Research Process Lesson Notes PDF

# Unit 1: Nature of Research ## Lesson 1: Research and Its Importance ### Practical Research 1 Senior High School Applied - Academic **How are human innovations made possible?** ## Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: - Define research and the different types o...

# Unit 1: Nature of Research ## Lesson 1: Research and Its Importance ### Practical Research 1 Senior High School Applied - Academic **How are human innovations made possible?** ## Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: - Define research and the different types of research. - Explain the academic and practical importance of doing research. ## Engage - Why is research important? - How does research affect your daily life? ## Explain ### Defining Research Research is "the systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions" (Oxford English Dictionary, as cited in O'Leary 2004). - Research begins with a question. - Everyday life experiences - Individual curiosities - Random observations - You do research when you gather information to seek answers to your question. **Example:** | Observation: | Question: | Answer: | Gathered Information: | |---|---|---|---| | You have a hard time falling asleep at night when you drink a chocolate-flavored drink before sleeping. | "Why do I have a hard time falling asleep when I take a chocolate-flavored drink at night?" | Some of the ingredients in the chocolate-flavored drink are known to boost energy levels | The list of ingredients of the chocolate-flavored drink and their uses. | ### Types of Research | Type of Research | Purpose: | Outcome: | |---|---|---| | Basic research | To gain broader understanding of a particular problem or phenomenon | New ideas, concepts, and/or theories that broaden understanding but may not be applicable in real life | | Applied research | To find solutions to actual problems | New ideas and concepts that have direct real-life application | - Basic research is mostly theoretical and is not directly applicable to real-life problems and concerns. **Examples of Basic Research** - The role of the government in providing basic social services. - Therapeutic effects of pet ownership. - Parenting styles across different Asian cultures. - Applied research has obvious and immediate applications. **Examples of Applied Research** - The effectiveness of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases. - The effectiveness of social media advertisements in increasing sales. - Basic research produces knowledge to understand the world better. Applied research uses this knowledge in the daily lives of people. - Basic research and applied research are related to each other. - Basic research informs applied research. - Applied research can lead to more basic research. **Example:** A study of chemical components (basic research) can lead to the development of medicines based on this knowledge (applied research). Further research on these products can lead back to basic research. ### Importance of Research Doing research is important because: - It helps us understand the world better. - It allows us to find answers to problems. - It enables us to evaluate our answers to different problems. **How can I do basic or applied research in my field of study?** ## Extend ### Practice Think of two researchable questions based on everyday life experiences, encounters, or observations. If you were to seek answers to these questions, classify which type of research is applicable (basic/applied). ## Evaluate ### Quick Check - This is the type of research that is most useful for practical purposes. **Answer:** Applied research - This is the type of research that generates new knowledge, ideas, concepts, or theories. **Answer:** Basic research - Classify this research topic as basic or applied research: A study on effective teaching methods for children under 5 years old. **Answer:** Applied research ## Wrap Up - **Research** is a systematic process of gathering information to answer a question or solve a problem. ### Types of Research - **Basic Research:** It is research that expands knowledge and generates new concepts, ideas, and/or theories. It may not have direct real-life applications. - **Applied Research:** It is research with direct real-life applications. It may use the knowledge gained from doing basic research. # Unit 1: Nature of Research ## Lesson 2: Research Process and Ethics ### Practical Research 1 Senior High School Applied - Academic **What are the processes involved in doing research?** ## Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: - Recognize the characteristics of research. - Enumerate the steps involved in the research process. - Explain the importance of ethics in research. ## Engage - What are the characteristics of research? - What are the steps involved in the research process? - Why is ethics important in research? ## Explain ### Characteristics of Research | Characteristic | Description | |---|---| | Controlled | Research is controlled and manipulated to understand the relationship between two or more variables. | | Rigorous | Research follows stringent procedures to find out the answers to questions that are relevant and appropriate in nature. | | Systematic | Research is systematic as it follows step-by-step procedure to answer research questions. | | Valid | Data are correct and verifiable by the researcher and eventually, by the readers of the research work. | | Empirical | Research must be totally based on hard evidence gathered from observations and real-life experiences. | ### The Research Process **Phase 1: Research Proposal** - Identifying the general study area. - Choosing a research topic. - Formulating plans and methodology. **Phase 2: Research Activities** - Data collection. - Data analysis. **Phase 3: Written Content** - Writing a conclusion. - Sharing a publication. ### Principles in Research Ethics | Ethical Principles | Explanation | |---|---| | Honesty | All researchers must honestly present information on data, results, research methods and procedures, and status of work. Researchers must not falsify and distort the data to deceive the public. | | Objectivity | Researchers should remove any form of bias in all stages of research. All observations and must not be changed in any way to agree with the wants of the researchers. | | Prudence | Researchers must be careful in evaluating their own work. | | Responsible publication | Researchers must publish their results and share it to other people for the sake of science and the pursuit of knowledge. | | Confidentiality | Researchers must save and secure confidential information of anyone involved in the research project, especially the respondents for their target samples. | | Respect for Intellectual Property | The researchers must respect patents, copyright rights, and other forms of intellectual property. It is a criminal act for anyone to plagiarize. | | Social responsibility | Researchers must conduct research studies that could be beneficial to the entire society. | | Anti-discrimination | Researchers must avoid discrimination against any form of social labels like sex, gender, religion, and the like. | - The research process is an endless cycle. It does not stop when the results are published and shared to the rest of the community. **What can be the consequence if the research does not comply with the ethical standard?** ## Extend ### Practice Based on your understanding of the discussed principles of research ethics, try to cite scenarios where you can apply each principle as a student of research. | Ethical Principles | Use for Student Researchers | |---|---| | Honesty | | | Objectivity | | | Prudence | | | Responsible publication | | ## Evaluate ### Quick Check - This is the step in which the researcher must do keen observation of his or her surroundings to find possible subject areas to study. **Answer:** Identifying the general study area. - This the step that involves the process of drafting detailed procedures for data collection and analysis. **Answer:** Formulating plans and methodology - Evaluate which research ethics principle can be applied in this scenario: The researcher tried to fabricate data for his or her research. **Answer:** Honesty ## Wrap Up - **Research process** refers to the overall steps needed to accomplish the entire research according to the principles of the scientific method. - **Research ethics** refers to all the practices being followed by the researcher in order to make sure that all steps of the research process will be done with high integrity and followed the set standards by the community of researchers all over the world. **The Research Process:** - **Research Proposal** - Identifying the General Study Area - Choosing a Research Topic - Formulating Plans and Methodology - **Research Activities** - Data Collection - Data Analysis - **Written Content** - Writing a Conclusion - Sharing a Publication