Introduction to Research Methods

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of research?

Subjectivity (correct)

Objective observation

Replicability

Solution-oriented

Research aims to address problems in a solution-oriented manner.

True

Name one important aspect of conducting research accurately.

Accurate recording of data.

Research must utilize sufficient ______ to ensure validity.

sources of data Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following areas does research support?

Sociopolitical governance Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of importance of research with their correct descriptions:

Economical = Develops human capital and technology Sociopolitical = Informs policy-making and governance Environmental = Promotes sustainable development Medical = Advances public health and practices Signup and view all the answers

Preliminary research is unnecessary before formulating a thesis statement.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are two methods you can use to narrow down a research topic?

Freewriting and clustering. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of research?

To generate knowledge and understanding. Signup and view all the answers

Research always follows a strict linear process.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of research approaches?

Inductive and deductive research. Signup and view all the answers

Research is a systematic inquiry that helps to _____ a phenomenon.

explain Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of research with their descriptions:

Recursive = Involves performing steps in a cyclical and non-linear way. Empirical = Based on verifiable evidence, observation, or experiences. Logical = Based on sound principles and a systematic procedure. Solution-oriented = Aims to find solutions to problems or challenges. Objective = Requires sufficient sources of data and strives for unbiased findings. Signup and view all the answers

Research requires higher-order thinking skills.

True Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a research question that could be investigated using the deductive approach.

Does a specific type of fertilizer increase plant growth? Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Basic Research?

Discover generalizations and principles about a phenomenon Signup and view all the answers

Applied Research typically focuses on solving immediate practical concerns.

True Signup and view all the answers

What type of research is specifically designed to address problems within organizations or communities, with findings not necessarily applicable universally?

Action Research Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative research is described as , while quantitative research is described as .

exploratory Signup and view all the answers

Match the research aspect with its corresponding characteristic in both Qualitative and Quantitative Research:

Purpose = To describe and understand social phenomena and interactions among people Sample Size Required = Small sample size Sampling Method = Non-probability sampling Relationship with the Participants = Less formal Data Needed = Verbal information, images, and artifacts (text-based) Data Collection Method = Interview, observation, document analysis Data Analysis = Content analysis and coding Level of Subjectivity = Moderate to high Generalizability = Low generalizability. Scientific Method = Exploratory, bottom-up, or inductive Research Setting = Typically in a natural setting Reporting = Typically narrative with description of context and examples from the participants' responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the research process after gathering data?

Write the summary, conclusions, and recommendations Signup and view all the answers

Dan's research paper is a good example of proper research practices.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are two of the ethical issues that Dan neglected in his research?

Informed consent and plagiarism Signup and view all the answers

The research process ends with the ______ of research findings.

dissemination Signup and view all the answers

Match the following research process steps with their corresponding actions:

Revisit and revise the introduction and literature review = Ensure the introduction and literature review are aligned with the research findings Write the results and discussion = Present the findings and analyze their significance Write the summary, conclusions, and recommendations = Summarize the research, draw conclusions based on the results, and provide recommendations Consolidate the full paper and add a reference list = Organize the entire research paper and include a list of cited sources Edit the full paper = Review and refine the entire research paper for clarity, coherence, and accuracy Disseminate research findings (presentation or publication) = Share the research findings with a wider audience through presentations or publications Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the research process?

Create a personal reflection on the topic. Signup and view all the answers

Dan's research paper would benefit from incorporating more direct quotes from source material.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one way Dan could have improved the validity of his research?

Using a larger and more representative sample of teenagers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of ghost authorship?

Having a non-named author write the paper Signup and view all the answers

It is acceptable to include someone as an author solely to pay back a favor.

False Signup and view all the answers

What should researchers disclose to ensure ethical practice?

Potential conflicts of interest Signup and view all the answers

All research data must be reported ____ and accurately.

honestly Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical practice helps protect participant anonymity?

Using informed consent forms Signup and view all the answers

Match the data management practices with their descriptions:

Credibility in research = Record all activities to avoid negligence Honesty in reporting = Never fabricate or misrepresent data Accuracy in reporting = Ensure reports are precise and correct Confidentiality = Protect participant information and anonymity Signup and view all the answers

Animal subjects can be harmed without any scientific benefits.

False Signup and view all the answers

List one way researchers can ensure the credibility of their work.

Record all research activities Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of research ethics emphasizes the moral obligation to avoid causing harm to participants?

Nonmaleficence Signup and view all the answers

Research integrity requires researchers to avoid falsification and fabrication of data.

True Signup and view all the answers

What principle of research ethics relates to compliance with the professional and research code of ethics?

Fidelity and Responsibility Signup and view all the answers

Research ______ involves taking someone else's idea or work as their own without proper attribution.

plagiarism Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Falsification = Manipulating research data Fabrication = Making up data that doesn't exist Plagiarism = Taking someone else's work without attribution Integrity = Accuracy and honesty in research conduct Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of research ethics emphasizes fairness in distribution and treatment?

Justice Signup and view all the answers

Authorship in research indicates that the work is treated as a commodity that can be traded.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one ethical principle that relates to the dignity and rights of research participants.

Respect Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lesson 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research

This lesson covers the nature of inquiry and research.
Objectives include sharing research experiences, explaining research's importance, describing research characteristics and ethics, differentiating quantitative and qualitative research, and providing research examples.
A lesson outline details the definition, characteristics, importance, process, and ethics of research, as well as the different types of research based on purpose, and comparing quantitative and qualitative research.

What is Research?

Research is a systematic inquiry to explain or describe a phenomenon, predict an outcome, or pose further investigation questions.
It involves exploring under-researched or unexplored phenomena, collecting data, and presenting results to an audience.
The primary purposes of research are solving problems and improving knowledge.

What is Research? (continued)

Research can be conducted inductively or deductively.
Inductive research begins with analyzing a phenomenon to identify underlying principles, theories, or processes.
Deductive research starts with defining hypotheses and then verifies them through evidence or data.

Characteristics of Research

Recursive: Research involves repeated steps in a cyclical and non-linear manner.
Empirical: Research relies on verifiable evidence, observation, or experiences.
Logical: Research is based on solid principles and a systematic procedure, requiring higher-order thinking skills.
Replicable: Research can be repeated by other researchers, provided its methodology is detailed enough.
Solution-oriented: Research seeks to address particular problems.
Objective: Research requires accurate data recording through observation, interviews, experiments, or other scientific methods. Insufficient data can compromise the validity and conclusiveness of results.

Importance of Research

Research is important in various fields, including economics, sociopolitics, environmental issues, and medicine.
Research in economics focuses on developing human capital, new products, and technologies.
Sociopolitical research provides relevant information for policy-making and governance.
Environmental research is crucial to sustainable development, providing information on how to conserve natural resources.
Medical research promotes understanding of health issues, leading to advancements in public health and medical practices.

Research Process

The research topic should be relevant, interesting, and manageable.
Preliminary research should be conducted.
Thesis and research questions need to be formulated.
Updated and reliable sources, like scholarly books and journals, should be consulted.
Narrowing down the topic can involve freewriting, clustering, or listing related concepts.
A preliminary outline should be drafted.
Additional references should be gathered.
The introduction and literature review sections should be written.
A model paper—similar to the proposed research in terms of topic and methodology—should be studied at this stage.
The model paper and the gathered references are utilized to guide the writing of the introduction and literature review part of the research.
Research design, context, participants, instruments, data gathering procedures, and analysis must be specified.
Research instruments should be developed, adopted, or modified.
Data should be gathered and analyzed.
The introduction and literature review, if necessary, should be revisited and revised based on findings.
Write the summary, conclusions, and recommendations.
The full paper should be consolidated and a reference list included.
The full paper should be edited and proofread.
Research findings need to be disseminated through presentations or publications.

Research Ethics

Research ethics refers to the moral principles and codes of conduct that govern acceptable research practices.
Key ethical principles include beneficence and nonmaleficence (research benefits the intended audience and does not cause harm), fidelity and responsibility (researchers comply with ethical codes), integrity (accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in research), justice (non-discrimination), and respect (confidentiality and anonymity).

Research Misconduct

Research misconduct occurs when an individual deliberately or unintentionally deviates from acceptable research practices.
Common forms of research misconduct include falsification (manipulating research components), fabrication (making up data), and plagiarism (using others' work without proper attribution).

Authorship

Authorship is the claim of intellectual contribution and responsibility for reported work.
Authorship establishes credit and accountability for research output.
Questionable authorship practices include gift authorship (including authors for reasons like repayment or prestige) and ghost authorship (non-named authors writing on behalf of others).

Ethical Research Practices

General research practices include objectivity (avoiding personal bias) and disclosing potential conflicts of interest.
Data management practices include honesty, avoiding bias in procedures and interpretations, accurate reporting and recording of research, ensuring credibility of work and collaborators, shareability of research data, and respecting copyrights.
Ethical considerations for human and animal research involve receiving informed consent, avoiding harm to participants, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity, and avoiding forceful participation
Practices should also adhere to relevant legal frameworks.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental characteristics and types of research methods. Explore concepts such as the purpose of research, types of research approaches, and the importance of preliminary research. Test your knowledge on how to accurately conduct research and formulate effective research questions.

Introduction to Research Methods

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Podcast

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of research?

Research aims to address problems in a solution-oriented manner.

Name one important aspect of conducting research accurately.

Research must utilize sufficient ______ to ensure validity.

Which of the following areas does research support?

Match the types of importance of research with their correct descriptions:

Preliminary research is unnecessary before formulating a thesis statement.

What are two methods you can use to narrow down a research topic?

What is the main purpose of research?

Research always follows a strict linear process.

What are the two main types of research approaches?

Research is a systematic inquiry that helps to _____ a phenomenon.

Match the following characteristics of research with their descriptions:

Research requires higher-order thinking skills.

Give an example of a research question that could be investigated using the deductive approach.

What is the main purpose of Basic Research?

Applied Research typically focuses on solving immediate practical concerns.

What type of research is specifically designed to address problems within organizations or communities, with findings not necessarily applicable universally?

Qualitative research is described as ______, while quantitative research is described as ______.

Match the research aspect with its corresponding characteristic in both Qualitative and Quantitative Research:

What is the first step in the research process after gathering data?

Dan's research paper is a good example of proper research practices.

What are two of the ethical issues that Dan neglected in his research?

The research process ends with the ______ of research findings.

Match the following research process steps with their corresponding actions:

Which of the following is NOT a step in the research process?

Dan's research paper would benefit from incorporating more direct quotes from source material.

What is one way Dan could have improved the validity of his research?

Which of the following is an example of ghost authorship?

It is acceptable to include someone as an author solely to pay back a favor.

What should researchers disclose to ensure ethical practice?

All research data must be reported ____ and accurately.

Which ethical practice helps protect participant anonymity?

Match the data management practices with their descriptions:

Animal subjects can be harmed without any scientific benefits.

List one way researchers can ensure the credibility of their work.

Which principle of research ethics emphasizes the moral obligation to avoid causing harm to participants?

Research integrity requires researchers to avoid falsification and fabrication of data.

What principle of research ethics relates to compliance with the professional and research code of ethics?

Research ______ involves taking someone else's idea or work as their own without proper attribution.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Which principle of research ethics emphasizes fairness in distribution and treatment?

Authorship in research indicates that the work is treated as a commodity that can be traded.

Name one ethical principle that relates to the dignity and rights of research participants.

Study Notes

Lesson 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research

What is Research?

What is Research? (continued)

Characteristics of Research

Importance of Research

Research Process

Research Ethics

Research Misconduct

Authorship

Ethical Research Practices

Studying That Suits You

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