliminary outline. Draft a preliminary outline and use it as a Gather additional references. guide in gathering additional references. Write the introduction and literature review. Research Process At this stage, get a Develop a preliminary outline. model paper.  Model Paper - a Gather additional references. research paper that is similar to yours in terms of topic and Write the introduction and literature review. methodology Research Process Develop a preliminary outline. Use the model paper and your references as a guide in writing Gather additional references. your introduction and literature review. Write the introduction and literature review. Research Process Specify your research Plan the research methodology. design, context and participants, Develop/adopt/modify/ research instruments, data instruments. gathering procedure, and data analysis. Gather and analyze data. Research Process Instruments - tools used for gathering data Plan the research methodology.  Self-made - prepared by the researchers  Modified - existing Develop/adopt/modify/ research instrument slightly instruments. modified to cater the study  Adopted - existing Gather and analyze data. instrument that are used without any modification Research Process Once the research Plan the research methodology. instruments are ready, you may start gathering your data. Develop/adopt/modify/ research instruments. Then, encode, tally, tabulate, and analyze Gather Gather and and analyze analyze data. the data. your data. Research Process Revisit your introduction Revisit and revise the introduction and literature review if and literature review. there are other important concepts, principles, theories, or Write the results and discussion. research findings that you need to add in light Write the summary, conclusions, of the data you have and recommendations. gathered. Research Process Make sure that the Revisit and revise the introduction and literature review. presentation of your results and discussion matches the flow of Write the results and discussion. your specific research questions or Write the summary, conclusions, objectives. and recommendations. Research Process Begin writing your Revisit and revise the introduction and literature review. summary, conclusions, and recommendations Write the results and discussion. once you have completed your results Write the summary, conclusions, and discussion. and recommendations. Research Process Consolidate the full paper and add a reference list. Put all the parts of Edit the full paper. your paper together. Disseminate research findings (presentation or publication). Research Process Consolidate the full paper and add a reference list. Proofread your Edit the full paper. research paper. Disseminate research findings (presentation or publication). Research Process The research process Consolidate the full paper and add a reference list. ends with the dissemination of your research findings, be it Edit the full paper. through a paper presentation or a Disseminate research findings publication. (presentation or publication). What’s Wrong? In his research class, Dan submitted to Teacher Catriona a paper on the music preferences of teenagers. This was how Dan wrote his paper. He went to the gym and interviewed students there informing them that he was conducting research. He merely summarized the articles related to his study and incorporated them into his paper. For other sources, he only directly quoted information from them without much analysis. Dan also failed to acknowledge the sources he used in his paper. Then, he added personal comments without any supporting evidence from other studies. Lastly, Dan crammed in finishing his paper within three days. After Teacher Catriona read Dan's paper, she called him and returned his work, commenting, "This is not a research paper." Research Ethics  Research ethics refers to the moral principles and code of conduct that defines what good and acceptable research practice is. Research Ethics Principles Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Fidelity and Responsibility Integrity Justice Respect  Research Ethics Principles 1 Beneficence  means that your research has certain benefits to its intended audience Nonmaleficence  means that your research does not cause any harm to the participants and to the general public  Research Ethics Principles Fidelity and Responsibility 2  relates to how researchers comply with the professional and research code of ethics  Research Ethics Principles Integrity  accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the conduct of research 3  requires researchers to avoid any type of research misconduct such as falsification, fabrication, and plagiarism.  Research Ethics Principles Justice  means that you do not discriminate based on gender, affinity, ethnicity or other 4 factors not relevant to the study  Research Ethics Principles Respect (for people's right and dignity)  observe the value of confidentiality and anonymity  giving the person the right to refuse in participating in your study or to discontinue participating in the study if he or she felt violated 5 Research Misconduct  Research misconduct occurs when an individual deliberately and negligently deviate from acceptable research practices Research Misconduct Falsification Fabrication Plagiarism - Occurs when a - Occurs when a - Involves taking researcher decides researcher makes someone else's to deliberately up data and idea or work as manipulate the reports them as if their own without components of the they truly existed proper attribution research Authorship  Authorship is the claim of intellectual contribution and responsibility for the work reported.  Authorship provides credit and accountability for the research output. Note: Remember that authorship is neither a commodity nor a gift. Avoid including someone as an author if he or she did not have any significant contribution to the paper. Authorship Questionable Authorships Gift Authorship Ghost Authorship 1. Including someone for the reason 1. Involves the use of non-named of paying back to that person or author to write for you honoring him or her 2. Including the name of a known expert to add prestige to the research even if that expert had no contribution to the paper Ethical Research Practices General Research Practices 1. Be objective in your research. Do not let your personal biases cloud your judgment. 2. Disclose any potential conflict of interest. Ethical Research Practices Data Management 1. Be honest in reporting data, results, methods, and procedures. Never fabricate, falsify, or, misrepresent data. 2. Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, personnel decisions, expert testimony, and other areas of research. Ethical Research Practices Data Management 3. Be accurate in your reporting and interpretation. 4. Record all research activities, and ensure the credibility of your own work and collaborators. Avoid errors due to carelessness and negligence. Ethical Research Practices Data Management 5. Make data, results, ideas, tools, and resources shareable. Be open to suggestions and criticisms. 6. Be mindful of the copyrights, patents, and other intellectual property. Get permission from the owners or credit sources before using their ideas or data. Ethical Research Practices Data Management 7. Ensure confidentiality of information and anonymity of the participants. Refrain from sharing your data with any unauthorized person. 8. Make sure that all your practices are within the confines of legal practices. Ethical Research Practices Data Management 9. Never ask someone to write a research paper for you in exchange for money or affinity. Ethical Research Practices Use of Humans and Animals 1. Inform and ask permission from the people who will be the subject of your research. This can be done by using an informed consent form, a document that gives the participants information regarding the study and ensures the confidentiality of data. Ethical Research Practices Use of Humans and Animals 2. Refrain from inflicting harm on human participants. 3. Animals can only be harmed if there are legitimate scientific benefits from doing so. 4. When it comes to personal information, collect only those that are relevant to the study. Ethical Research Practices Use of Humans and Animals 5. Refrain from forcing anyone to participate in your research. 6. Avoid choosing participants based on convenience alone. Types of Research According to Purpose Basic Research Applied Research Action Research Types of Research According to Purpose  develops or tests theories and propositions by discovering generalizations and principles regarding a Basic Research phenomenon  its primary aim is to expand knowledge and satisfy curiosity  has no immediate application in the real world Types of Research According to Purpose  descriptive in nature because it explores the whats, whys, and hows of a theoretical question Basic Research Example: "The Relationship between Frequency of Facebook Use, Participation in Facebook Activities, and Student Engagement" Types of Research According to Purpose  goes beyond developing a theory  it tests the theory in an actual problem Applied Research situation to provide potential solutions to human and societal problems  focuses on addressing practical concerns Types of Research According to Purpose Example: "Using Facebook to Enhance the Academic Applied Research Collaboration among College Students in the Philippines" Types of Research According to Purpose  focuses on solving problems within an organization or community  findings should be interpreted with caution Action Research because they are intended for local and not universal applicability  do not necessarily advance the field Types of Research According to Purpose Example: "Using Facebook-based e-portfolio in an Action Research English Communication Arts Course in a Private Philippine University" Qualitative vs Quantitative Research Aspects Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Purpose To describe and To test hypotheses, understand social establish causal phenomena and relationship, make interactions among people predictions, and make generalizations from findings Sample Size Required Small sample size Larger sample size Sampling Method Non-probability sampling Probability sampling Relationship with the Less formal Formal Participants Qualitative vs Quantitative Research Aspects Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Data Needed Verbal information, Statistical information and images, and artifacts (text- numbers (number-based) based) Data Collection Method Interview, observation, Test, experiment, pretest- document analysis posttest, and any other method that requires precise measurements Data Analysis Content analysis and Statistical analysis coding Level of Subjectivity Moderate to high Low Generalizability Low generalizability High generalizability Qualitative vs Quantitative Research Aspects Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Scientific Method Exploratory, bottom-up, or Confirmatory, top-down, or inductive (i.e., generating deductive (i.e., testing hypotheses or theories hypotheses or theories from data) through data) Research Setting Typically in a natural Typically in a controlled setting setting Reporting Typically narrative with Statistical reporting description of context and examples from the participants' responses Qualitative vs Quantitative Research Examples of Qualitative and Quantitative Research in Business Area Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Being Obese in Today’s World: The Lived Experiences The Relationship Between of Obese Women in the Obesity and the Length of TV Philippines Viewing among Filipino Women Science Health Beliefs about the Use The Effects of Mobile Phone of Mobile Phones: A Radiation on Brain Cells Qualitative Study  “Research is seeing what everybody else has seen and thinking what nobody else has thought.” - Albert Szent-Györgyi