Lesson 1 - Introduction to the Study of Globalization

# GE3 - The Contemporary World: Lesson 1 - Introduction to the Study of Globalization ## Introduction * **"How are you connected to the world?"** * **"Do you have any family, friends, or relatives living in other countries?"** * **"Have you been to other countries?"** * **"How do you feel about b...

# GE3 - The Contemporary World: Lesson 1 - Introduction to the Study of Globalization ## Introduction * **"How are you connected to the world?"** * **"Do you have any family, friends, or relatives living in other countries?"** * **"Have you been to other countries?"** * **"How do you feel about being connected or disconnected with other people in the world?"** ## Did You Know That? * **Globalization started as early as you could imagine?** * 1st Century BC to 5th Century AD. * Luxury items from China reached Rome. * **Based on GCI 2018 report, the world's level of connectedness in terms of international trade, capital, information, and people was at its peak in 2017.** * **Netherlands**: Most globally connected country * **Europe**: Most highly globally connected continent. * **Countries in Southeast Asia that have exceeded expectations for Global Connectivity (particularly in trade flow)**: Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Singapore * **Global Connectedness Index (GCI):** A recent indicator of global connections and a measurement of flows and interconnections of a country to other global players through exchanges in trade, capital, people, and information. (Altman et al., 2018) ## Globalization * **The term globalization is derived from the word “globalize” which refers to the emergence of an international network of economic systems.** * **Thomas Larsson (2001)** saw globalization as “the process of world shrinkage, of distance getting shorter, things moving closer”. * **Globalization is a process that focuses on the movement of trade, capital, and ideas.** * **Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations.** * **This process is driven by international trade and investments and aided by information technology.** (Levin Institute, 2016). * **Globalization is also a process that aims to expand business operations on a worldwide level.** (Pologeorgis, 2017). ## Types of Globalization * **Economic Globalization** * **Political Globalization** * **Military Globalization** * **Ecological Globalization** * **Cultural Globalization** * **Geographical Globalization** * **Technological Globalization** ## Economic Globalization * Refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services. * It also includes the flow of international capital. (Shangquan, 2000) | **Export** | **Import** | |---|---| | Coconut oil to Indonesia and India, United States and Europe. | Main trade partners include China, Japan, the United States, Singapore and Hong Kong. | | Mango to Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. | Refined petroleum import from the Russia and Saudi Arabia | | Dried mango to Hongkong and Canada. | Rice from Vietnam and Thailand | | Cacao seeds from Davao to Singapore, London and U.S. | | ## Military Globalization * According to David Held, military globalization is "the process which embodies the growing extensity and intensity of military relations among the political units of the world system". * It reflects both the expanding network of worldwide military ties and relations. * For Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, military globalization entails 'long-distance networks of interdependence in which force, and the threat or promise of force, are employed. * **US and the Philippines' Balikatan:** An annual exercise between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and U.S. military designed to strengthen bilateral interoperability, capabilities, trust, and cooperation. ## Cultural Globalization * Cultural globalization is the process by which cultural elements, such as values, ideas, and practices, spread and merge across different societies, leading to increased cultural exchange and blending of traditions worldwide. * Nations adopt principles, beliefs, and customs of other nations, losing their unique culture to a unique, globalized supra-culture. * The downside of this is that some cultures that are exclusive to a certain country slowly vanish. | **Example** | |---|---| |Religion from Spain | |Music from Korea | |Noodles dishes from China | |English Language (Based on the article of David Volodzko, he stated that "English is pushing many minority languages to the brink of extinction") | ## Ecological Globalization * Ecological globalization is the process by which environmental issues and their impacts are interconnected across national borders, necessitating global cooperation and collective action to address ecological challenges. * **United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS):** Establishes legal frameworks for the use and conservation of the world's oceans and their resources. It addresses issues like maritime boundaries, environmental protection, and helps ensure sustainable ocean management. * **World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora):** CITES, established in 1973, regulates international trade in wildlife and plants to ensure that trade does not threaten their survival. The WWF is a global organization that works to protect endangered species and their habitats. Both CITES and WWF highlight how wildlife protection requires global cooperation to prevent illegal trade, protect habitats, and support conservation initiatives across different regions. ## Political Globalization * Political globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of political systems and governance structures across countries, leading to shared policies, international agreements, and global political institutions. | **Institution** | **Description** | |---|---| | United Nations (UN) | An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among countries. It addresses global issues like human rights, international law, and conflict resolution. | | European Union (EU) | A political and economic union of 27 European countries with its own institutions and policies. It promotes economic integration, political cooperation, and regional stability. It exemplifies how regional political entities can work together to create shared policies and standards, affecting trade, security, and environmental regulations. | | International Criminal Court (ICC) | Established in 2002, the ICC prosecutes individuals for crimes such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It operates independently of national courts. The ICC represents global efforts to enforce international justice and accountability, highlighting the role of global institutions in addressing human rights violations.| | World Trade Organization (WTO) | An international organization that regulates and facilitates international trade by creating and enforcing trade agreements and resolving disputes between countries. | ## Technological Globalization * Technological globalization is the worldwide spread and integration of technology, leading to increased connectivity, innovation, and access to technological advancements across different regions and cultures. | **Example** | **Description** | |---|---| |The Internet| A global network that connects millions of computers, allowing instant communication, information sharing, and access to resources across the world, revolutionizing communication, commerce, education, and entertainment, creating a more interconnected global society. | | Smartphones | Mobile devices that combine telecommunication, internet access, and computing capabilities, widely used around the world which transformed how people connect, work, and access information, facilitating global communication and access to digital services | | Social Media Platforms (such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) | Online platforms that enable users to create, share, and interact with content and connect with people worldwide. This has accelerated global communication, information dissemination, and cultural exchange, influencing public opinion and social movements. | ## Geographical Globalization * Geographical globalization refers to the increasing integration and interconnectedness of locations and regions through the movement of goods, people, and information, leading to a more interconnected world map. | **Example** | **Description** | |---|---| |Global Trade Networks | The extensive systems of shipping routes, ports, and logistics facilitate the movement of goods across continents. These networks connect diverse markets, allowing products to be manufactured in one country and consumed in another, illustrating the geographical integration of economies. | |International Migration | The movement of people across borders for reasons such as employment, education, or asylum. | |Global Tourism | The increase in international travel for leisure, business, or cultural exchange. | |International Research Collaborations| Collaborative scientific and academic research projects conducted by institutions from different countries.These collaborations enable the sharing of knowledge and resources across borders, addressing global challenges and advancing scientific discovery. | ## Flows in the Age of Globalization | **Type of Flow** | **Description** | |---|---| |Trade Flows| The movement of goods and services across international borders. This includes exports and imports between countries and regions facilitated by global supply chains and trade agreements. (Ex: China-U.S. Trade Relationship) | |Capital Movement| The transfer of financial assets, such as investments, loans, and foreign direct investment (FDI), across borders. (Ex: Multinational Corporations) | |Information Flows| The rapid exchange of information and knowledge through digital technologies that enhance global communication and enable the spread of ideas and cultural content. (Ex: Social media) | ## Advantages of Globalization 1. Employment 2. Education 3. Product Quality 4. Cheaper Price 5. Transportation 6. Travel & Tourism ## References * Martinez, R. M., Jr., et al. (2018). *The Contemporary World*. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc. * Ang, J.M. (2018). *The Contemporary World: A text manual for the 21st century Filipino student*. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc. * https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/globalization/ * https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/global-network/?utm_source=BibblioRCM_Row ## Thank you!