Introduction to Practical Research 1 PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 PREPARED BY: MR. LORD IAN C. CRUZ, MAED., LPT EDITED BY: MR. BERNARD S. BASUEL. LPT  Nature of Inquiry Nature of Research Qualitative Research Qualitative Research in Differe...

INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 PREPARED BY: MR. LORD IAN C. CRUZ, MAED., LPT EDITED BY: MR. BERNARD S. BASUEL. LPT  Nature of Inquiry Nature of Research Qualitative Research Qualitative Research in Different Areas of OVERVIEW Knowledge Subject Matter of the Inquiry or Research Research Problem and Research Question  Review of Related Literature Qualitative Research Designs Sampling Data Collection OVERVIEW Data Analysis Making Conclusions Reporting and Sharing the Findings GOALS  Shares research experiences and knowledge  Explains the importance of research in daily life  Describes characteristics, processes, and ethics of research  Differentiates quantitative from qualitative research  Provide examples of research in areas of interest (arts, humanities, sports, science, business, agriculture and fisheries, information and communication technology, and social inquiry)  What is learning? Learning is the acquisition INQUIRY- of knowledge BASED Inquiry is a learning process LEARNING that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about people, things, places, or events.  Inferential Thinking KINDS OF Critical Thinking THINKING Integrative Thinking Creative Thinking SCENARIO: DESIGNING A COMMUNITY PARK IMAGINE A GROUP OF PEOPLE TASKED WITH DESIGNING A NEW COMMUNITY PARK FOR A DIVERSE NEIGHBORHOOD. 1. Critical Thinking Objective: Ensure the park meets the needs of the community. Example: Analyze the neighborhood demographics and assess what facilities are most needed (e.g., playgrounds for children, walking trails for seniors, or fitness areas for young adults). Key Question: Does the current plan address accessibility, safety, and environmental impact? SCENARIO: DESIGNING A COMMUNITY PARK IMAGINE A GROUP OF PEOPLE TASKED WITH DESIGNING A NEW COMMUNITY PARK FOR A DIVERSE NEIGHBORHOOD. 2. Creative Thinking Objective: Generate innovative ideas for unique features. Example: Brainstorm out-of-the-box attractions, such as an interactive art installation, a sensory garden, or eco-friendly play structures. Key Question: What can make this park stand out while reflecting the community’s identity? SCENARIO: DESIGNING A COMMUNITY PARK IMAGINE A GROUP OF PEOPLE TASKED WITH DESIGNING A NEW COMMUNITY PARK FOR A 3. Inferential Thinking DIVERSE NEIGHBORHOOD. Objective: Predict potential outcomes and user behavior. Example: Use data from surveys to infer how many people are likely to use the park during different times of the day or year. Key Question: What patterns of use can we expect, and how do we ensure the park remains engaging over time? SCENARIO: DESIGNING A COMMUNITY PARK IMAGINE A GROUP OF PEOPLE TASKED WITH DESIGNING A NEW COMMUNITY PARK FOR A DIVERSE NEIGHBORHOOD. 4. Integrative Thinking Objective: Combine diverse perspectives into a cohesive design. Example: Integrate ideas from different stakeholders, such as city planners, environmentalists, families, and local artists, into a unified plan that balances aesthetics, function, and sustainability. Key Question: How can we create a design that satisfies everyone’s priorities without compromising the overall vision? ACTIVITY Scenario: Launching a New Mobile App Imagine a team tasked with creating and launching a mobile app designed to help users manage their daily habits effectively. ACTIVITY 1. Critical Thinking  Objective: Assess feasibility and address challenges.  Example: Evaluate competitors’ apps to identify gaps in features and determine what sets the new app apart.  Key Question: What problems does our app solve, and how does it address user pain points better than existing solutions? 2. Creative Thinking  Objective: Develop unique features and design.  Example: Brainstorm innovative ways to engage users, like gamifying habit tracking, offering AI-driven insights, or creating a visually dynamic interface.  Key Question: What creative elements can make the app both functional and fun to use? ACTIVITY 3. Inferential Thinking  Objective: Predict user preferences and behavior.  Example: Analyze survey data and user personas to infer which features will be most popular or which pain points the app must prioritize.  Key Question: Based on current trends, what habits or routines will users likely track most frequently? 4. Integrative Thinking  Objective: Combine functionality, user experience, and technical feasibility.  Example: Balance input from developers, designers, and marketers to create a seamless app that is visually appealing, easy to navigate, and technically robust.  Key Question: How do we merge all perspectives into an app that is both innovative and practical for a diverse user base?  Solving problem by being inquisitive, you tend to act like scientists who are PROBLEM- inclined to think SOLVING logically, or TECHNIQUE systematically in seeking evidence to support their conclusions about something.  Beginning with your background knowledge, you proceed like scientists with your PROBLEM- inquiry by SOLVING imagining, TECHNIQUE speculating, interpreting, criticizing, and creating something out of what you  John Dewey’s Theory of Connected Experiences – exploratory and reflective thinking Lev Vygotsky’s Zone of FOUNDATIONS OF INQUIRY Proximal Development – scaffolding in learning Jerome Bruner’s theory – learners have varied world perceptions for their own interpretation   Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic skills  Widens vocabulary  Facilitates problem-solving acts  Increases social awareness and BENEFITS OF INQUIRY- cultural knowledge BASED  Encourages cooperative learning LEARNING  Provides mastery of procedural knowledge  Encourages higher-order thinking skills  Hastens Conceptual understanding   Research – a process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information to prove NATURE OF the accuracy or truthfulness of your claims or conclusions about RESEARCH the topic of your research  Research is analogous to inquiry, in that, both involve investigation of something through questioning.   Prieto, et.al. (2017) stated that the following are the major characteristics of research: CHARACTERISTIC 1. EMPIRICAL - is based on S OF RESEARCH observations and experiments of theories. 2. SYSTEMATIC - follows orderly and sequential procedures, based on valid procedures and principles.   3. CONTROLLED - In research, all variables, except those that are tested/ experimented on, are CHARACTERISTIC kept constant. S OF RESEARCH  4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS - refers to a search for facts, answers to questions and solutions to problems.   5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and or case study.  6. OBJECTIVE - it is unbiased and CHARACTERISTIC S OF RESEARCH logical. All findings are logically based on real-life situations.  7. ORIGINAL WORK - it requires its own examination and produces the data needed to complete the study.  1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the problem? 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: What evidence is already presented? RESEARCH 3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS: PROCESSES How are we going to find/look for the answer to questions being studied? 4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be shown and with what population?  5. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the data? RESEARCH PROCESSES 6. ANALYZING DATA: How do the data answer the research queries? 7. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the implications of the results? ETHICS OF RESEARCH  A pharmaceutical company is conducting clinical trials to test a new drug intended to treat a chronic illness. To expedite approval and increase the chances of success, some researchers decide to manipulate the results. ETHICS OF RESEARCH Violation of Ethics in Research:  Fabrication of Data: Researchers create fake patient data to make the drug appear more effective than it actually is. This includes falsifying test results to show improved outcomes in patients who did not respond to the treatment.  Failure to Obtain Informed Consent: Participants are not fully informed about potential side effects, risks, or the purpose of the research, violating their right to make an informed decision about participation. ETHICS OF RESEARCH Violation of Ethics in Research:  Harm to Participants: Some participants suffer severe side effects that are deliberately omitted from the reported data to make the drug appear safer than it is.  Conflict of Interest: The lead researcher is financially invested in the company, creating bias and compromising objectivity in reporting findings. ETHICS OF RESEARCH Consequences of the Ethical Violation:  Harm to Patients: The fabricated data leads to the approval of a drug that is less effective and potentially dangerous, putting lives at risk.  Loss of Public Trust: Once exposed, the scandal undermines public confidence in pharmaceutical research and regulatory bodies. ETHICS OF RESEARCH Consequences of the Ethical Violation:  Legal and Professional Repercussions: The company faces lawsuits, fines, and loss of credibility. Researchers involved may lose their licenses and face bans from future research.  Setback for Science: The ethical violation wastes resources, delays progress in finding a legitimate treatment, and casts doubt on legitimate research efforts. ETHICS OF RESEARCH  A group of ABM (Accountancy, Business, and Management) students is conducting a research project on "The Impact of Digital Marketing on Small Businesses" as part of their Practical Research subject. To meet the deadline and minimize their workload, the group decides to copy significant portions of their literature review from an online article without proper citation. ETHICS OF RESEARCH Violation of Ethics in Research:  Plagiarism: The group presents others' work as their own by directly copying text and ideas from sources without providing proper credit.  Misrepresentation of Work: The research appears original, but it misleads their teacher and peers into believing they conducted the literature review themselves.  Lack of Intellectual Integrity: By plagiarizing, the students compromise the authenticity of their research, undermining the purpose of learning and developing skills. ETHICS OF RESEARCH Consequences of the Ethical Violation:  Academic Penalties: If discovered, the group may receive failing marks for their research project, suspension, or disciplinary action from the school.  Loss of Credibility: The students’ integrity may be questioned by their teachers, peers, and even potential future mentors. ETHICS OF RESEARCH Consequences of the Ethical Violation:  Missed Learning Opportunities: Plagiarism prevents the students from gaining valuable skills in critical thinking, analysis, and writing, which are essential in the ABM strand and future careers.  mpact on the Research Community: This unethical act diminishes the value of honest research efforts, setting a poor example for peers and others in the academic environment. ETHICS OF RESEARCH  First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. It also fosters values that are essential to collaborative work.  Second, ethical norms help individuals to be accountable in every act that the researcher/s undertake.  Third, ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public.  Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness. This can be evaluated by the researcher before conducting the study because this may help a certain population in an area once the study is completed. ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH  Honesty Maintain all communication. Data should not be faked.  Objectivity Avoid biases in experimental designs, data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.  Integrity Keep your promises and agreements.  Carefulness Avoid careless errors and negligence. ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH  Openness Share data, results, ideas and tools. Be open to criticism and new ideas.  Confidentiality Protect confidential communication.  Responsible Publication Avoid duplicating publications.  Responsible Mentoring Help to educate, mentor, and advise others.  Respect Colleagues Treat all peers fairly. ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH  Social Responsibility Strive to promote social good. Avoid social harm.  Non- Discrimination avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, races, ethnicity, and or others.  Legality Be informed and obey relevant laws and institutional governmental policies.  Respect of Intellectual Property Give proper acknowledgment or credits to all researchers.  Human Subject Minimize risks that involve human lives, dignity, and privacy.   Pure Research - aims to TYPES OF increase knowledge about RESEARCH something (BASED ON  Applied Research – aims to APPLICATION OF apply your chosen research to RESEARCH societal problems or issues and METHOD) to find ways to make positive changes in society   Descriptive Research - This type of research aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal of a person, thing, event, group, situation, etc. TYPES OF  Correlational Research - it RESEARCH (BASED ON shows relationships or PURPOSE OF connectedness of two factors RESEARCH)  Explanatory Research – it elaborates or explains not just the reasons behind the relationship of two factors, but also the ways by which such relationship exists   Exploratory Research – an exploratory research’s purpose is to find out how reasonable or TYPES OF possible it is to conduct a RESEARCH research study on a certain topic (BASED ON  Action Research – a type of PURPOSE OF research that studies the RESEARCH) ongoing practice of an organization or community for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring improvements in the system   Qualitative Research – a kind TYPES OF RESEARCH of research requiring non- (BASED ON numerical data TYPES OF DATA  Quantitative Research – a NEEDED) kind of research involving measurement of data   Scientific (Positive Approach) – the researcher discovers and measures information as well as observe and control variables in an impersonal manner. It allows the control of variables APPROACHES TO  Naturalistic Approach – This RESEARCH research approach directs you to deal with qualitative data that speak of how people behave toward their surroundings  Triangulation approach - combination of the scientific and naturalistic approach ARTS  Interpretations of Abstract Art: Exploring how individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds perceive and interpret abstract paintings.  The Role of Street Art in Urban Identity: Investigating how street art contributes to the cultural and social identity of a city.  Audience Perception of Theater Performances: Analyzing how live performances evoke emotions and create connections with viewers. HUMANITIES  Narratives of Refugees in Literature: Examining how refugee experiences are portrayed and understood through novels and memoirs.  Cultural Significance of Oral Histories: Investigating the preservation and transmission of traditions through storytelling in indigenous communities.  Identity Formation in Post-Colonial Societies: A study on how historical colonization influences modern cultural and national identities. SPORTS  Athletes’ Experiences with Coaching Styles: Exploring how different coaching approaches impact athlete motivation and performance.  Community Impact of Grassroots Sports Programs: Analyzing the social benefits of local sports initiatives in underserved areas.  The Role of Gender in Sports Participation: Investigating personal experiences of male and female athletes in traditionally gendered sports. SCIENCE  Public Perceptions of Genetic Engineering: Understanding how people perceive and feel about advancements in genetic modification and its implications.  The Experiences of Women in STEM Fields: Analyzing the challenges and triumphs of women pursuing careers in science and technology.  Environmental Awareness Among Coastal Communities: Exploring how local populations understand and respond to issues like erosion and pollution. BUSINESS  Entrepreneurial Challenges in Small Businesses: Investigating the personal stories of entrepreneurs navigating financial and operational obstacles.  Customer Experiences with Sustainable Brands: Understanding how consumers perceive and value eco-friendly business practices.  Leadership Styles in Diverse Workplaces: Exploring how leaders manage cultural diversity and foster inclusion in global teams. AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES  Farmers’ Perceptions of Climate Change: Investigating how farmers interpret and respond to environmental changes affecting agriculture.  Traditional Fishing Practices in Coastal Communities: Exploring the cultural and practical significance of traditional fishing methods.  The Role of Women in Agricultural Development: Analyzing women’s contributions and challenges in small-scale farming enterprises. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)  User Experiences with E-learning Platforms: Investigating how students and teachers perceive the effectiveness of online education tools.  Digital Divide in Rural Areas: Exploring the social implications of limited access to technology and the internet in underserved communities.  Adoption of Mobile Apps in Healthcare: Understanding how patients and healthcare providers use mobile health applications to improve care. SOCIAL INQUIRY  Youth Perspectives on Social Activism: Exploring how young people engage with and view activism in the digital age.  Impact of Gentrification on Community Bonds: Investigating how residents of urban areas perceive and adapt to neighborhood transformations.  Experiences of Marginalized Groups in Urban Spaces: Analyzing the challenges faced by marginalized individuals navigating public and social settings. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING